MANUAL OF THE
Qiom
/m
'
BOTANY
OF THE
NORTHERN UNITED STATES,
FROM NEW ENGLAND TO WISCONSIN AND SOUTH TO OHIO
AND PENNSYLVANIA INCLUSIVE,
(The MOSSES and LIVERWORTS by Wm. S. Sullivant,)
ARRAN G ED
ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM;
WITH AN INTRODUCTION, CONTAINING A REDUCTION OF THE GENERA
TO THE LINNASAN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS,
OUTLINES OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY,
A GLOSSARY, ETC.
By ASA GRAY, M. D.,
FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
BOSTON & CAMBRIDGE :
JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY.
LONDON: JOHN CHAPMAN.
1848.
Missouri
®A*agN
Botanical
Libra hy
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by
ASA GRAY,
the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
CAMBRIDGE:
METCALF AND COMPANY,
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.
TO
JOHN TORREY, M. D.
CORRESP. MEMBER OF THE LINN.KAN SOCIETY, ETC.,
THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED
BY
THE AUTHOR,
IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT
OF THE FRIENDSHIP WHICH HAS HONORED AND THE COUNSEL
WHICH HAS AIDED HIM FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF
HIS BOTANICAL PURSUITS.
Cambridge, January 1, 1848.
ERRATA.
Page 21, line 3 from bottom to read : — “ Sepals 6, very thin and membra¬
nous, deciduous from the bud without expanding, subtended by
3 green early deciduous bracts.”
“ 22, line 12 from bottom, transfer “ pendulous ” to the sentence pre¬
ceding “ Embryo.”
u 32, last line, for “ margined ” read “ marginless.”
u 40, last line but one, add “ Also, Chelsea, Massachusetts.”
u 41, last line but one, for “ R/iaphanlstrum ” read “ Raphanistrum.”
u 37, line 12 from top, for “ opposite ” read “ alternate with.”
“ 66, line 3 from top, make the same correction.
“ 66, line 8’ from top, for “ verticellata” read “ verticillata.”
u H7, to gen. char, of Gillenia add “petals convolute in the bud ! ”
u 149, line 3 from bottom, after “ beaks ” add “ Seeds round-oval, wing¬
less.”
tl 197, line 4 from top, for “ perfect ” read “ fertile.”
u 203, line 4 from bottom, for “ amethystlnus ” read u amethystinus.”
“ 293, line 1, for " DI ANTHER A ” read « DIANTHERA.”
a 395, line 12 from top, after “ Stamens ” add 8.
u 410, line 11 from top, after u stipules ” add u monoecious flowers.”
“ 411, line 10 from top, for “ CARYA ” read “ CARYA.”
11 314, line 11 from bottom, for cc sepals ” read ° petals.”
11 632, line 4 from top, for u D. marginile” read “ D. marginalis.”
u 630, line 14 from top, for “ Physcomitrium ” read “ Ptychomitrium.”
u 630, line 6 from bottom, for u areolae. ” read tc areolation.”
11 637, line 3 from bottom, for “sometimes tufted and ” read “the latter
fleshy and sometimes.”
u 668, line 14, add “ shining ” after u pointed,” and erase “shining” in
the line below.
“ 678, line 9 from top, for “ slight” read “ slightly serrulate.”
“ 686, line 8 from bottom, after “ auricle ” insert “ sometimes.”
“ 687, line 9 from top, after “ auricle ” insert “ usually.”
PREFACE.
This work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern
portion of the United States, arranged according to the Natural
System, for the use of students and of practical botanists. It was
intended to be comprised within the compass of a pocket volume,
which might serve as a vade-mecum in herborizations, as well as a
convenient manual of reference at home. But the volume has
attained a somewhat unwieldy bulk, notwithstanding every effort
at condensation, and the rigorous exclusion of all irrelevant mat¬
ter, however interesting in itself, and of all synonymy not really
essential. Perhaps I have been too scrupulous in the latter re¬
spect ; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless
to the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in
view, — while the greater part are needless to the instructed bota¬
nist, who has access to more elaborate works in which they are
plentifully given. By discarding them, except in case of original
or very recent changes in nomenclature, I have been able to avoid
troublesome abbreviations and crabbed signs, to give greater ful¬
ness to the characters of the species, and especially of the genera
(a point in which I conceive most works of this class are deficient),
and also to add the derivation of the generic names.
It will be observed, that I have been compelled to be extremely
a*
VI
PREFACE.
sparing in the citation of particular localities, and of the names of
the botanists who have detected and kindly communicated rare or
local plants. My restricted limits alone have debarred me from
the pleasing duty of repeatedly making the acknowledgments
which are justly due to many attentive and zealous correspondents
throughout the country ; and their daily increasing number ren¬
ders this appropriate expression more difficult, except in extended
treatises. Those who think, as many may, that I should have
allowed myself wider latitude in this respect, will at least for¬
give any apparent ungraciousness, when they find that this vol¬
ume, which it was firmly intended to restrict to 350 pages (and to
have carried through the press last spring), has unavoidably ex¬
tended to more than twice that size. Especially do I regret that
this unexpected bulk has compelled the omission of the family
of Lichenes , after they had very carefully been prepared expressly
for this work, in compliance with my invitation, by the well-
known Lichenologist of this country, Mr. Tuckerman. Noth¬
ing but the apparent impossibility of including the whole within
the covers of a single duodecimo volume, and the assured ex¬
pectation that it will immediately be given to botanists in another
way, has reconciled me to the exclusion of this important contri¬
bution.* In a second edition I still hope to give, by means of a
supplementary volume, and through the aid of accomplished col¬
laborators, not only the Lichens, but also the two remaining or¬
ders of the lower Cryptogamous Plants, namely, the Algce or
Seaweeds , and the Fungi.
The wide district which this compendious Flora embraces,
although irregular in form, plainly belongs to one and the same
* This contribution, in a more extended form, will soon be published in the Pro*
ceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
PREFACE.
Vll
botanical region. With the exception of the small patches of
alpine vegetation which crown the higher mountains of Northern
New England and Northern New York ; of the sea-side plants,
and of some appropriately Southern forms which not only reach
Delaware and New Jersey (especially the Pine barrens), but also
straggle northward coastwise, in diminishing numbers, quite to
New Hampshire ; of a very few which belong to the Great Lakes ;
and perhaps a larger number of Western prairie plants which ex¬
tend into Ohio, Wisconsin, and Michigan, — with these excep¬
tions, the vegetation is remarkably homogeneous for so large a dis¬
trict, and a very great proportion of the species are sporadic over
the whole breadth. The peculiar plants, though few as to num¬
ber of species, suffice to give a marked character to the confines
on either side, which, however, soon blends insensibly into the gen¬
eral mass as we advance into the interior. Although I do not for¬
mally include Indiana, yet its botany apparently belongs quite as
much to our Northern district as to the Western, that of the
Upper Mississippi, to which Illinois clearly belongs. Those spe¬
cies for which no particular limit or geographical range is indicat¬
ed may be expected to occur, at the stations they severally affect,
throughout the whole district. By appending the words south¬
ward, , northward , &c., I endeavour briefly to indicate, in a manner
sufficiently precise for the purpose, the part of the country where
a given species prevails, or the direction from which it may be
supposed to have reached our district.
The more striking and distinctive points of the ordinal character
are brought together and printed in italics in the first sentence of
the description of each order, so that they may the more readily
strike the student’s attention. To abridge the labor of analysis
as much as possible, I have given an easy synopsis of the genera
under each order, whenever it comprises three or more of them ;
viii
PREFACE.
I have been particular to dispose the species of every extensive
genus under sections or subgenera (§) , subsections ( * ) , and sub¬
ordinate divisions (-*-,++, &c.), founded on obvious characters;
and, whenever there are two or more species under a divis¬
ion, I have italicized some of the leading distinctions (after the
manner of Koch's Flora Germanica), so that they may at once
catch the student’s eye. The full-face type, in which the names
of the genera and species are printed, affords a similar facility, by
rendering them very conspicuous. To aid in their pronunciation,
I have not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed
Loudon’s mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the
vowel by the grave ('), and the short sound by the acute accent-
mark ('). In respect to this, my friend, Mr. Folsom, has oblig¬
ingly rendered most important assistance.
The few abbreviations which require it are explained in the
Introduction (on p. xxxix.).
Although our indigenous and naturalized plants only are de¬
scribed, yet I have generally mentioned the principal cultivated
representatives at the close of their proper genus or family.
Finally, in order to render this Manual complete and sufficient
in itself for the study of our plants, I have prefixed a concise
Introduction to Botany, both Structural and Systematical, which,
with the annexed Glossary and Index combined, should serve to
convey the requisite elementary knowledge of the science, and to
explain all the technical terms usually employed in botanical de¬
scriptions. Very many of these terms, however, are not used at
all in the body of the work ; for I have throughout endeavoured
to smooth the beginner’s way by discarding many an unneces¬
sary technical word or phrase, and by casting the language some¬
what in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice of brev¬
ity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language
PREFACE.
IX
is distinguished. Those who desire a more particular acquaint¬
ance with the structure, and especially the physiology of plants,
may be referred to the author’s Botanical Text-Book (second edi¬
tion), or other detailed elementary works.
An artificial analysis of the Natural Orders or Families, found¬
ed on the easier and chiefly external characters, is appended, to
aid the learner at the point where he is likely most to need assist¬
ance, namely, in referring an unknown plant to its proper order.
Every successful attempt, however, will give him new power ;
and the thorough study, by this system, of half a dozen plants of
different families will give more knowledge and insight into the
science than can be acquired by ascertaining the names (which
is nearly all that is done) of a hundred species by means of a
facile, thought-saving, artificial classification. Still, as some ar¬
tificial analysis which leads directly to the genera is a great con¬
venience to the student in cases of difficulty, I have added a full
Conspectus of the genera comprised in this work, reduced to the
Classes and Orders of the Linnaean Artificial System, so generally
in use until recently. The plan upon which this is constructed
will be found to possess some advantages over an ordinary Lin-
mean arrangement, inasmuch as it provides for the exceptional
cases, where different species of a genus actually present the
characters of different artificial classes.
I am under very great obligation to my excellent friend, John
Carey, Esq., for important assistance rendered throughout the
progress of this work, and especially for the elaboration of the
Willows , Poplars , and the vast and difficult genus Carex , which
are wholly from his hand. I am equally indebted to my esteemed
friend, Mr Stjllivant, for the entire elaboration of the Orders
Musci and Hepatic# , which he has for a long time made the sub¬
ject of special study and illustration. Through his labors, it may
PREFACE.
be hoped that these beautiful but neglected tribes will become as
familiar to botanists as our more conspicuous flowering plants
now are. I have already mentioned my indebtedness to my
friend, Mr. Tuckerman, for his contribution of the still more
obscure Lichenes , and my regret at being compelled to omit this
order.
I have to thank a large number of correspondents for specimens
and information kindly rendered in various ways, and especially
my esteemed friends, Mr. Oakes, of Ipswich (who is far more
intimately acquainted with New England plants than any other
botanist), and Mr. Olney, of Providence, who have most cor¬
dially rendered me essential aid.
I have only to ask, that those who use this book will favor
the author with information of the corrections, alterations, and
additions that may appear to be necessary, in order that a fu¬
ture edition may be made more accurate and complete than the
present.
Harvard University, Cambridge,
December 24 £4, 1847.
INTRODUCTION.
I. BRIEF OU’mNES OF BOTANY.
1. Plants in General*
1. The vegetable kingdom consists of those beings (plants) which
derive their sustenance from the air and earth, and create the food upon
which animals live.
2. Plants of the higher grades bear proper flowers, which serve for the
production of a seed, containing an embryo plantlet ready-formed ; — where¬
fore they are called Flowering or Fh-enogamous Plants. The lower
orders of plants exhibit a gradually simplified structure, both in their
vegetation and fructification, and do not bear proper flowers (127) nor
seeds in which there is any marked distinction of parts, or any embryo
plantlet manifest antecedent to germination. They are, therefore, termed
Flowerless or Cryptogamous Plants (the latter term denoting that
their fructification is concealed or obscure).
3. Taking Phsenogamous Plants as displaying the proper type and plan
of vegetation, the following statements relate to them alone ; the peculiar¬
ities of Cryptogamous Plants being separately explained, so far as needful,
at the close.
4. Plants are anatomically composed, primarily, of Cells $ which are
closed vesicles or little bladders of organic membrane. Aggregated to¬
gether, and cohering more or less intimately by their contiguous surfaces,
these form the honeycomb-like texture that vegetable matter displays
under the microscope, and which constitutes Cellular Tissue.
5. Of this all plants, at their earliest (embryo) state, are entirely com¬
posed. Indeed, the plant may be traced back by observation nearly or
quite to a single cell 5 which cell, endowedwith the power of propagation
equally with the fully-developed plant, gives rise to other cells possessed
of the same powers, and so formp the whole mass of the vegetable.
6. The delicate walls of the cells, although not perforated with visible
pores (except sometimes as a secondary result), are, like all organic mem¬
brane, permeable to fluids. Through them the food of the plant is im¬
bibed, — whether directly from the atmosphere in the form of air or vapor,
or in a liquid form by the roots, — and transmitted throughout the vegeta¬
ble : hence, plants receive their food in a fluid state only. The cells also
contain the juices and the products of the plant, whether liquid or solid.
7. Besides the cellular tissue, all Phaenogamous Plants contain more or
less of two other kinds of tissue, viz. the woody and the vascular (vessels).
These begin to be introduced when the plant develops from the seed (or
sometimes before germination), and serve to give greater strength and
toughness, and to facilitate the transmission of fluid. Both of them arise,
however, in all their forms, from the transformation of cells, of which they
are only modifications.
XU
INTRODUCTION.
8. Woody Tissue, which makes up a large part of trees and shrubs, but
also exists in herbs, consists of cells with firm and thickish walls, drawn
out into tapering or slender tubes. Their diameter is usually much less
than that of ordinary cells : from their tenuity and form, as well as from
the appearance of the threads, which by their combination in bundles they
often produce, they are likewise called Woody Fibre.
9. Vessels are elongated cells of various kinds, usually of larger size
than woody fibre, or tubes formed by the confluence of a row of cells, gen¬
erally accompanied or surrounded by woody tissue. Their walls are com¬
monly marked with lines, bands, or dots, or, in the Spiral Vessel,
strengthened by a coil of a delicate fibre adherent to the inside. The
larger vessels, such as those which form the pores so apparent to the naked
eye on the cross section of many kinds oftwood, are termed Ducts. This
name is also applied to most kinds of vessels in which the spiral fibre, if any,
is incapable of being uncoiled by extension.
10. The cells and vessels are the organic elements, the tissues or
fabric of plants. They are fashioned into the organs, or visible parts of
the vegetable.
11 . The organs of plants are of two sorts : — 1. those of Vegetation, which
are concerned in growth, — by which the plant takes in the aerial and
earthy matters on which it lives, and elaborates them into the materials of
its own organized substance ; 2. those of F nictification or Reproduction,
which are concerned in the propagation of the species.
3. Organs of Vegetation in General.
12. The organs of vegetation are the Root , Stem, and Leaves.
13. The Stem is the axis and original basis of the plant. It is made up
of a succession of naked joints (internodes), separated by leaf-bearing
points (nodes), developed each from the apex of the preceding one.
14. The growing apex, generally furnished with rudimentary leaves, to
be developed as it develops by the elongation of ihe internodes succes¬
sively, is a Bud. #
15. The first point of the stem preexists in the embryo (i. e. in the ru¬
dimentary plantlet contained within the seed) : it is here called the Rad¬
icle. Its elongation when the seed germinates in the soil commonly
brings the budding apex to or above the surface, where the leaves which it
bears or produces expand in the light and air. The growth which takes
place from the opposite extremity downward, penetrating the soil and
avoiding the light, forms the Root.
16. The plant, therefore, has a kind of polarity, and develops from the
first in two opposite directions, viz. upwards to produce and continue the
stem (or ascending axis), and downwards to form the root (or descending
axis). The former is ordinarily or in great part aerial, the latter subter¬
ranean.
17. Accordingly, the essential organs of the plant, by an inherent and
irreversible tendency, are developed in the media in which they are sev¬
erally designed to live and act*, — the root in the soil, from the moisture of
which it imbibes nourishment ; the stem with its leaves in the air, upon
which these operate in vegetable digestion, and exposed to the light of the
sun, whose influence is directly essential to this operation.
3. The Root.
18. The Root branches indifferently from any part ; but its branches and
branchlets (rootlets) are mere repetitions for the purpose of multiplying
the absorbing points, which are chiefly the growing or newly formed extrem¬
ities, sometimes termed spongelets. It bears no other organs.
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
Xlll
19. When the axis and its branches are slender and thread-like, the root
is said to b e fibrous. — All plants produce fibrous roots, but especially annu-
aU (@), in which the plant flowers and fruits the first season, and perishes,
root and all, as soon as the process is completed.
20. It frequently becomes distended and thickened, or fleshy, by the
deposition of digested and organizable matter (in the form of starch , &c.)
within its cells ; this deposit forming a stock for future growth, on which
new stems or shoots, &,c., may feed, even when cut off from any external
supply.
21. Roots of this sort assume a variety of forms, such as the conical root,
which tapers regularly downwards from the base or crown (the part which
joins the stem) to the apex, as in the carrot; the spindle-shaped or fusi¬
form, which tapers upwards as well as downwards, as the radish ; and tur¬
nip-shaped or napiform , when the base is enlarged laterally so as to become
much broader than long. These are particularly characteristic of bien¬
nials ((g)), which form such a root during their first year's growth, but do
not flower until the second season, when they rapidly consume this stock,
and die from exhaustion as soon as the process of flowering and fruiting is
completed. In these cases the thickening takes place in the main trunk of
the root, or tap-root.
22. In perennial roots (1|), viz. those which survive .and produce flower¬
ing stems from year to year, as well as in those of many biennials, the ac¬
cumulation often occurs, partly in its branches, forming tuberous roots
when they are irregularly knobby, or palmate roots when several thickened
branches proceed from a thicker base, somewhat like a hand with the
fingers spread ; or else wholly in a cluster of branches from a common base,
forming fasciculated or clustered roots, as in the Dahlia, Paeony, and some
Buttercups.
23. *Roots not only spring from the root-end of the primary stem in ger
mination, but also from any subsequent part of the stem under favorable
circumstances, that is to say, in darkness and moisture, as when covered b>
the soil or resting on its surface.
24. They may even strike in the open air and light, as is seen in the
copious aerial rootlets by which the Ivy, the Poison Ivy (p. 79), and the
Trumpet Creeper (p. 2911, climb anc^ adhere to the trunks of trees or other
bodies ; and also in Epiphytes or Air-plants , of most warm regions, which
have no connection whatever with the soil, but germinate and grow high in
air on the trunks or branches of trees, &c. ; as well as in some terrestrial
plants, such as the Banian and Mangrove, that send off aerial roots from
their trunks or branches, which finally reach the ground.
25. In parasitic plants, the roots fix themselves to or penetrate the
surface of other plants, and take their nourishment from them : some, like
the Mistletoe (p. 398), attaching themselves to the wood of the trunk or
branches of trees; others ( root-parasites ), like the Beech-drops and the
Orobanchaceae (p. 289), to their roots under ground.
4. The Stem.
* Its External Modifications.
26. The Stem is sometimes simple , that is unbranched, and continued
upwards by its growing apex (or terminal bud ) only ; but more commonly it
becomes branched. All Phacnogamous Plants necessarily have a stem. In
those which are termed acaulescent or stemless in botanical description, it is
merely subterranean or very short.
27. The Branches spring from lateral,' or axillary buds; which are
new growing pointsappearing (usually singly) in the axils of the leaves,
i. e. in the angle formed by the leaf or its stalk and the stem on the upper
XIV
INTRODUCTION.
side. They therefore spring from the nodes (13), — points which are some¬
times strongly marked, as in a Reed or Grass-stem, but are often indicated
only by their bearing a leaf, and sometimes a bud or a branch in its axil.
The branches may again branch in a similar manner, and so on indefinitely.
The latest and smaller ramifications are termed Branchlets.
28. From the duration of the stem, vegetables are distinguished into,
1. Herbs, where the stem does not become woody and hard, but dies down
to the ground at the close of the growing season, or after fructification :
2. Undershrubs, which have low, branching stems, with a woody and per¬
manent base : 3. Shrubs, which have woody stems, lasting from year to
year, usually branching from the base, and not exceeding five times the
height of a man: and 4. Trees, in which a single main trunk attains a
greater height. Adjectively, stems of the first kind are termed herbaceous ;
of the second, rather shrubby ; of the third, shrubby ; while a tree-like shrub
is said to be arborescent.
29. The peculiar, jointed stem of Grasses and Grass-like plants is called
a Culm.
30. A stem or branch which is too weak to stand upright, but partly
reclines or trails on the ground, is termed decumbent , or if entirely trailing,
procumbent, prostrate , or i-unning , or if it strike root from the under side as
it advances, creeping. The precise application of various terms of direc¬
tion may be sought in the Glossary.
31. A climbing stem is one that clings to neighbouring objects for sup¬
port, and rises by such aid, whether by tendrils (38), as the Vine (p. 86),
and Gourds (p. 144), by twisting leaf-stalks, as the Virgin’s-Bower (p. 4),
or by aerial rootlets, as in the Ivy, &c., already mentioned (24).
32. A twining or voluble stem climbs by coiling itself spirally, as the
Morning-Glory (p. 348).
33. A Stolon is a branch, the apex of which curves or falls to the
ground and strikes root there, so as to acquire an independent existence by
natural layering. Plants which spread or multiply in this way are said to
be stolonifervus.
34. A Sucker is a branch which springs from a main stem under
ground, where it early strikes root.
35. A Runner is a prostrate, slender or thread-like branch, springing
from near the surface of the soil, and striking root and producing a tuft of
leaves (and consequently a new plant) at its apex ; as in the Strawberry.
36. An Offset is a short and thick runner ; as in the Houseleek.
37. A Spine or Thorn is an imperfectly developed, hardened and sharp-
pointed branch, either simple, as in the Cockspur-Thorn, &c. (p. 128), or
compound, as in the Honey Locust (p. 112).
38. A Tendril is a thread-like, leafless branch, often coiling spirally,
by which many climbing plants fix themselves (31). But some tendrils be¬
long to a leaf-stalk, as those of the proper Pea Tribe (p. 91).
39. There are likewise subterranean modifications of the stem, which
from their position are popularly mistaken for roots, — such as
40. The Rootstock or Rhizoma, a term which is applied in a general
way (especially in this volume) to all the subterranean, elongated, root¬
like forms of stems or branches, especially to such as were called “creep¬
ing roots ” by the older botanists. It is usually horizontal, sending off roots
from the unper side or the whole surface, and advancing from year to year
(being always perennial) by the growth of the bud at its apex. It is further
distinguished from a root by being marked with the scars or scaly bases
of leaves, which roots, being never leaf-bearing, are entirely destitute of.
41. A Tuber is a portion of a subterranean stem, which is thickened by
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XV
the deposition of nutritive matter (20) commencing while in the state
of bud, and usually involving a number of axillary buds (eyes), as in the
Potato and Jerusalem Artichoke (p. 228). It differs from a rhizoma in
being borne on a slender stalk.
42. A Bulb is a thickened subterranean bud, formed of an extremely abbre¬
viated stem (the plate), which is generally much shorter than broad, clothed
externally with the more or less persistent bases of former leaves in the
form of scales, inclosing an undeveloped part borne on its upper surface,
and emitting roots from the lower. In the scaly bulb, the scales are sepa¬
rate and thickened, as in the Lily (p. 494) ; in the coated or tunicated bulb,
they invest each other in concentric layers, as in the Onion (p. 493).
43. Bulbi.ets are small aerial bulbs, like buds with fleshy scales, borne
in the axils of leaves, as in the Bulb-bearing Lily, or on the flower-stalks of
some Onions (p. 493), from which they separate spontaneously and fall to
the ground to strike root and grow.
44. The Cohm or solid bulb is a simple and globular thickened subterra¬
nean stem, either quite naked, like that of the Indian Turnip (p. 446), or
sometimes barely invested with a scaly or membranous coating derived from
the bases of former leaves, as in the Crocus and Colchicum, where it ap¬
proaches the proper bulb.
* * Its Internal Structure.
45. The stem of a Pheenogamous Plant (2) is composed of a cellular sys¬
tem (cellular tissue, 4), into which a woody system (consisting of woody
tissue and vessels, 7-9) is longitudinally introduced, more or less sparingly
in herbs, and largely in shrubs and trees, the quantity increasing as the
stem and branches grow.
46. There are two principal plans according to which the woody matter
is arranged in the stem, and which characterize the two great classes of
Phaenogamous Plants.
47. In the first, — to which all the woody plants of the Northern United
States (excepting the Greenbrier, p. 485), as well as a majority of the
herbs, belong, — the woody matter is so arranged as to form a layer or hol¬
low cylinder of wood, interposed between a central part of the original cel¬
lular system (the pith), and an outer portion of it (the green bark).
That part of the cellular tissue in which the woody matter is imbedded
forms plates or rays (the medullary rays or silver-grain), more and
more compressed and condensed as the woody matter increases in quantity,
which run horizontally and connect the pith with the bark. The woody
tissue thus introduced belongs chiefly to the wood proper, but partly to the
bark, forming an inner fibrous layer of that substance, the liber or Fibrous
bark. The section of a yearling stem of the kind accordingly exhibits, —
1. on the surface, the Epidermis or skin, which invests the whole plant, and
consists merely of the outermost layer or layers of cells : 2. the Green bark ,
composed wholly of cellular tissue, the soft cells of which contain, like the
same part in the leaves, the green matter of vegetation (chlorophyll, 54),
which is generally produced in parts naturally exposed to the light) :
3. the Liber or Jihrous inner bark, composed partly of tough threads of woody
tissue (the material of linen, hemp, &c.) : 4. the proper Woody Layer of the
stem, traversed by its cellular Medullary Rays : and 5. the entirely cellular
Pith in the centre. (There are two parts more, which would demand notice
in a detailed account, viz. the Medullarij Sheath , which consists of an ex¬
tremely delicate ring of spiral vessels (9), the earliest-formed part of the
woody system, and which therefore lies immediately in contact with the
pith, between it and the wood •, and the Corky Layer of the bark, which is
formed immediately under the epidermis, and which, soon becoming
opaque and of a gray, ashen, or brownish color, covers and conceals from
view the subjacent green layer on shrubs and trees.)
XVI
INTRODUCTION.
48. When such a stem lasts through the second year, it forms a second
layer of wood, like the firsjt, deposited between it and the bark, so as to in¬
close the former (while a new portion is also added to the inside of the
liber) ; and this is repeated year by year as long as the stem lives and
grows. T he cross-section of such a stem, therefore, exhibits as many con¬
centric rings of wood as the stem is years old at the point where the sec¬
tion is made. The annual layers being successively added to the exterior
of those already existent, this mode of growth or structure is said to be
Exogenous (increasing from without), and plants of the class are named Ex¬
ogenous Plants, or Exogens (viz. outside growers).
49. The bark of an Exogen is readily separable from the wood (there
being no intermingling of the fibres of the two), more especially at the
time the new growth is commencing in shrubs and trees, when an organ-
izable mucilage (the cambium) is poured out between them, in which the
new cells and woody tubes are developed. Into this the medullary rays of
the preceding layer extend horizontally, and new ones are also formed,
while the woody fibres and vessels are vertically interwoven.
50. The newer woody layers, through which the sap principally rises,
constitute the sap-wood or alburnum (so named from its white or light
color). As they become older, their tubes are gradually thickened, and
the calibre diminished or even almost obliterated by the deposition of solid
matter within, both of earthy materials derived from the soil, and of peculiar
organic products, giving to the old wood of each species its peculiar color.
This old wood is called the heart-wood, or (from its greater solidity)
the duramen.
51. The wood of the Pine and its allies (Coniferae, p. 438) is very homo¬
geneous, on account of the nearly total absence of ducts or other vessels
(except in the first layer) ; and the woody tubes, which are of unusually
large size, are marked with a row of circular disks (which are spots where
the wall is thinner) along two of their sides.
52. In the second plan (4fi), the woody system is collected into separate
threads (or bundles of woody fibre and vessels), which are distributed
vertically and irregularly through the whole extent of the cellular sys¬
tem ; so that there is no central pith free from woody matter in the centre,
no distinct bark at the surface, and nothing like a regular layer or hollow
cylinder of wood between the two. But the cross-section, at the close of
the first year’s growth, shows the cut ends of the woody threads in the
form of dots, interspersed throughout the uniform cellular tissue without
apparent order, although commonly most crowded towards the circumfer¬
ence. In a longitudinal section these threads are distinctly traceable
downwards along the stem, perhaps nearly parallel for a considerable dis¬
tance ; but sooner or later curving outwards more or less gradually, and ta¬
pering as they descend, they will be found most of them to terminate ob¬
liquely in the false-bark or rind. This shows why the bark of such stems
is inseparable from the wood without laceration. Traced upwards, these
threads are found to lose themselves in the frame-work of the leaves. A
Palm-stem and a stem of the Greenbrier (p. 485) are woody examples of
this sort. An Asparagus-shoot and a stalk of Indian Corn furnish fine
herbaceous illustrations. Nor do such stems form concentric layers when
they last from year to year; but the new woody threads as they descend
are scattered among the others ; chiefly, however, towards the centre,
over which the terminal bud of the simple stem is directly situated, and
where they find most room. Accordingly, contrary to the exogenous stem,
the newest and softest wood is found towards the centre, w’hile the oldest
and hardest occupies the circumference. This mode of growth or struc¬
ture is, therefore, said to be Endogenous (increasing from within), and the
plants which present it are termed Endogenous Plants, or Endogens
(viz. inside growers).
53. The hollow stem (culm, 29) which most Grasses exhibit was origi-
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XVII
nally solid and of the ordinary endogenous structure 3 soon becoming hollow
by the surface growing faster than the centre, except at the closed nodes,
or joints, where the woody threads are complicately entangled.
5. Tlie Leaves.
* Their Nature and Structure.
64. Leaves are a contrivance for increasing the green surface of the
plant, and exposing to the light and air the greatest practicable amount of
the green matter of vegetation (chlorophyll, 47, which consists of innu¬
merable rounded globules of a waxy nature, inclosed in the cells), upon
which the light exerts its peculiar action (17). They are portions of the
green cellular surface, usually expanded horizontally, and covered with
the transparent skin, or epidermis, which invests and protects the surface
generally (47), and which serves to protect the delicate subjacent tissue
from the immediate action of the air.
55. In Phaenogamous Plants, however, they never consist of a cellular
system, or parenchyma (the green pulp) alone 3 but a woody system (con¬
sisting of woody tissue and vessels, 8, 9) is introduced, just as in the stem
(with whose woody system it is connected), to give needful strength and
support, and to facilitate the transmission of fluid. This forms the frame¬
work or skeleton of the leaf, which usually divides the parenchyma into
two strata, viz. an upper and an under layer.
56. The cells of the upper layer are generally more compactly arranged
than those of the lower, which gives to the upper surface of the leal' its
deeper green color. Those of the lower layer are commonly so loosely
arranged as to leave many intervening air-cavities, or passages, communi¬
cating with each other more or less freely throughout the interior of the
leaf.
57. To these the external air obtains access through numerous perfora¬
tions or little slits in the skin of the lower surface, and sometimes of the
upper also, which are called the stomata, or breathing-pores! They
are guarded by two cells, which, when straight and parallel, close the aper¬
ture, and, when curving outwards, open it 3 thus controlling evaporation
and the access of the external air. They incline to open in moist air, and
to shut in dry.
58. The epidermis or skin of the leaf, as in other parts of the plant, may
be furnished with hairs, bristles, &c., which in descriptions receive differ¬
ent names according to their size and strength. They are prolonga¬
tions or productions of some of the cells of the epidermis. Glandular Hairs
and Glands are similar in origin and structure, but usually more complex,
and their cells elaborate an aromatic, or glutinous, or some other kind of
liquid, or excretion. The principal terms employed for the various kinds
of hairiness or pubescence may be sought in the Glossary. We call the sur¬
face smooth when destitute of hairiness and roughness, or, more specifi¬
cally, glabrous when the absence of hairiness alone is indicated.
* * Tlx e ir Conformation and Parts.
59. The expanded part of the leaf forms the lamina, limb, or blade.
In many leaves the blade is expanded immediately on leaving the stem 3
when they are stalkless or sessile. They are clasping (or amplexicaid),
when the base embraces or nearly encircles the stem 3 perfoliate , when the
encircling base unites round on the opposite side so as to appear as if per¬
forated by the stem, as in Uvularia perfoliata (p. 497) j and sheathing, when
the lower part enwraps the stem, as in Grasses (p. 567) and Sedges (p. 515);
in which the distinction between the sheath and the blade usually is well
marked. Sometimes a portion of the blade of a sessile leaf appears to run
down along the stem underneath, when it is decurrent.
b*
XVlll
INTRODUCTION.
60. Frequently the blade is raised upon an unexpanded part, the leaf¬
stalk, foot-stalk, or petiole. This is sometimes provided with an
appendage (stipule, 94) on each side at the base, either adherent to it (as
in the Strawberry, p. 123), or separate (as in the Vetch, dec., p. 93). A
leaf with all its parts, therefore, consists of the blade, the petiole, and a
pair of stipules.
61. A leaf is simple when the blade is of one piece, however irregular,
cut, or cleft ; and compound, when it consists of two or more separate
pieces, or smaller blades, called Leaflets.
62. A leaf, leaflet, or any flat organ, is called entire when the margin is
continuous and even, without notches, clefts, or divisions.
63. If furnished with notches of no great depth, as compared with the
size of the blade, it is in general terms said to be toothed. The principal
special terms for distinguishing the varieties of toothing are the following:
viz. dentate, or toothed proper, when the teeth are sharp and spreading $
crenate, or crenelled, when they are broad and rounded ; and serrate (saw¬
toothed), when more or less sharp and inclined forwards. The diminutives
of these and similar appellations denote that the teeth are small in propor¬
tion or minute ; as, denticulate, minutely toothed ; crenulate , minutely cre¬
nate ; and serrulate, serrate with minute teeth. The number of the teeth,
as well as the kind, may be denoted by combining the proper numeral with
the term, as 3 -toothed, 5-toothed , 5-crenate, &c. But if the teeth are them¬
selves toothed, or of two sorts, we say doubly toothed, doubly crenate, &c.
64. A slightly sinuous or waved margin is said to be repand ; a strongly
sinuous margin, so as to make rounded and shallow lobes, sinuate. If the
teeth are still deeper, irregular, and sharp, or with acute incisions, the leaf
is said to be incised or cut.
65. When the blade is more deeply and definitely cut, the portions are
called lobes, segments , or divisions; and the leaf is said to be lobed, as a
general term, especially when the sinuses are rounded or blunt ; or cleft,
when cut to the middle or thereabouts as if by a sharp incision ; or parted,
when the sinuses reach almost to the base or axis; or divided , when they
reach quite to the base or axis, so as to divide the blade into separate
pieces. The last-named case brings us, by successive gradations, to a
compound leaf (61). The number of lobes. <fcc., is expressed by prefixing
the proper numeral, as 2 -lobed, %-cleft , 3- parted , 3 -divided, &c. Other par¬
ticular terms of incision, &c., only require to be explained in the Glossary.
66. So, likewise, of the terms which denote the shape, or general outline
of the leaf, or of any other expanded body, which are very numerous and
diversified, and furnish the readiest characters of species. The following
are the more common and important : viz. linear, for a narrow leaf, with
the two margins parallel : lanceolate or lance-shaped, for a narrow leaf ta¬
pering to each end, but especially towards the apex : oblong, when the
breadth bears a greater proportion to the length : oval, broader still, but
longer than broad, with the two ends equilly rounded and of equal width :
elliptical, like the last or narrower, especially with the ends acute : ovate
or egg-shaped , viz. shaped like the section of a hen’s egg, with the broader
end at the base : obovate, the same inverted, or with the broader end at the
apex : cuneiform or wedge-shaped, like the last, but the converging margins
straight towards the base : orbicular, when the outline is circular or nearly
so : round or rotund, approaching to circular.
67. Terms which relate both to outline and base or apex are, principally,
cordate or heart-shaped, when the two sides at the base project backwards
in a rounded form, like a heart as commonly delineated : reniform or kid¬
ney-shaped, like the last, but with the rounded outline broader than long:
auricled or auriculate (eared), which is applied to any form of a leaf with a
pair of small lobes at the base : sagittate or arrow-shaped, when narrow
with a pair of narrow lobes at the base, not much divergent, like the figure
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XIX
of an arrow-head : hastate or halbert-shaped, like the last or auricled, with
the lobes widely diverging : ohcordate or inversely heart-shaped, which is
heart-shaped with the notched end at the apex.
68. Certain terms belong to the ends alone 3 as emarginate, with a small
notch at the end : obtuse, blunt : acute, terminating in an acute angle with¬
out much tapering : acuminate or pointed, tapering or drawn out into a
point : mucronate, tipped with an abrupt slender point ( mucro ) : apiculate,
tipped with an abrupt minute point, &c.
69. The real base of the leaf is always at the attachment of the petiole :
but sometimes, from the extension of the posterior part of the leaf back¬
wards and the union of the margins behind the point of attachment, the
petiole Seems to be fixed to some part of the lower surface, when it is pel¬
tate or shield-shaped, as in the Mandrake (p. 21), Water-Shield (p. 22), and
Water-Lily (p. 23).
70. The general outline, incision, &c., stands connected, in a good de¬
gree, with the mode of distribution of the framework (ribs, veins), or the
venation.
71. There are two principal modes of venation, viz. : — 1. The parallel-
veined , or nerved, where the w'oody system of the leaf (55) divides directly
from the apex of the petiole into simple parallel ribs or veins (called nerves
by the older botanists) which run to the apex without forking; or some¬
times they are given off from a prolongation of the petiole traversing the
axis of the blade, and thence run parallel to the margins. This mode is near¬
ly characteristic of Endogenous Plants (52, and p. 445). 2. The reticulated
or netted-veined, where the ribs or veins branch and subdivide in various
ways as they spread through the blade, and the branchlets run together or
unite with one another ( anastomose ), so as to form a kind of network.
Such leaves are specially said to be veined or veiny (in contradistinction to
nerved), and are met with in almost all Exogenous Plants (48). The
stronger primary divisions of the framework are termed ribs ; the smaller,
veins ; the minuter ramifications, veinlets.
72. Reticulated or netted-veined leaves present two leading modifica¬
tions, viz. : — 1. the feather-veined or pinnately-veined , where the woody sys¬
tem of the petiole is prolonged through the blade in a single rib (the mid¬
rib) from the sides of which the veins all spring, as in the Oak, Beech,
Elm, Apple, &c. : 2. the palmately -veined or radiated-veined, where 3 or
more ribs of about equal strength spring directly from the apex of the pe¬
tiole, making the leaf 3 -ribbed, 5 ribbed, &c., as in the Maple, Bass-wood,
Currant, & c. When strong lateral ribs proceed from near the base of
a midrib, the leaf is said to be triple-ribbed, quintuple-ribbed, &c., accord¬
ing to their number.
73. The particular mode of incision and division follows the distribution
of the ribs and principal veins ; the primary incisions, sinuses, or reenter¬
ing angles being directed, in the pinnately-veined leaf, towards the midrib,
in the palmately-veined, towards the base. Accordingly, the particular mod¬
ifications of outline and lobing are accurately expressed by combining the
terms of venation with those which denote the degree of division; as pin¬
nately cleft or pinnatif d, when the incisions of a feather-veined leaf reach
about halfway to the midrib ; pinnate/y parted, when they almost reach it;
and pinnately divided, when they quite attain it (65). So, likewise, the
terms palmately cleft, palmately parted, divided. &c., express the degree 01
the division of a radiated-veined leaf. By adding also the number of the
lobes or divisions, the description is made still more complete, as pinnately
5-parted, palmately 3 -lobed, &c., &c.
74. When a pinnately-veined leaf becomes compound (61), it will therefore
necessarily be pinnate, that is, with the leaflets arranged along the sides ot
the midrib (as in the Rose), which then forms a common petiole (or rachis ) ;
while a palmately veined or radiated leaf becomes palmately compound or
sssH&sass”
g^^fsSSSSSg
:SSS3“'S
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XXI
Iris (p. 482) and all Grasses. They are often 3- ranked or trislichous (£), as
in White Hellebore (p. 600), and in Sedges (p. 535), when the fourth comes
over the first, the fifth over the second, the sixth over the third, and so on.
In the next case, which prevails in Exogens, they are 5-ranked or quincun-
cial (|), the spirally ascending line drawn to connect the insertions of ad¬
jacent leaves making two revolutions round the stem to reach the sixth
leaf, which stands over the first, the seventh standing over the second, the
eighth over the third, and so on, the angular distance between any two
leaves in succession being two-fifths of the circumference. In the case
next in order the leaves are 8 -ranked (f ), as in the Plum, the ninth leaf be¬
ing over the first, and three turns round the stem being made to reach it.
Next they are 13 -ranked (^), as in the Ailanthus (p. 78), and the four¬
teenth leaf covers the first, five turns round the stem being made to
reach it.
88. The pairs of opposite leaves follow similar orders of arrangement.
89. When the pairs ctoss each other exactly at right angles, so as to
form four straight ranks of leaves (as in the Mint Family, p. 313), they are
said to be decussate.
90. Only one leaf springs from the same point. Fascicled or chattered
leaves, which often appear to form an exception (as in the Pine, p. 439,
and Larch, p. 442), are those of a whole branch, developed without any
obvious elongation of the internodes so as to separate them.
91. As to duration, leaves are caducous or fugacious, when they decay
or fall very soon after expansion ; deciduous when they fall comparatively
early or at the close of the season *, and persistent , when they last the
whole year round or longer, as in Evergreens.
92. The leaves of most Exogens separate from the persistent stem bv a
joint formed at the insertion, leaving a clean scar 3 such are articulated
with the stem ; while in most Endogens the dead leaves separate only by
decaying away.
93. The mode in which the leaves are packed away in the bud is named
their Vernation or prjefoi.iation ; of which there are several ways;
such as the conduplicate, when each leaf is infolded together lengthwise, as
in the Beech. Magnolia, &c. 5 the plicate or plaited , when each leaf is several
times folded (into plaits), as in the Maple, Vine, &c. ; the involute, when
the edges are rolled inwards towards the midrib, as in the Violet ; the rev¬
olute, when they are rolled backwards, as in Azalea; the convolute , when
the leaf is rolled up around the bud from one of its edges, as in the big;
and the circinate, when spirally rolled up from the apex downwards, as in
the Sundew (p. 49), and in True Ferns (p. 620).
* * * * Stipules.
94. The Stipules (59) often form the principal scales or coverings of
the bud, although falling away when the leaves expand, as in the Oak
Family, the Magnolia Family (p. 17), &c. This is perhaps the principal
use they subserve, except when they remain, become green and foliaceous,
and act like leaves.
95. Leaves furnished with these appendages are said to b e stipulate;
destitute of them they are exstipulate. Leaflets when furnished with similar
appendages, as in the Bean (p. 95), are stipellate.
96. Stipules are sometimes adnate or adherent to the petiole, one on
each side, as in the Rose, Strawberry, and Clover. Sometimes they unite
instead by their opposite margins on the other side of the branch, as in
Plane-tree (p. 433)'; or uniting by both margins they form a sheath ( ochrea ),
as in the Buckwheat Family (p. 385).
XXII
INTRODUCTION.
6. The Organs of Reproduction
r«9riTCnn^1Stth0ft:he Fl®^er and the parts developed from it, viz. the
new *p| an tie t!*16 SEED‘ The 18 ^ Production of an Embryo, or
fnrm'o P-0"!!?' like branches, are evolved from buds. Flower-buds are
aoex^f the Rtpm8”1^ 8,tuations as leaf-buds, and in no other, viz. at the
apex of the stem or brancji, and in the axils of the leaves. Their arrange-
inerelv8th TrfSZtl “re;. by *af of the leaves. Floter-stllX
merely the ultimate ramification of the stem. In the early state flower-
ofdthearflowPrStingUIShKble fr?m leaf*buds5 and most conspicuous parts
rommnn 1 so obviously analogous to leaves that they are called, in
production ' TeT °f the fl?Wer- Indeed> a11 the organs of re-
deveyonmpn? ?^°rmed»h0n h* Same p,an as those of vegetation, and their
development follows the same general laws. The parts of the blossom
belong essentially either to the stem (or axis), or to the [eaves
99. The arrangement of the flowers upon the stem or branch constitutes
Tli© Inflorescence.
withoiit^d?vd<t'n^r muY r®8* direct/y the axil or on the apex of the stem,
BtilkT^L/d^7 'Iheu 11 18 sess!/e: °r »t may be supported by a flower-
stalk (peauncled), which is named the Peduncle. J
sinal!* C3Se of>florescence is where the flower is solitary, or
in3le euher at the summit of the stem (as in the Tulip. &c.) when it
meTviZd,^ Id1" l d’ °r fromrthe axil of a ^af (as in the leafy-stem¬
med V lolets, p. 43), when it comes from an axillary bud.
PfiT6 2re accordi.ngly two principal modes of inflorescence ; first,
t?rnnH thf flo"'ers sPr,n.g from axillary buds, the terminal bud going on
to continue the stem or axis until it is exhausted, as in Speedwell (p. 302)
flhpnWhTh’ WhiGre the flowe™ aU terminate (first) the main stem, and
In q? brancbe9> or ®Pnng fr°m terminal buds, as in the Pink Family
modf the /no10 8'W°rt8 (P’ ^1i,F®ntian Family (p* &c 1,1 the first
t ? i lnflo/esc.e»ce « ^definite, since the flowering stems may con-
ment w/tho,ut bnilt> except from exhaustion or want of nourish-
^ate arrested Kv°tKd r tbe flowering stem or branch being in each
case arrested by the formation of a terminal flower. The indefinite or ax¬
illary mode may be first considered. maennue or ax
leave* fr°m the axils of which blossoms appear are frequently
quite like those of the rest of the plant, when the flowers are said to b^
axillary. Oftener the floral leaves are reduced in size and different in
tlcts and reflowe °ther\when receive the name of
53E?,“d the flower8 usually more obviously form a cluster, to which
different names are applied according to its shape, &c.
in the aT^nf atLSP,KKE ? f°,rmed wht!n the flowers are «*sile, or nearly so,
vS3. (“Si” , t"”""1 < ■■ “ ■'«
. “1 ”
Dart’of «uch cases-ia ‘he common peduncle; and the
mtahed J th? R the fleers are actually borne is sometimes distin-
gu'ished 11 Z P^ncL T*“ Ped“"cle °f each is
no 1i°n7fl'nIrLn,!n!!farily (13’ that the flowers a‘ ‘he base or such
cession fromihe ‘hat ^ Wil‘ e*pand in ^la' ^
108. A Corymb differs from the raceme only in the greater proportion-
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XXIII
ate length of the lower pedicels, so that the open cluster becomes broader
than long and flat-topped or convei, as in the Hawthorn (p. 128).
109. An Umbel further differs only in having the rachis (106) so short
that the pedicels seem to spring all from the same point or nearly, and are
mostly equal in length, as in the Primrose and Dodecatheon (p. 281). The
bracts in this and the following case, being brought into a whorl (85) or
cluster round the stem, form collectively the Involucre, as in the Prim¬
rose, Flowering Cornel (p. 168), &c.
110. A Head (or Capitulum) is the same as an umbel with the pedicels
all shortened, so as to bring the flowers into a solid rounded mass, or the
same as a spike with a very short axis, as in the Clover (p. 106) and Teasel
(p. 183).
111. In these contracted or depressed forms, the older or lower flower-
buds (107) will obviously occupy the margin or circumference, and they
will expand in regular order from the circumference to the centre. Hence
the indefinite inflorescence is sometimes said to be centripetal.
112. Of the spike and head there are one or two particular forms ; such as
the Spadix, which is merely a fleshy spike (as in the Calla and Indian
Turnip, p. 446), or head (as in the Skunk-Cabbage, p. 447), usually envel¬
oped by a hooded bract (called the Spathe).
113. The Ament, or Catkin, is the peculiar scaly spike of the Birch,
Alder, Hazel, Willow, Poplar, and other amentaceous trees, &c.
U4-. The compound flower of the older botanists, so familiar in the Sun¬
flower and all Composite (n. 184), is merely a head : the calyx-like scales
(bracts) which subtend it form the involucre, and the broad or depressed
rachis is commonly termed the receptacle.
115. The bracts often borne on the peduncle or its branches are distin¬
guished by the name of Bractlets or Bracteoles. A stalk which
Dears them is bracteolate.%
1 16. From their axils branchlets in the form of flower-stalks may again
arise, and so the inflorescence become compound. When, in such cases,
the secondary division imitates the primary, there arises a compound spike ,
compound raceme (as in Smilacina racemosa, p. 491), or compound umbel
(as in the Parsley and all that family, p. 153), &c.
117. The secondary or partial umbels are called Umbellets. A sec¬
ondary involucre is termed an Involucel.
118. If the lower branches of a raceme are branched irregularly, more or
less, a Panicle is produced. A compact, pyramidal or oblong panicle is
called a Thyrsus, as in the Lilac.
119. In the definite, or second principal mode of inflorescence, where
the flower-buds are all terminal (102), the main axis is first terminated by a
blossom, which arrests its growth. This gives a solitary terminal flower,
as in the Tulip, many Gentians, &c. Further development can take place
only by the production of axillary branches ; which can spring from the
primary peduncle only when it is furnished with bracts from whose axils
they may arise. They are most likely to spring from the axils of the up¬
per leaves. If the leaves and bracts are opposite (85), which is more com¬
monly the case in definite inflorescence, and a flower-stalk, or a branch
terminated by a flower, springs one from each axil of the upper pair, a 3-
flowered inflorescence is produced, in which the central (terminal) blos¬
som is earliest, and the two lateral (axillary) later, to appear and develop.
The order of flowering is therefore from the apex downwards, or descend¬
ing (the reverse of the indefinite forms), or, if the three blossoms are on a
level, from the centre outwards, or centrifugal.
120. When the pair of leaves or bracts of the lateral branches or pedun¬
cles gives rise to new flower-stalks in the same way, a 7-flowered centrilu-
XX1Y
INTRODUCTION.
gal inflorescence results ; in which the central flower necessarily expands
first, the central ones of each branch next, and then the lateral ones.
These may in turn develop each a lateral pair of flowers, and so on.
This mode of inflorescence is also termed cijmose; a Cyme being the gen¬
eral name for a flower-cluster of the kind, whether simple or compound.
121. Sometimes this evolution is gradual, the successive branches shoot¬
ing forth after the expansion of the primary flower, so that the whole pro¬
cess may be directly traced, as in many Chickweeds (p. 62) : on the other
hand, all the numerous flower-buds of a compound cyme are frequently
fully formed before any of them open, as in the Laurestinus and other Vi¬
burnums (p. 174), the Elder (p. 173), &c.
122. A contracted cyme, with the flowers nearly sessile, is called a Fas¬
cicle, or if much crowded, like a head (from which it is at once distin¬
guished by the central flowers being the first to open), it is named a
Glomerule.
123. The regularity and symmetry of the cyme are often interfered with
by the non-evolution of some of the flowers ; thus becoming one-sided,
and sometimes closely imitating some form of centripetal inflorescence.
The most ambiguous cases of the kind occur in some alternate-leaved
plants, such as Stone-crops (p. 146), where the whole cyme, or its branch¬
es (from the continued evolution of the branch on one side only), would
always be mistaken foiva raceme, were it not that the apparently lateral
flowers are not in the axils of the bracts, but on the opposite side of the
axis, or nearly so, thus showing that they are terminal.
124. The case of a whole flower-cluster borne on a peduncle opposite a
leaf, as in the Grape and entire Vine Family (p. 85) and in the Poke (p.
385), is evidently of the same sort: that is, an originally terminal peduncle
becomes lateral by the production of a branch from the axil of the leaf be¬
low ; this branch assuming the direction of the main stem so as to con¬
tinue it, turning the terminal peduncle to one side. The tendril of the
Vine occupies the same position, and becomes lateral in the same way.
125. The centripetal and centrifugal modes of evolution are sometimes
combined in the same plant. Thus, the heads of all Compositae (p. 184)
open their flowers cen tripe tally, while the heads themselves are developed
more or less regularly in the centrifugal mode. The reverse is seen in the
Mint Family (p. 313), where the stems elongate indefinitely by the terminal
bud, developing axillary clusters in the centripetal mode, but the clusters
themselves are cymes, expanding their flowers centrifugally. The leaves
being opposite, the pair of contracted small cymes (or cymules) when ses¬
sile forms an apparent whorl (Verticillaster). But truly whorled
flowers only occur when the leaves are whorled, as in Hippuris (p. 140).
126. A peduncle which rises from beneath or near the surface of the soil
is called a Scape.
8. Tlie Flower.
* Its Component Parts, Structure, & c.
127. The Flower consists of two kinds of organs, viz. : — 1st, the leaves
of the blossom, or floral envelopes ; and 2nd, the essential organs,
inclosed and protected by the former in the bud, and which ordinarily bear
no resemblance to leaves. All the parts are arranged on a short axis (the
Receptacle or Torus), like leaves on a branch, usually in successive
whorls. The flower is therefore a sort of branch, with the internodes very
much shortened and inconspicuous.
128. A complete flower is furnished with two sets of floral envelopes,
viz. an outer (the Calyx), and an inner (the Corolla), and with two kinds
of essential organs, of which the outer are the Stamens, and the inner or
central the Pistils.
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XXV
129. The Calyx or flower-cup is commonly green and leaf-like, but not
always so : the leaves of which it consists are named the Sepals.
130. The Corolla, or inner row of floral envelopes, is commonly of
delicate texture, and colored (that is, of some hue other than green), so that
it forms the most showy part of the blossom : its several parts or leaves are
called the Petals.
131. When the leaves of the flower consist of one row only, that row is
considered as the calyx, whatever its color or texture ; excepting where
the real calyx has become obliterated, or concealed by adhesion with some
other organ, as in most Umbelliferae (p. 153), when the envelope which ap¬
pears may be shown to belong to the corolla. A flower which is incom¬
plete from the want of the corolla is apetalous.
132. The floral envelopes are collectively termed the Perianth, which
name, however, is seldom used except in cases where the calyx and corolla
are not satisfactorily distinguishable, or where the existence of both sets is
uncertain, as in the Lily (p. 494), and Lily-like plants.
133. Nor is the calyx, any more than the corolla, an essential part of the
flower : both are often wanting, as in the Willow (p.424), and the Lizard’s-
tail (p. 401) ; when the flower is naked, or achlamydeous.
134. The leaves of the flower, whether sepals or petals, are more fre¬
quently than ordinary leaves (86) united, or grown together by their
contiguous margins in various degrees, so as to form a cup or tube* which
appears as if lobed, parted, cleft, or toothed (65), according to the degree of
the union of the component parts. A calyx with the sepals thus combined
is said to be monosepalous or monophyllous ; a corolla in the same way is
monopetalous (or gamopetalous) ; and the degree of division, the number of
parts, &c., are expressed by the same terms as in lobed leaves.
135. To designate a calyx or corolla with unconnected (or distinct) se¬
pals or petals, the terms polyphyllous or poly sepal ous, and polypetalons, are
used ; or their number may be directly expressed, as ti'isepalous or tripeta-
lous, when there are three, or 5-sepalous, 5~petalous , and so on.
136. The mode in which the sepals or petals are applied to each other in
the bud, constitutes the jestivation or pr defloration. The leading
modes are, the valvule or valvular, where the parts meet by their edges
without any overlapping, as in the calyx of the Mallow Family (p. 67) and
the Linden (p. 71 ), the petals of the Vine (p. 85), &c. : the induplicate, which
is a variety of the last, with the edges rolled inwards, as in the calyx of Clem¬
atis (p. 4) : the convolute, contorted, or twisted (forms that are all alike, ex¬
cept in degree), where each petal or sepal has one edge within and the other
without, and consequently overlaps the next on one side while it is over¬
lapped by its neighbour on the other, as the petals of Mallow, St. John’s-
wort (p. 51), and Flax (p. 72) : the imbricated, where two of them have
both edges exterior in the bud, so as to inclose the others ; of which the
quincuncial or spirally imbricated is the regular and principal form when the
parts are five in number) as in the calyx-lobes of the Hose, the petals of
the Cherry (p. 115), &.c. In this case, the first and second are wholly ex¬
ternal, the fourth and fifth wholly internal, while the third has one edge
covered by the first, and the other overlapping the contiguous edge of the
fifth ; and a line traced from the first to the adjacent edge of the second
and so on to the fifth, describes a regular spiral.
137. Frequently the petals, and rarely the sepals, are contracted below
into a stalk-like base (the claw), when they are ungnicnlate, as in the corolla
of the Mustard Family (p. 30); the expanded part, like the blade of the
leaf, being distinguished as the lamina or limb.
138. The calyx or corolla is regular when the parts are uniform in
size and shape, as in the cruciform (cross-shaped) corolla of the Crucifer*
c
XXVI
INTRODUCTION.
(p. 30) ; and irregular when the parts are dissimilar, as in the peculiar papil¬
ionaceous (butterfly-like) corolla of the Pulse Family (p. 90).
139. Among the forms of the regular monopetalous corolla are, the bell-
shaped or campanulate, which enlarges gradually from a rounded base to
the open and spreading border : the funnel-shaped or infundibuliform,
where a longer tube enlarges gradually below, but expands widely at the
summit, as in the Morning-Glory : the tubular , which is more or less cylin¬
drical throughout and elongated : the salver-shaped (or hypocraterifoifti),
where the limb or border spreads abruptly at right angles with the summit of
the slender tube, as in the Primrose (p. 281) and Phlox (p. 344) : and the
wheel-shaped (or rotate), which is like the last, but with the tube much shorter
than the limb, as in the Bittersweet (p. 354). The principal irregular form
which has received a distinct name is the labiate or 2-lipped, where the
petals are unequally united so as to form an upper and a lower lobe or lip,
as in the Mint Family (p. 313). It is ringent ox gaping, when the lips are
spreading and the throat open ; and personate or masked when closed by
the approximation of the lips, or by a protuberance of the lower one,
called the palate, as in the Snapdragon and Toad-Flax (p. 296).
140. A flower which possesses both kinds of the essential organs is per¬
fect. When the stamens and pistils occupy separate flowers, these are
diclinous or separated ; and either monoecious, when both the stamen-bear¬
ing ( staminate or sterile) and the pistil-bearing (pistillate or fertile) flowers
are borne by the same individual plant (as in the Oak Family, d. 412) ; or
dioecious, where they are borne on different individuals (as in the Willow
Family, p. 424, and the Hemp, p. 435).
141. The Stamens, or fertilizing organs (sometimes collectively termed
the Andr(Ecium), arise from the receptacle next within or above the petals.
142. A stamen consists of two parts j the stalk or Filament, and the
usually knob-like body borne on its apex, the Anther. The latter is
analogous to the blade of a leaf ; the former to the leaf-stalk, and, like it,
is often wanting) when the anther, the essential organ of the stamen, is
sessile (59).
143. The anther is normally composed of 2 hollow lobes, placed side by
side, or is 2 -celled ; each lobe or cell corresponding to the side of a leaf,
and the prolonged apex of the filament to which they are fixed (the con¬
nective! corresponding to the midrib. The minute, dust-like grains
which fill the interior constitute the Pollen, which, discharged from the
cells of the anther as they open (commonly lengthwise by a slit or chink
down the outer side), falls upon the stigma (149), and serves to fertilize
the ovary (179).
144. The anther appears to be fixed to the filament in three principal
ways. Sometimes its base rests directly on the apex of the filament, as in
Menispermum (p. 19), when it is innate, or erect : sometimes it is attached
by a point to the apex of the filament on which it lightly swings, as
in the Lily, when it is versatile : or occasionally the cells occupy one
side of a connective which is a continuous prolongation of the fila¬
ment, to one side of which the anther is apparently adherent by its whole
length ; and hence it is adnate, — either to the face next the pistil, when
it is introrse (turned inwards), as in Magnolia (p. 17), or to the face to¬
wards the petals, when it is extrorse (turned outwards), as in Liriodendron
(P- 18)-
145. Sometimes the anther-cells, instead of opening by a longitudinal
slit, discharge their pollen through a pore or small chink at the apex ) as in
most of the Heath Family, p. 256, in the Potato, p. 354, &c. Rarely they
open by valves, hinged above and uplifted like trap-doors, either a sing
one to each cell, as in the Barberry (p. 20) and Benzoin (p. 394), or a pai
of them, as in the Sassafras (p. 394).
OUTLINES OF BOTANY. XXvii
146. The number of the stamens is adjectively expressed by Greek nu¬
merals, or the proper adjectives, prefixed to androus ; as monandrouSj with
a single stamen ; diandrous, with 2 ; triandrous , with 3 ; tetrandrous, with
4 ; pentandrous, with 5 ; hexandrous, with 6 ; keptandrovs , with 7 ; octan-
drous, with 8 ; euneandrous, with 9 ; decandrous , with 10 ; dodecandrous ,
with 12 ; and po/yandrous, when more numerous or indefinite.
147. The stamens, like the leaves of the flower (134), may unite or grow
together ; either by their anthers ( syngenesious, as in Composite, p. 184,
and Lobelia, p. 253), or by their filaments. If the filaments unite into one
mass, tube, or ring, the stamens are monadelphous (in one brotherhood), as
in the Mallow Family ; if into two, diadelphous, as in most of the Pulse
Family (p. 90) j if in three, triade/phous , &c. j if in several, polyadelphous.
When uncombined they are distinct.
148. The Pistils, or seed-bearing organs (collectively termed the
GynjEcium), to whose protection and perfection all the other parts of the
blossom are in some way subservient, are placed within or above the sta¬
mens, and therefore occupy the centre or summit of the flower. When
there is only one, it seems to terminate the axis or receptacle (127).
149. A pistil is distinguished into three parts, viz. the hollow portion
below, which becomes the pod or fruit, and is named the Ovary (or by
Linnaeus the Germen) ; a prolongation usually from the apex of the ovary,
of various form, oftener thread-shaped or columnar, called the Style ; and
the termination or some other part of the style denuded of its epidermis,
either knob-shaped or otherwise, termed the Stigma. The style is often
absent, when the stigma is sessile (142) on the apex of the ovary. These
two parts are essential to the pistil j the stigma to receive the pollen by
which the Ovules, or rudiments of seeds inclosed within the ovary, are
fertilized. J
150. The only exception to this statement is furnished by the Gymno-
■ww-ou. (°r Naked-seeded) Plants, such as the Pine Family (p.438),
which produce flowers of the greatest possible simplicity, the pistil con¬
sisting of an open scale, ovuliferous (bearing ovules) on some part of its
upper surface, upon which the pollen acts directly, without the interven¬
tion of a stigma ; and the seeds consequently are not contained in a pod.
151. The number of the pistils is adjectively expressed by Greek numer¬
als &c., prefixed to gynous, e. g. 1, monogynous, 2, digynous, 3, trigynotis,
and so on to polygynous, when they are numerous or indefinite, as" in the
corresponding case in stamens (146).
/ pi®til ** frequently truly single or solitary, as in the Baneberry
(p. lo), Pulse Family, &c. j but often what appears to be a single pistil
consists in fact of two, three, or more, with all tneir parts united, as in the
Lily and Tulip, where the compound pistil they bear consists of three sim¬
ple pistils confluent into one.
153. The pistils, although often distinct or separate (as in Larkspur, p. 13),
are more frequently united than any of the other parts of the flower. The
union occurs in every degree, from the connection merely of their bases, as
in many Saxifrages (p. 148), to the complete coalescence of the ovaries
while the styles are distinct (as in Aralia, p. 166). to the partial union
of these, or to their complete union, with that of the stigmas also
as in the Lily, the Dogwood (p. 167), Honeysuckle (p. 171 ), &c. The num¬
ber of the cells, or cavities, in such ovaries indicates the composition ; the
ovary of a simple pistil being normally l-celled.
J54- Not only do homogeneous parts of the flower unite (134, 147,
153), but adjacent sets of organs are liable to grow together in a greater or
less degree. When parts of a different nature are not united, they are said
to oefree. When the sepals, petals, and stamens are all free from the pis¬
tils and from each other, but exhibit their real origin or insertion (127)
xxvm
INTRODUCTION.
in successive sets, one within and above the other, as in a Buttercup (p. 8),
Poppy (p. 26), &c., these organs are said to be hypogynous. When, on the
other hand, the petals and stamens are inserted into the calyx , that is, cohere
below with it (usually through the intervention of a ring or Disk which
lines its base), as in the Cherry, Strawberry, &c.. they are perigynota.
The same term is employed when all these parts likewise cohere with the
base of the ovary, as in many Saxifrages, Heuchera (p. 149), &c. When
all these parts adhere to or are incorporated with the surface of the ovary
quite to its summit, as in Umbelliferae (p. 163), Dogwood (p. 167), also in
the Fuchsia, and all the Evening Primrose Family (p. 134), so that these
organs seem to spring from the top of the pod or fruit instead of beneath it,
they are termed epigynous.
155. Rarely the stamens further cohere with the style itself, when the
flower is gynandrous , as in the Orchis Family (p. 463).
* * Its Symmetry.
156. A flower is perfectly symmetrical when the several whorls, or sets
of organs, which compose it are equal in number, or are multiples of the
fundamental number. The flower of Tillsea (p. 146) is entirely and ob¬
viously symmetrical, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils being un"°r*?\y
3, or in some specimens 4. So is that of Sedum (Stone-Crop, &c., p. 14b)»
where the parts are in fives, but the stamens are doubled, or, in other
words, there are 2 whorls of them, which may be distinguished by some
inequality in the length or time of the maturity of the two sets. Pentho-
rum, the next genus (p. 147), is like the last, only the petals are usually
wanting ( suppressed ), and the 5 pistils are partially united into one. The
Lily (p. 494) is also symmetrically constructed on the ternary plan, viz.
with all its parts in threes ; the 6-leaved perianth (132) consisting of 3
outer ( sepals ) and 3 inner parts ( petals ) ; the stamens 6, or two sets ; while
the apparently single pistil consists of three wholly coherent into one. C&
the other hand, the flower of Crucifers (p. 30) is unsymmetrical as to the
stamens, which are 6, while the sepals and petals are only 4.
157. The number of the component parts of the whole flower, or of any
set, is designated by the terms binary (in twos), ternary (in threes, as in
most Endogens), quaternary (in fours), quinary (in fives, the prevalent
mode in Exogens), &c.; or sometimes by Greek numerals prefixed to
-merous, as dimerous, of 2 parts ; trimerous, of 3 ; tetramerous, of 4 ; penta-
merous , of 5 ; hexamerous, of 6, and so on. These and the like terms are
frequently written with Arabic numerals, as 3 -merous, 4 -merous, &c.
158. In the typical or normal symmetrical flower, the organs of each set
successively alternate (85) with each other; that is, the petals stand
over the intervals between adjacent sepals ; the stamens, or the outer
whorl of them, over the intervals between the petals (or the lobes ot
the corolla if monopetalous), and consequently opposite, or before, the
sepals ; and so on. This regular alternation of parts is to be taken for
granted in botanical descriptions, unless otherwise expressed. The excep¬
tions to this rule, when they occur, almost universally run uniformly through
the family, as in Berberidaceae (p. 20), Rhamnaceie (p. 84), where the
stamens stand opposite the petals ; and in Primulaceae (p. 280), where they
are opposite the lobes of the corolla, which amounts to the same thing.
159. That sepal, petal, or other part which, in an axillary flower (10),
lies next the bract, or outwards as to the axis of the stem or branch, i
termed the anterior or inferior (lower) ; those which are on the opposi e
side, viz. next the main axis, are posterior or superior (upper) ; those whicn
* For particular explanations and more extended illustrations of.the Plan!^rJj^
ture, symmetry, and modifications of the flower, .the student is referred to tne w
tanical Text-Book, 2d ed., pp. 184-218.
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XXIX
occupy the sides, or stand more or less at right angles to the plane of the
axis and the bract, are lateral. Thus, the two lips of the corolla of Labiate
plants (p. 313) are superior and inferior (upper and lower). Thus, in the
Pea and all the Pulse Family, where the flower is 5-merous, the odd sepal
is inferior , or next the bract, while the sinus or notch between the two su¬
perior exactly corresponds to the axis of the inflorescence, and the two re¬
maining sepals are lateral. And, since the petals alternate with the sepals,
the odd petal ( standard , p. 90, note) is superior, the two lower (forming the
keel) are inferior , and the two remaining (wings) lateral. This will render
sufficiently clear the application of these terms in other cases. It must be
noted, however, that what was called an 11 inferior fower” or u inferior
calyx,” &c., in the earlier botanical language, still to some extent in use,
merely designates a flower with the calyx, &c., free from the ovary (154),
or not adherent ; and the term flower or calyx superior is equivalent to
calyx adherent to the ovary, the free portion in such case appearing as if it
constituted the whole of the calyx and surmounted the ovary.
* * * Internal Structure of tlie Pistil, & c.
160. When the pistils are very numerous, the receptacle is commonly
prolonged or otherwise enlarged for their insertion 3 as in Anemone cvlin-
drica (p. 5), Ranunculus (p. 8), the Strawberry (p. 123), &c. In the Rose
(p. 126) the receptacle is expanded in a different way, so as to become
hollow, and line the urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube which forms the rose-hip,
bearing the inclosed pistils over the whole inner (upper) surface.
161. In Geranium (p. 73), the receptacle is prolonged far beyond the 5
ovaries into a beak, to which the styles cohere. In Nelumbium it ex¬
pands into a large top-shaped body, into the upper face of which the pistils
are immersed.
162. In Magnolia and Liriodendron (p. 17), the numerous pistils, which
partly cover each other, or are imbricated, in many rows on an elongated
receptacle, cohere by their contiguous parts (the inner side of each to the
back of the next above) into a common mass.
163. To form a proper Compound Pistil, however, the component simple
pistils unite in a whorl or ring, all being in one plane, in a manner which
is well illustrated by the Mallow (p. 69) and its allies. Rightly to under¬
stand the structure and modifications of the compound ovary, the nature of
the simple pistil must first be more particularly indicated.
164. A simple pistil is correctly represented as a transformed leaf, curv¬
ed or folded inwards so that the two edges are brought into contact
and cohere, thus forming a closed sac or cell, the ovary ; while a pro¬
longation of the apex of such a leaf produces the style, if any j and its apex,
or some marginal portion of the prolongation, forms the stigma. The
simple pistil, formed thus of a single leaf, whether separate, or when
forming one of the components of a compound leaf, is named a Carpel.
164.2 In a whorl of simple pistils, accordingly, the line which represents
the united margins of the caipellary leaf ’ of which each theoretically is
composed, is on the inner side, or next the axis. This line is called the
Inner or Ventral Suture (seam). A similar line down the back, answering
to the midrib of the carpellary leaf, is called the Outer or Dorsal Suture.
165. It is to the ventral suture alone, or some part of it, with rare ex¬
ceptions, or to something formed of it, that the ovules (173, or bodies
which are to become the seeds) are attached. This is plainly seen in the
most natural, normal carpels of the Larkspur, Columbine, or Caltha (pp.
11 - 13), where the ovules occupy the whole ventral suture in two rows,
one for each margin of the transformed leaf. In the Buttercup (p. 8), the
single ovule occupies the very base of this suture j in Anemone, its apex.
166. The line or ridge which bears the ovules, and often projects more
c *
XXX
INTRODUCTION.
or less into the cell, is called the Placenta. Each placenta consists of,
and often separates into, two parts 5 one belonging to each margin of the
transformed leaf.
167. It is apparent, therefore, that when the carpels of a whorl combine
to form a compound pistil by the cohesion of the contiguous parts, the
compound ovary so produced will have as many cells as there are carpels
in its composition, and the placentae will all meet in the axis, or around it;
or, in other words, the ovules will be borne from the internal angle of each
cell. It is obvious, also, that the partitions (or dissepiments ) of the com¬
pound ovary consist of the contiguous and united sides of the carpels, and
that each is double, or of two layers.
168. Although a simple carpel has no proper dissepiment, yet the pres¬
ence of a partition is no absolute proof that an ovary is compound ; since a
spurious partition is sometimes formed by the inflexion of, or a growth from,
the dorsal suture ; as in the simple carpel of Astragalus (p. 103), and in
the compound ovary of Flax (p. 72) and Blueberry (p. 261), which in this
way show twice as many cells as there are component carpels.
169. Nor, jon the other hand, can a 1-celled ovary be inferred to be
simple on that account. The more or less distinct styles, or the numerous
stigmas, or the number of the placentae, indicate the composition. A one-
celled compound ovary may arise in either of the following ways.
170. The partitions which actually exist at a very early stage may vanish,
by the more rapid growth of the exterior, so as entirely or nearly to disap¬
pear before the flower opens, forming a free central placenta; as in most of
the Pink Family (p. 55).
171. Or, the compound ovary may arise as if from the union of a whorl
of 2, 3, or more open carpellary leaves, the margin of one uniting with the
contiguous margin of the adjacent leaf to form a placenta or ovuliferous
line, without any introflexion at all (as in the Prickly Poppy, p. 26, the
Violet, p. 43, and Sundew, p. 49), or with more or less introflexion, though
not so as to reach the centre (as in the Poppy, p. 26, many St. John’s-
worts, p. 53, &c.). The placentae, being in such cases borne on, or pro¬
jected from, the parietes or walls of the ovary (instead of from the centre),
are said to be parietal.
172. The number of carpels which make up a compound ovary, of what¬
ever sort, is expressed by the terms di-(2-)carpellary^ tri-{3-)carpellary,
tetra-(4-)rarpellary, penta-(5-)carpellary , and so on. To express the de¬
gree of union of the styles, we may either say, style cleft, parted , &c.. de¬
scribing according to the appearance, as if an originally solid body had been
split, &c. ; or, more properly, styles united at the base , to the middle , to the
summit, &,c., thus adapting the language to the actual state of the case.
* * * * Ovules; Fertilization.
173. Ovules (149) at first appear like minute granulations, or pulpy
excrescences of the placenta ; but before the flower opens they have gen¬
erally acquired their regular form and structure.
174. The ovule is commonly raised on a stalk of its own, the Funiculus.
It ordinarily consists of two coats, an outer, the Primine, and an inner,
the Secundine, which are developed around the base of a cellular mass,
the Nucleus, so as at length to inclose it. The coats are, however, open
at the apex, the mouth or orifice (foramen, micropylf.) of the outer
being called the Exostome *, of the inner, the Endostome. The base, or
extremity where the coats and the nucleus join and are fixed to the stalk,
through which it draws its nourishment from the placenta, forms the
Chalaza.
175. In the orthotropous ovule, which is the simplest form of all, the
whole organ remains straight, as the name denotes, with the chalaza or real
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XXXI
base next the placenta with which funiculus directly connects it, while the
orifice or apex is at the opposite extremity 5 of which the Cistus Family
(p. 47) affords good examples.
176. In the campy lutropous or curved ovule, the whole curves round on
itself in the course of its unequal growth, so as to become more or less
kidney-shaped, and to bring the apex round in proximity to the chalaza.
Those of the Mignonette (p. 42), Mustard Family (p. 30), and Pink Family
(p. 55) are of this sort.
177. In the anatropous or inverted form, which is the most common case
(of which the Violet affords a good example), the ovule is straight, as in the
orthotropous, but has become bodily inverted on its stalk in an early period
of its development, so that the orifice or real apex, brought down by the
side of the stalk, points to the placenta, while the chalaza occupies the op-
fiosite extremity, or the apparent apex. The portion of the stalk which
ies in contact with the side of the ovule coheres to it, and receives the
name of the Raphe. This remains firmly thus attached in the seed ; so
that the Hilum, or scar left on the seed when it separates from the stalk,
is next the orifice or true apex, and quite at the opposite end from the
chalaza ; instead of being at the chalaza, as in the preceding kinds.
178. A modification of the last, called the amphitropous form, is precisely
like it, except that the stalk adheres only halfway down to form a raphe,
and the free part of the stalk then diverges, so that the ovule stands across
its apex, with the hilum equidistant between the chalaza at one end and
the orifice at the other.
179. The ovules are fertilized through the agency of the pollen (143).
The pollen-grains that fall upon the stigma, or some of them, soon emit,
through some part of their thickish outer coat, a delicate prolongation of
the thin and extensile inner coat, in the form of a slender tube, filled
with the fluid which the grain contains, and with the minute molecular
matter that floats in it: this tube penetrates the stigma and imbeds itself
deeply in the loose tissue of the style. Shortly after, similar tubes or
threads, generally supposed to be prolongations of these, are found in the
placenta, whence they have often been traced into the orifice of the ovule,
or into contact with the projecting apex of the nucleus j in which the nas¬
cent embryo (15,209) subsequently appears, first as an apparently single
cell or vesicle of cellular tissue, suspended by a thread-like chain°of
smaller cells. This primary cell soon gives rise to a mass of minute cells,
which, as they increase and grow, are at length fashioned into the ultimate
and specific form of the embryo. The Radicle or root-end of the embryo
is always that extremity by which it was at first suspended : consequently
it always points towards the orifice of the ovule, or the micropyle.
180. The fertilized ovule becomes the seed; and the ripened and full-
grown seed-bearing ovary forms
9. Tlie Fruit.
181. The Fruit consists of the matured ovary (the Pericarp or Seed-
vessel) and its contents, along with any other parts that may be incorpo¬
rated with it ; such as an adherent calyx, which in the apple and pear, be¬
coming greatly thickened and fleshy, makes up the principal bulk of the
fruit, and in the quince forms the whole edible mass.
182. Sometimes a calyx becomes fleshy or berry -like without adhering at
all to the pericarp itself, as in the Creeping Wintergreen (p. 264) : some¬
times it is the receptacle alone which becomes pulpy and edible, as in the
Strawberry (p. 123). The organizable nutritive matter often accumulates
largely in the pericarp, which, becoming soft or juicy as it ripens, forms a
berry. Often there is no accumulation farther than what is immediately
required for the seeds, when the walls of the pericarp remain leaf-like, or
xxxu
INTRODUCTION.
in ripening become membranaceous, coriaceous, or crustaceous, forming a
dry fruit $ such as a pod, when it splits, or otherwise opens at malurity,
and a nut , achenium, &. c., when it does not. Sometimes the outer layer of
the pericarp enlarges and softens, while the inner hardens like a nut, when
a drupe or stone-fruit is the result, such as the plum and peach.
183. Besides the changes in size, form, and texture to which the ovary is
subject as it matures into the pericarp, it is' also liable to some changes
from the abortion or obliteration of parts. Thus, the ovary of the Oak and
Beech has 3 cells and 2 ovules in each $ while the acorn and beech nut are
only one-celled and one-seeded ; five ovules and two of the cells being ob¬
literated during the growth of the fruit. The same thing occurs in the
Horsechestnut, but in a less degree, since 2 or 3 seeds often ripen, and
the abortive ones, or traces of them, as well as of the original partitions,
may always be found in the ripe fruit.
184. On the other hand, the cells are sometimes multiplied in fruiting,
as in the Stramonium (p. 353), where a 2-celled ovary becomes 4-celled by
a false partition, and in Desmodium (p. 98) and such like pods, in which a
set of cross divisions is formed.
185. Of simple fruits (produced by a single flower), the following are the
principal kinds.
186. A Follicle is a pod (183) formed of a single carpel which opens
at maturity along the ventral suture ; as in the Larkspur and Columbine
(p. 13).
187. A Legume, the proper pod of the Pulse Family (p. 90), differs from
the follicle in opening by both sutures, thus splitting into 2 pieces, or
valves, each of which is half a carpel. The name is given, in practice, to
every form of the fruit of the Pulse Family, whether opening by valves or
not. A pod of the sort which is divided transversely into several joints (in
the mode mentioned at the close of paragr. 184) is called a Loment, or a
lomentaceous pod.
188. A Capsule is the general name for any sort of pod formed of a
compound ovary (163), especially when opening by regular valves; or, in
other words, is dehiscent.
189. Regular dehiscence takes place by the opening through one or
both sutures (164), and often also by the disjunction of carpels that have
been united.
190. When a capsule splits through the partitions, the dehiscence is
septicidal. This separates it into its constituent carpels, which then usually
open by the ventral suture at their inner angle for the discharge of the
seeds. The separable carpels, or the lobes of a pod, the carpels of which
are united at the centre only, are sometimes called Cocci, and the pod,
dicoccous, tricoccous, &c., to express the number of carpels.
191. When the dehiscence of a capsule occurs by the dorsal suture of
each carpel, thus opening directly into the back of each cell, it is said to be
loculicidal. The partitions, remaining intact, are borne each on the middle
of a valve ; while in the septicidal mode the half-partitions remain attached
to the margins of the valves.
192. The 1-celled capsule with parietal placentae may dehisce either
loculicidally through the dorsal sutures, when the placentae will occupy the
middle of the valves, or by the disjunction of the united margins of the
carpels, when each valve will answer to an entire carpel, and bear the half¬
placentae and seeds on both margins.
193. Sometimes the valves fall away from the partitions, leaving them ad¬
herent in the centre, as in the Morning-Glory (p. 349), — a modification ot
either of the twfo preceding modes, which is termed septifragal.
194. Not unlike this is the case where the valves separate from the pa*
^^^atiSi'SST^ssriii
"“'wsar
SSSxa?«
JK^"^-i?Li-^-'“-“‘‘i- - -h“
g-j^^SSHliwSKS
sSsS-SjESS^
XXXIV
INTRODUCTION.
10. The Seed.
209. The Seed is the matured ovule, with the Embryo, or initial plantlet
(15, 97), formed within it. It consists of a nucleus (174), inclosed ordi¬
narily by two integuments.
210. The exterior seed-coat (the testa) is commonly much thicker
than the inner. It varies greatly in texture and in form : it is sometimes
expanded into a wing for facilitating dispersion by the wind, as in Catalpa
(p. 291), and many other plants with dehiscent pods (but in no indehiscent
fruits) : and sometimes it is furnished with a tuft of long hairs or down
(coma) to effect the same purpose, as in Willow-herb (p. 135) and Silk-
weed (p. 366).
211. Seeds are occasionally furnished with an extraneous covering, more
or less complete, which does not preexist in the ovule, but is subsequently
formed by a growth from the apex of the funiculus (174) or seed-stalk:
this forms an Aril, of which the mace of the JXutmeg is an example, and
also the scarlet pulpy envelope of the seeds of Celastrus (p. 83) and its
allies.
212. The scar left where the seed-stalk separates from the seed is the
Hilum (177). The orifice or foramen of the ovule (174) leaves a trace
which is named the micropyle in the seed. The Raphe of the ovule
(177) bears the same name in the seed, where it is equally conspicuous j in
the anatropaus form appearing as a line or ridge down the inner side of
the seed, but in the ampkitropous only half the length, joining the hilum
with the chalaza (178). Orthotropous and campijlotropous seeds, like the
ovules from which they result, have no raphe, their hilum being at the
chalaza (175, 176).
213. The nucleus of the seed, or part contained in the integuments,
consists either of the embryo alone (as in the almond, and all the Rose
Family, the Pulse Family, &c.), or of this body and a mass of starch and
other nutritive matter accumulated around it, and intended for the nourish¬
ment of the plantlet in germination (222). This substance, the flowery part
of the seed, is called the Albumen, or Perisperm. Such seeds are
termed albuminous.
214. Seeds which are destitute of albumen (exalbuminous) have of course
an embryo so large as to fill the whole interior ; and which is provided
either with well-developed leaf-like cotyledons (218), as in the Maple
(p. 80), or else with a store of nourishing matter in the thickened cotyle¬
dons themselves (as in the pea and bean, chestnut, &c.), on which the ger¬
minating plantlet feeds.
215. The albumen is not always farinaceous , or mealy (as in Grasses,
Buckwheat, &c.) : it is often fleshy in consistence, or hard and homy or
corneous (as in Coffee), or softer and even mucilaginous (as in Convol¬
vulus, p. 347), or gorged with oil (oily), as in Poppy-seeds. Although gen¬
erally homogeneous, yet in the nutmeg, and in the seeds of the Custard-
Apple Family (p. 18), it is variegated or thrown into folds, or ruminated.
216. In Water-Lilies, &c. (p. 23), the embryo is separately inclosed in
a peculiar little sac within or at the end of the albumen.
217. The Embryo (15, 209) varies very much in size, form, and in posi¬
tion with respect to the albumen when this is present. It is generally sur¬
rounded by and in the axis of the albumen ; but it often rests on some part
of its surface (as wheat, and all Grass-seeds, p. 567), or is coiled like a ring
around it (as in the Purslane Family, and many others with albuminous
campy lotropous seeds).
218. The embryo is the essential part of the seed: to its production,
protection, and support, all the other parts, not only of the seed, but also o
the fruit and flower, are subservient. It becomes a plant simply by tne
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XXXV
evolution of its parts ; it accordingly possesses, in a rudimentary state, all
the essential organs of vegetation, as has already been shown (12-17).
The preexisting first joint (internode) of the axis is the Radicle, and the
seed-leaves it bears are the Cotyledons.
219. The embryo of Endogenous Plants (p. 445) bears a single cotyledon
(or only one seed-leaf on its primary node, 13), or is monocotyledonous.
That of Exogenous Plants (p. 1) bears two opposite cotyledons, and is
therefore dicotyledonous , or rarely 3 or more in a whorl ( polycotytedonous ),
as in Pines (p. 439).
220. In large embryos, the rudiment of the second node, with its leaf or
leaves, is sometimes apparent or more or less conspicuous anterior to ger¬
mination : this growing apex, or bud, is named the Plumule.
221. Whatever be the form and nature of the seed, the radicle lies adja¬
cent to its organic apex, or micropyle (179), towards which the root-end
(the extremity opposite to the cotyledons) invariably points. It is accord¬
ingly next the hilum in anatropous seeds, but remote from it, at the oppo¬
site end, in orthotropous seeds. Considered with respect to the pericarp,
the radicle is superior when it is directed towards the apex of the fruit ;
in/enor when it points towards its base, &c.
222 The germination, or development of the embryo from the seed,
and its establishment as an independent individual plant, completes the
cycle of vegetable life, and brings us round to the point at which this
account began.
223. The conditions requisite to germination are a certain amount of
heat (according to the nature of the species), moisture, darkness, and a
free communication with the air. Seeds are in the most favorable condi¬
tion for germination, therefore, when loosely covered with soil, which ex¬
cludes the light while it freely admits the air, and is moistened by showers
and warmed by the rays of the sun. The water which is slowly absorbed
softens all the parts of the seed, and serves to dissolve the starch and
other nutritive matter contained in the cotyledons or accumulated in the
surrounding albumen (a portion of which is decomposed and converted
into carbonic acid and water with the evolution of heat, while the remain¬
der is usually brought into the more soluble forms of dextrine, sugar. &c.);
the enlarging embryo bursts its envelopes ; the radicle is protruded, and,
taking a downward direction, fixes itself in the soil ; while the budding end
elongates in the opposite direction to elevate the plumule above the^ sur¬
face, when the leaves expand in the air and light (12-17).
224. In most Exogens, the cotyledons are brought to the surface in ger¬
mination and expand in the air, as in the Maple, Beech, and Bean. But
when greatly thickened and gorged with nourishing matter deposited in
their tissue, they remain under ground (as in the Oak, Horsechestnut,
Pea, &c.), the plumule alone rising above the surface, and its primordial
leaves being the earliest to expand. So, likewise, the single cotyledon in
Endogens always remains subterranean.
225. In the Mangrove, &c., and also in some casual cases, the embryo
germinates while the fruit is still attached to the parent stem ; or is, as’ it
were, viviparous.
11. Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants.
226. Cryptogamous Plants of the highest grade, such as Ferns, Horse¬
tails, and Club-mosses, do not essentially differ from Phsenogamous Plants
(2) in anatomical structure and in their vegetation; except that their stems
grow from the apex only, and have no particular provision for subsequent
increase in diameter : hence they have been named Acrogens, or Point -
growers (p. 618).
227. Their organs of reproduction are so diverse in different families
XXXV 1
INTRODUCTION.
that they have not been referred to any common type, but have to be sep¬
arately defined and described under each family. What are called their
flowers and fruit are not constituted on the plan of those organs as char¬
acterized in the foregoing sections : they have no stamens and pistils, but
bear organs of simpler kinds analogous to these. Their seeds do not arise
from ovules, have no manifest integuments distinct from the nucleus, and
contain no ready-formed embryo, nor can any particular growing point be
detected antecedent to germination. To distinguish them from true seeds
they are called Spores.
228. The bodies comprised under this name are widely various, with
little obvious agreement in any positive character, except that they all ger¬
minate and give rise to new plants. Some of them are masses of cellular
tissue of considerable size, and are probably analogous to the nucleus of
an ovule : others, like the powder of Club-mosses (p. 636). resemble pol¬
len, and indeed are formed in much the same manner ; while those of the
lowest and simplest plants (such as Fungi), are apparently reduced to sim¬
ple cells (although endowed with specific character), and obey the ordi¬
nary laws of cellular development (4, 5).
229. The lower Cryptogamous Plants are humble vegetables, composed
of cellular tissue alone, without any woody tissue or vessels. Still, the
general type of vegetation (12-17) is displayed in their higher forms; as
in Anophytes (p. 641), the class to which the Mosses belong. These
grow upwards by a distinct axis, or stem, emit roots downward, and bear
distinct leaves ; excepting a few where the leaves and stem are confluent
into a Frond (pp. 641, 678). They all produce two sorts of reproductive
organs, which are analogous to stamens and pistils, and therefore designated
as Staminidia and Pistillidia.
230. In the lowest grades of plants, there is still further simplification of
the organs of reproduction ; which in many are reduced merely to spores
formed of single cells, imbedded in the tissue or budding forth from the
surface or extremity of other cells: while, as to vegetation, there is no
longer any manifest distinction of organs, or, at least, no distinction into
root, stem, and leaves. Indeed, a great part of these plants exhibit no
lengthened axis, but incline rather to spread centrifugally in all directions
equally, or in one plane, so as to form a Thallus or bed of vegetable
matter ; from which this class receives the name of Thallophytes.
231. There are three principal kinds or orders of Thallophytes : one,
living in air (either terrestrial or fixed to rocks, trees, &c.), and receiving
moisture from the rain and dews, the Lichen es ; another living in water,
the ALGiE (Sea-weeds, &c.) ; both furnished with chlorophyll (1, H
though often of other hues than green), and therefore capable of assim¬
ilating and living (as they do) directly on air and water; while the third, the
multifarious order of Fungi (Mushrooms, Moulds, &c.) are destitute of
chlorophyll and accordingly of the power of proper vegetable digestion,
and therefore live parasitically upon the juices of other plants or animals,
or upon their decaying remains or products.
232. Having been unable to include the Thallophytes in the following
Flora, it is unnecessary to describe their organs here, or to define the nu¬
merous peculiar terms employed in characterizing them. The special terms
used in the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants are mostly explained in
the character of the orders to which they respectively belong, or in the
synopsis which follows them.
12. Classification and Nomenclature.
233. Living beings are presented to our view as individuals alone.
Among these some are so essentially alike in every part that we involun¬
tarily apply to them the same name, or say that they are of the same
species. Under the name of Species we assemble those individuals whicn
OUTLINES OF BOTANY.
XXXV II
we observe to spring, or from their close resemblance infer to have orig¬
inated, from a common stock, and which preserve their characteristics
when propagated from seed.
234. Varieties are casual or minor deviations from the common type
of the species, not of sufficient moment or constancy to be at all incom¬
patible with the idea of a common origin, and not permanent from genera¬
tion to generation by seed, when left in a state of nature. Races are
varieties which, under the long-continued influence of cultivation or do¬
mestication, have become so far fixed that they transmit their characteris¬
tics by seed, so long as carefully kept by themselves. Hybrids are
crosses (usually sterile) between allied species.
235. Genera, or kinds, are ideal assemblages of nearly related species
viz. of those which, notwithstanding specific differences, agree with each
other closely in structure and appearance. Thus, the different species of
Hose constitute the genus Rosa ; and the Apple, Pear, Crab, &c., belong
to a common genus, Pyrus. (A genus may indeed comprise but a single
known species, if its characteristics are so peculiar that it cannot with
propriety be deemed to belong to any recognized genus.) Subgenera
are sections of genera so well marked in character that they have claims
to rank as genera. For example, the genus Cimicifuga, p. 16, is made to
comprise, in addition to the true Cimicifuga, the subgenus Macrotys ; and
/ yrus, the Pear-genus (p. 129), includes the subgenera Malus (for the
Apple and Crab-apples), Adenorachis (for the Chokeberry), and Sorbus (for
what are called the Mountain-Ashes). v
236. An indication of the particulars in which a genus differs from re¬
lated genera given in botanical language, constitutes the Generic Charac-
ter. A similar enumeration of the points (characters) which serve for dis¬
tinguishing kindred species forms their Specific Characters .
237. Each genus bears a fixed substantive generic name, of one word.
„ra"’P- fr°m £ 4 se1-. Atragene, Clematis, Pulsatilla, Anemone,
hepatica. Each species bears a specific name, of one word, usually an
adjective, and in agreement with the generic name. Examp. Atragene
Americana (American Atragene), Anemone nemorosa (Wood Anemone)
A. cytindrica, A. Virgiviana, A. mnltijida, &c. The botanical name of a
plant consists of the generic name followed by that of the species as in
the examples just given. The generic name evidently answers to the
surname and the specific to the baptismal name of a person.
238. To express the various degrees of relationship among genera them¬
selves, and for convenience and precision in arrangement, those genera
which are most alike are associated in higher groups, and these groups com¬
bined into fewer and still higher groups, with more comprehensive char¬
acters. and so on, until the highest generalization comprehends the whole
kingdom (animal or vegetable). This series of divisions is more or less
numerous according to circumstances; and the names of the divisions
follow the subjoined sequence, beginning with the highest : —
KINGDOM (Vegetable or Animal),
Series,
CLASS,
Subclass,
ORDER or Family,
Suborder,
Tribe,
Subtribe,
GENUS,
Subgenus,
SPECIES,
. Varieties-
a
XXXV 111
INTRODUCTION.
239. Of these the Class, Order, Genus, and Species are of fundamental
importance ; the others are intercalations, or higher generalizations.
240. In respect to genera and species all classifications in botany agree ;
but in arranging the genera, orders, &c., two unlike modes, with partly
different aims, have been pursued ; giving rise one to an artificial , the other
to a natural arrangement.
241. The object of the latter is to arrange plants as far as practicable
according to their relationship, bringing those genera into the same group
which nearest resemble each other in the most numerous and most impor¬
tant points ; so that the full classification shall actually embody and ex¬
press, in a properly subordinated form, the whole knowledge of the struc¬
ture of plants, including the characteristics of every part. For the history
of the received Natural Method, the student must consult fuller trea¬
tises. It essentially consists in the association of kindred genera into
Natural Orders or Families , under a small number of Classes, based upon
«till more general agreement in structure.
242. In the particular form adopted in this work, the student will per¬
ceive that the Vegetable Kingdom, taken as a whole, is primarily divided
into two great Series, in view of the presence or absence of proper flowers
and seeds, as defined in paragr. 2, 209, &c., viz. the higher Series ®i
PH^ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS (p. 1); and the lower,
of CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS (p. 618).
243. The former is likewise divided into two Classes , characterized as
well by the different structure of the essential part of the seed, viz. the
embryo (218, 219), or initial plantlet, as by that of the stem and foliage ot
the developed plant (48, 52, 71); viz. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or
EXOGENOUS PLANTS, the distinguishing characters of which are as¬
sembled on p. 1 : and Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOG¬
ENOUS PLANTS, equally characterized on p. 445.
244. The first of these classes is most naturally divided into two sub¬
classes, in view of the structure of the pistil. In a small, but remarkable
portion of the class, with flowers of the simplest sort, the pistil consists ot
an open scale, bearing naked ovules, which are fertilized by the pollen
directly (150, as in the Pine Family, p. 438) : the greater part, like all the
rest of Phaenogamous Plants, bear the ovules in closed pistils, which are
fertilized through the stigma. The latter constitute the Subclass I. Ang1*
ospermje (which means, bearing seeds in a pod), p. 2; the former, the
Subclass II. Gymnospermje (or naked-seeded plants), p. 438. The sec¬
ond class does not present this, nor any equivalent diversity.
245. The three Divisions of the first and principal subclass, viz. the
Polypet a lous, Monopetalous, and Apetalous, form no proper part
of the Natural Method, but are used as easy and convenient artificial di¬
visions for breaking up the long series of orders into three parts. The
distinctions, too, are not entirely absolute and constant.
246. The lower great Series, comprising Class III. ACROGENS, Class
IV. ANOPHYTES, and Class V. THALLOPHYTES, is based upon the
peculiarities just explained (226-231) ; the former of these is defined on
p. 618, the ensuing, on p. 461.
247. Next are the Natural Orders or Families, with the Ordinal
Characters, or enumeration of the principal points in which the plants em¬
braced accord with each other and differ from the neighbouring families*
The technical names of the orders are generally (but not always) adjective
prolongations in ace.® of the name of a characteristic genus, as RanuN-
culaceas (p. 2) from the genus Ranunculus, for the Crowfoot Family}
Papaveracea: (p. 25) from Papaver, the Poppy, for the Poppy Family}
Malvaceae, for the Mallow Family, &c. ; — meaning Plantes Malvacem,
or Mallow-plants, Plantoe. Papareracece, or Poppy-plants or Poppy-hke
plants, and so on.
SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
XXXIX
248. Suborders are divisions of orders, of the highest rank ; they are to
orders what subgenera are to genera (235). Their names are formed like
those of orders, but without the termination in acece, when that can be
avoided.
249. Tribes are sections of orders of lower rank than suborders, and
are named in a similar way, as Tribe Clematideje, and the rest, under
the Order Ranunculaceae, p. 2. (See also Rosaceae, p. 112, both for sub¬
orders and tribes.) In the larger families Sw5tribes are introduced, as
divisions of a still lower grade than tribes.
250. To assist the learner in practically arriving at the leading character¬
istics of the orders, while ascertaining the order to which an unknown
plant belongs, an artificial analytical key to the orders is appended
(p. lxviii.).
251. The object of an artificial classification (240) is to furnish a con¬
venient mode for ascertaining the genus and name of an unknown plant,
by the use of whatever set of characters will most readily answer the pur¬
pose, without regard to their relative importance, or to any agreement in
other respects.
252. The only Artificial System which has attained a general celebrity
and currency is that founded by Linmeus, on the number, proportion, po¬
sition, &c., of the stamens and pistils ; the classes upon the stamens, and
the orders in great part upon the pistils. It is therefore employed as the
basis of the extended Artificial Key to the Genera comprised in this work ;
a tabular synopsis of the classes being prefixed (p. lii.).
*## Signs used in this Work.
(T) An annual plant.
® A biennial plant.
A perennial plant.
? A mark of doubt.
! A mark of affirmation or authentication.
1°, 2', 3". To save space, the signs of degrees (°) are used for feet ;
of minutes (') for inches; of seconds (") for lines, a line being the
twelfth part of an inch.
The following signs are common, but have not been used in this
work, viz : — g A staminate plant or flower : $ A pistillate plant
or flower : and $ A perfect flower, or a plant that bears them.
Principal Abbreviations of the Names of Authors.
Adans.
— Adanson.
Beauv. =
Palisot de Beauvois.
Mt.
Aiton.
Benth.
Bentham.
Andr.
Andrews.
Bernh.
Bernhardi.
Am.
Arnott.
Bieh.
Bieberstein.
Auct.
(auctorum), of au-
Bigel.
Bigelow.
Aubl.
Aublet. [thors.
Brid .
Bride!.
Bart.
Barton.
Brongn.
Brongniart.
Bartl.
Bartling.
Cass.
Cassini.
xl INTRODUCTION.
Cav. =
Cavanilles.
Nutt. =
Nuttall.
Cham.
Chamisso.
Pav.
Pavon.
Chav.
Chavannes.
Ptrs.
Persoon.
DC.
De Candolle.
Pluk.
Plukenet.
Desf.
Desfontaines.
Plum.
Plumier.
Dew.
Dewey.
Poir.
Poiret.
Dill.
Dillenius.
R. Br.
Robert Browf.
Ehrh.
Ehrhart.
Raf.
Rafinesque.
ELI.
Elliott.
Rich.
Richard.
Endl.
Endlicher.
Richards.
Richardson.
Eng elm.
Engelmann.
Rccm.
Rcemer.
Gcertn.
Gsertner.
Salisb.
Salisbury.
Gmel.
Gmelin.
Schimp.
Schimper.
Good.
Goodenough.
Schk.
Schkuhr.
Grev.
Greville.
Schlecht.
Schlechtendal.
Griseb.
Grisebach.
Schrad.
Schrader.
Gronov.
Gronovius.
Schreb.
Schreber.
Hedw.
Hedwig.
Schult.
Schultes.
Hoffm.
Hoffmann.
Schw. or Schwein. Schweinitz.
Hook.
Hooker.
Schwcegr.
Schwagrichen.
Homsch.
Hornschuch.
Scop.
Scopoli.
Huds.
Hudson.
Soland.
Solander.
Jacq.
Jacquin.
Spreng.
Sprengel.
Juss.
Jussieu.
Steud.
Steudel.
L . or Linn.
Linnaeus.
Sulliv.
Sullivant.
Lag.
Lagasca.
Tayl.
Taylor.
Lam.
Lamarck.
Torr.
Torrey.
Lamb.
Lambert.
Torr. Gr.
Torrey and Gray
Ledeb.
Ledebour.
Tourn.
Tournefort.
LHer.
L’Heritier.
Trin.
Trinius.
Lehm.
Lebmann.
Tuck, or Tuckerm. Tuckerman.
Lestib.
Lestibudois.
Vaill.
Vaillant.
Linde nb.
Lindenberg.
Vent.
Ventenat.
Lindl.
Lindley.
VUl.
Villars.
Michx .
Michaux (the elder).
Wahl.
Wahlenberg.
Michx.f.
F. A. Michaux (the
Walt.
Walter.
Mill.
Miller, [younger).
Web.
Weber.
Mitch.
Mitchell.
Willd.
Willdenow.
Mont.
Montagne.
Wils.
Wilson.
Muhl.
Muhlenberg.
Wulf.
Wulfen.
Nees.
Neesvon Esenbeck.
xlii
INTRODUCTION.
Areolae ; little spaces, circumscribed
by meshes.
Aril, or Arillus, 211.
Aristate ; awned.
Arrow-shaped, 67.
Articulated ; jointed, 92.
Artificial arrangement, 240, 251.
Ascending; rising upwards with a
curve or obliquely.
Assurgent ; same as ascending.
Auriculate, or Auricled, 67.
Awn; a slender prolonged tip, or
beard.
Awned ; furnished with an awn.
Axil, 27.
Axile ; belonging to the axis.
Axillary, 103.
Axis ; the stem, or any centre round
which parts are arranged.
Baccate ; berry-like.
Barbs ; stiff hooked hairs.
Bark, 47, 49.
Beaked ; tipped with a conspicuous
point.
Bearded ; beset with bristly hairs.
Bell-shaped, 182, 199.
Berry, 182, 199.
Bi, in composition, twice, as
Bicarinate ; 2-keeled.
Biennials, 21.
Bifid ; 2-cleft.
Bifarious ; 2-ranked.
Bifurcate ; 2-forked.
BiUbiate ; 2-lipped, 139.
Binate ; in twos, twin.
Bipinnate, &c., 76.
Biplicate ; in 2 folds.
Biserial ; in 2 sets or rows.
Biserrate ; twice serrate.
Bit^rnate, 79.
Bladdery ; thin and inflated.
Blade, 59.
Brachiate ; pairs of branches spread¬
ing nearly at right angles.
Bracted, or Bracteate ; furnished with
bracts.
Bracrteolate, 115.
Bracteoles, or Bractlets, 115.
Bracts, 84, 103.
Branches, 27.
Branchlets, 27.
Breathing-pores, 57.
Bristles, 58.
Bristle-pointed; tipped with a bristle.
Bud, 14.
Bulb, 42, 44.
Bulblets, 43.
Bulbous; bulb-like, or bulb-bearing.
Bullate ; as if blistered.
Caducous; dropping off very early,
91.
Cse'spitose ; growing in turf or tuft.
Calcarate; bearing a spur.
Calicine; belong to a calyx.
Callus, p. 568.
Calyculate; with an accessory outer
calyx.
Calyptra ; the hood of Mosses, p. 642.
Calyx, 129.
Cambium, 49. n
Camp&nulate ; bell-shaped, 13y.
Campylbtropous, 176, 212.
Canaliculate; channelled, grooved
down one side. . , , .
Canescent ; grayish-white with short
Capillaceous ) shaped like a slender
Capillary $ thread or strong hair.
Capitate ; shaped like a head, gloh-
ular. . .
Capitellate ; a diminutive of the last-
Capitulum, 110.
Carina ; a keel.
Carinate ; keeled.
Carpel, 164.
Carpellary, 164, 172.
Carpophore ; fruit-stalk ; p. 133.
Caruncle ; a protuberance or appen¬
dage at the hilum of a seed.
Caryophyllaceous ; a flower like a
Pink.
Caryopsis ; a grain, 203.
Catkin, 113.
Caudate ; with a tail.
Caudex ; the axis of a plant, espe¬
cially when root-like, or scaly, an
erect.
Caudicle ; the little stalk which at¬
taches the pollen of Orchis,
to the stigma, p. 464.
Cauline, belonging to stem, 84.
Cells, cellules, 4.
Cellular tissue, 4.
Centrifugal, 119.
Centripetal, 11 1.
Cephalous; headed, or head-bearing-
C6rnuous ; nodding.
Chaff, p. 185.
Chaffy ; chaff-bearing.
Chaliza, 174. ... _
Channelled; hollowed out like
gutter. . . .
Character; a phrase containing t
essentia] marks of a species, g
nus, &c., 236, 247. *
Chartaceous ; with the texture
writing-paper.
Chl6rophyll, 47, 54.
i Cilia ; hair-shaped appendages.
GLOSSARY.
xliii
Ciliate ; fringed with hairs on the
margin.
Cinereous ; ash-gray.
Circinate, 93.
Circumsclssile, 196.
Circumscription 5 the general out¬
line.
Cirrhose ; tendril-like or tendril¬
bearing.
Clasping, 59.
Class, 239, 243.
Classification, 233.
CUvate ; club-shaped.
Claw, and Clawed, 137.
Cleft, 65, 134.
Climbing, 31.
Club-shaped ; gradually thickening
upward from a slender base.
Coadunate ; coalescent.
Coarctate ; crowded ; drawn close
together.
Coccus, pi. Cocci, 190.
Cbchleate : coiled like a short spiral
shell.
Collateral ; side by side.
Collective Fruits, 207.
Colored, 130.
Columella ; a solid axis of a pod ;
p. 642.
Column ; the stamens or stamens and
pistils combined ; pp. 67, 464.
Coma; a tuft of hairs.
Commissure; the face by which 2
carpels cohere, p. 153.
Complete flower, 128.
Complicate ; folded up upon itself.
Compound flower, 1 14.
leaf, 61 .
pistil, 151, 163.
Compressed ; flattened lengthwise.
Conduplicate ; folded together so
that the sides are applied face to
face ; 93.
Cone (or strobile), 208.
Conglomerate ; clustered into a mass.
Conical, 21.
Cbnjugate; paired.
Connate ; united from the first, 86.
Connate-perfoliate, 86.
Connective, 143.
Connlvent; converging together.
Continuous ; the reverse of jointed
or divided.
Contorted, 136.
Contracted ; little spreading.
Cdnvolute, 93, 136.
Cordate; heart-shaped, 67.
Coriaceous; of the consistence of
leather.
Corm, 44.
Corneous ; horn-like in texture, 215.
Corniculate ; bearing a small horn.
Cornute ; horned.
Corolla, 130.
Cbronate ; crowned.
Cbrticate ; furnished with a harder
rind.
Cdrymb, 108.
Costate ; ribbed.
Cotyledons, 84.
Creeping, 30.
Cremocarp ; the seed-like double
fruit of Umbelliferae.
Cr&nate, 63.
Cr6nulate, 63.
Crested ; bearing an elevated ridge,
like the crest of a helmet.
Cristate ; crested.
Cruciform, 138, and p. 30.
Cryptbgamous Plants, 2, 226.
Cucullate ; hooded.
Cucdlliform, p. 642.
Culm, 29, 53.
Cuneiform or Cuneate, 66.
Cupule ; the cup of an acorn.
Cut, 64.
Cykthiform; cup-shaped, top-shaped
and hollow.
Cymbiform ; boat-shaped.
Cyme, 120.
Cymose, 120.
Cymule, 125.
Decandrous, 146.
Deciduous ; falling off, 91.
Declined ; bent downwards.
Decompound, 80.
Decumbent; reclining on the ground,
but ascending towards the apex.
Decurrent ; prolonged below the
insertion, 59.
Decdssate, 89.
Dehiscence, 189.
Deltoid ; triangular, like the Greek A
Dentate ; toothed, 63.
Denticulate, 63.
Depressed ; flattened from above
downwards; low, and spreading
horizontally.
Di, in composition ; two.
Diadelphous, 147.
Diandrous, 146.
Dichlamydeous ; having both calyx
and corolla.
Dichbtomous ; 2-forked.
Diclinous, 140.
Dicotyledonous. 219.
Djdymous ; double or twin.
Didynamous ; when of 4 stamens 2
are shorter.
xliv
INTRODUCTION,
Diffuse ; spreading widely or loosely.
Digitate ; fingered, 74.
Digynous, 151.
Dimerous, 157.
Dimidiate 5 halved. *
Dioecious, 140.
Dipetalous ; of 2 petals.
Diphyllous ; of 2 leaves.
Disci*form 5 disk-shaped, flat and cir¬
cular.
Discoid, p. 184.
Disk, 154, p. 184.
Dissected ; deeply cut into fine lobes.
Dissepiments, 167.
Distichous, 87.
Distinct 5 unconnected, 135, 153.
Divaricate ; widely diverging.
Divided, 65.
Divisions, 65.
Dodecandrous, 146.
Dorsal 5 borne on the back.
Dorsal suture, 164.
Downy 5 clothed with fine soft hairs.
Drupaceous ; drupe-like.
Drupe, 182, 201.
Ducts, 9.
Dur&men, 50.
E, Ex, in composition ; destitute of.
Eared ; having 2 small rounded lobes
at the base. 67.
Ebracteate ; destitute of bracts.
Ebracteolate ; destitute of bractlets.
E'chinate ; beset with rigid prickles.
Elaters, p. 678.
Elliptical, 66.
Emarginate ; with a notch at the apex.
Embryo, 15, 97, 217.
E'mersed; rising out of the water.
E'ndocarp, 201.
E'ndogen, Endogenous, 52.
E'ndostome, 174.
Enneandrous, 146.
Entire, 62.
Ephemeral ; lasting but a day.
E'picarp; the outer layer of a peri¬
carp.
Epidermis ; the skin, 47.
Eplgynous, 154.
Epipetalous : growing on petals.
E'piphytes, 24.
E'quitant, 81.
Erose ; eroded 5 minutely toothed as
if gnawed.
Etiolated 5 blanched.
Exalbuminous, 213.
Excurrent, running out beyond.
E'xocarp, 201.
E'xogens, Exogenous, 48.
E'xostome, 174.
Exserted ; projecting out beyond the
orifice.
Exstipulate, 95.
Extrorse ; turned outward, 144.
Falcate ; plane and curved, with par¬
allel edges, like a scythe or sickle.
Family, 241, 247.
Farinaceous ; mealy, 215.
Fascicle, 122.
Fascicled, 90.
Fasciculated, 22.
Fastigiate; flat-topped, applied to a
cluster.
Favose ; honeycombed.
Feather-veined, 72.
Fertile, 140.
Fertilization, 179.
Fibrous, 19.
Filament, 142.
Filiform; slender and thread-like.
Fimbriate ; fringed on the margin.
Fistulous ; a cylindrical body, hollow.
Flab^lliform ; fan-shaped ; plaited
like si fan
Flag^lliform ; long, slender, and sup¬
ple, like a lash.
Fleshy, 20.
Flexuous ; bent or curved right and
left alternately.
Floccose ; covered with loose cot¬
tony tufts.
Floral envelopes, 127.
Floral leaves, 84.
Florets ; the separate small flowers
of a cluster or head.
Floriferous; flower-bearing.
Flower, 98, 127.
Flower-bud, 98.
Flowering Plants, 2.
Flowerless Plants, 2, 226.
Foliaceous; leaf-like in texture.
Foliate; with leaves.
Follolate ; applied to leaflets, as 3-
foliolate, &c.
Follicle, 185.
Foremen, 174.
Fov£olate; pitted.
Free ; not adherent to any other or¬
gan.
Free central placenta, 170.
Frond ; stem and leaf confluent to¬
gether, 229, and p. 641.
Fruit, 181.
Fugacious; falling away very early.
Funiculus, 174.
Funnel-shaped, 139.
Furcate ; forked.
Fusiform, 21.
GLOSSARY.
xlv
Galea ; a helmet, the arched upper
lip of some forms of 2-labiate cor¬
olla.
G&leate ; with a galea.
Gamop6talous, &c., 134.
Geminate ; in pairs.
Genera, genus, 235.
Generic character, &c., 236.
Germ ; the growing point of a bud.
Germen, 149.
Germination, 222.
Glabrous, 58.
Glands, of leaves, &c., 58.
Glands, of the flower, are any pro¬
cesses of the disk, or honey-bear¬
ing .appendages.
Glandular ; gland-bearing.
Glaucous j covered with a whitish
fine powder, or bloom , that rubs off.
Glochidiate ; beset with hook-pointed
bristles.
Glomerate ; densely clustered.
Glomerule, 122.
Glumaceous ; glume-bearing.
Glume, p. 567.
Grain, 203.
Gymnosp6rmous, 150.
Gynae cium, 148.
Gynandrous, 155.
Gjrnobase; an elevation of the torus
bearing the pistils in Rue, &c.
G^nophore ; a special stalk of the
ovary.
Gynous, 151.
Habit; the general appearance of a
plant.
Habitat ; the situation where a plant
naturally grows.
Hairs, 58.
Halbert-shaped, 67.
Hastate, 67.
Head, 110.
Heart-shaped, 67.
Heart-wood, 50.
Helmet ; see Galea.
Heptandrous, 146.
Herbaceous, 28.
Herbs, 28.
Heterbtropous ; same as Amphitro-
pous.
Hexamerous, 157.
Hexandrous, 146.
Hilum, 177, 212.
Hirsute ; hairy with long and slender
and tolerably distinct hairs.
Hispid ; bristly ; covered with long
and stiff hairs.
Hombgamous; all the flowers of a
head alike.
Hooded ; arched or rolled inwards,
like a cowl.
Hybrid, 234.
Hypocrateriform, 139.
Hypogae'ous ; growing under ground.
Hypdgynous, 154.
Imbricated, or Imbricative, 136. Said
generally of parts which overlie
each other so as to cover the
edges, or break joints.
Incised, 64.
Incumbent; lying upon; said of an
embryo with the radicle folded
down upon the back of one of the
cotyledons, p. 31.
Indefinite, 146.
Indehiscent, 200.
Individuals, 233.
Induplicate ; folded in, 136.
Indusium, p. 620.
Inferior, 159.
Inflorescence, 99.
Infundibuliform, 139.
Innate, 144.
Innovations; new shoots from the
apex.
Insertion, 83.
Internodes, 13.
Introrse ; turned inwards, 144.
Invdlucel, 117.
Involuc£llate ; with an involucel.
Involucrate ; furnished with an
I'nvolucre, 109.
Involute ; rolled inwards, 93.
Irregular, 138.
Isomerous ; equal in the number of
parts.
Jointed ; separating across by an ar¬
ticulation.
Keel, 159.
Keeled ; furnished with a projecting
ridge along the under side, like
the keel of a boat.
Key, 206.
Kidney-shaped, 67.
Labellum ; the lip in Orchideae, p.
464.
Libiate, 139.
Laciniate ; slashed ; deeply and irreg¬
ularly cut.
Lamella; a thin plate.
Lamina, 59, 137.
Lanate. Lanuginous; woolly; clothed
with long, curled and matted or in¬
terwoven hairs.
Lanceolate ; lance-shaped, 66.
xlvi
INTRODUCTION.
Lateral, 159.
Leaf, 54.
Leaflet, 61.
Leaf-stalk, 60.
L6gume, 187.
Lenticular ; resembling a double
convex lens.
Liber, 47.
Ligulate 5 strap-shaped, long and nar¬
row, p. 184.
Ligule, p. 567.
Limb, 59, 137.
Line ; the twelfth part of an inch.
Linear, 66.
Linnacan Artif. System, 180.
Lips 3 the pieces of a 2-labiate (2-
lipped) corolla.
Lobes and Lobed, 65, 134.
Loculicldal, 191.
Lodicule, p. 567.
Loment, Loraentaceous, 187.
Lunate j crescent-shaped.
Lunulate 5 a diminutive of lunate.
Lyrate ; lyre-shaped } pinnatifid with
the upper lobes much larger than
the lower.
Mammilarj conical, with a rounded
apex.
Marc6scent ; withering-persistent.
Marginal 5 relating to the margin.
Medullary Rays, 47.
Slieath, 47.
Membranous, or Membranaceous 5
the texture or thinness of mem¬
brane.
M6ricarp, p. 153.
Merous, 157.
Micropyle, 174, 179.
Midrib, 72.
Mitriform 5 mitre -shaped, p. 642.
Monad^lphous, 147.
Monandrous, 146.
Moniliform 3 necklace-like j cylin¬
drical, contracted at regular inter¬
vals.
Mono-, in composition 5 single.
Monochlamydeous 5 having but one
floral envelope.
Monocotyl6donous, 219.
Monce'cious, 140.
Mon6gynous, 151.
Monopetalous, 134.
Monophyllous, 134.
Monosepalous, 134.
Mucronate, 68.
Multifid; cleft into many segments.
Multiple fruits, 207.
Muricate 3 beset with hard project¬
ing points.
Muticous; pointless.
Naked, 133.
Napiform, 21.
Natant 3 swimming.
Natural arrangement, 240.
orders, 241, 247.
Navicular ; shaped like a little boat.
Nectariferous 3 honey-bearing.
Nectary 3 a name formerly applied
to any honey-bearing part of the
flower, or any petal of anomalous
form.
Nerved, Nerves, 71.
Netted-veined, 71.
Node, 13, 27.
Nodose, N6dulose ; knotty, as if
jointed.
Nomenclature, 237.
Normal ; the ordinary, or pattern
structure.
Nucleus, 174, 213.
Nucules 3 nutlets, or the stones of a
small drupe.
Nut, 205.
Nutant; nodding.
Ob- ; a prefix signifying inversion.
Obcompressed 3 flattened before and
behind, instead of laterally.
Obcdrdate, inversely heart-shaped. 67.
Oblique 3 unequal-sided.
Oblong, 66.
Obdvate, 66.
Obtuse, 68.
Obverse 3 same as ob.
O'chrea, 96.
Octandrous, 146.
Offset, 36.
Oophoridium, pp. 639, 640.
Opaque ; the reverse of shining.
Operculum 3 a lid, p. 642.
Opposite ; placed directly before, or
on the opposite side of, 85.
Orbicular, 66.
Order, 239.
Ordinal character, 247.
Organic Elements, 10.
Organs of Reproduction, 11, 97.
Vegetation, 11.
Orthotropous, 175,212.
Oval, 66.
Ovary, 149.
Ovate, 66.
Ovoid 5 a solid oval.
Ovule, 149, 173.
Ovuliferous, 150.
Pale® 3 chaff or scales 3 the inner
bracts of Grasses, p. 567.
GLOSSARY.
xlvii
Paleaceous 3 chaffy.
Palmate, 22.
Palmately lobed, &c., 73, 74.
Palmately veined, 72.
Panduriform 3 fiddle-shaped.
Panicle, 118.
Paniculate j panicled.
Papilionaceous, 138, and p. 90.
Papillbse ; covered with papillae, or
small soft excrescences or pimples.
Pappus, 202.
Parallel-veined, p. 71.
Paraphyses, p. 642.
Parasitic, 25.
Parenchyma, 55.
Parietal,' 171.
Parted, 65, 134.
Partitions, 167.
Pectinate ; pinnatifid, with slender
close segments, like the teeth of
a comb.
Pedate 3 palmately divided, with the
lateral lobes themselves cleft 5 like
a bird's foot.
Pedicel, 106.
Pedicelled ; on a pedicel.
Peduncle, 100.
Peduncled, 101.
Peltate 5 shield-like, 69.
Pentamerous, 157.
Pentandrous, 146.
Pepo, 197.
Perennial, 22.
Perfect flower, 140.
Perfoliate, 59.
Perianth, 132.
Pericarp. 181.
Perichseth, Perichaetial, p. 642.
Perigynium, p. 536.
Perigynous, 154.
P6risperm, 213.
Peristome 3 p. 642.
Persistent ; remaining adherent, 91.
Personate, 139.
Petaloid 3 petal-like.
Petals, 130.
Petiole, 60.
Petioled, or Petiolate 3 on a petiole.
P6tiolule, 77.
Petiblulate, 77.
Phanerogamous •, same as
Phaenogamous, 2.
Phyllodium *, a leaf formed of a dilat¬
ed petiole.
Phyllous 3 relating to leaves.
Piliferous 3 hair-tipped.
Pilose ; clothed with soft hairs.
Pinnae, 76.
Pinnate, 74, 75.
Pinnately lobed. <fcc., 73, 74.
Pinnately veined, 72.
Pinnatifid, 73.
Pinnules, 76.
Pistil, 148.
Pistillate, 140.
Pistillidia, 229.
Pith, 47.
Pitted j with small shallow depres¬
sions.
Placenta, 166.
Plane ; flat.
Plicate ; plaited, 93.
Plumose 5 feather-like j pluine-bear-
ing.
Plumule, 220.
Pod, 182*- 188.
Pointed, 68.
Pollen, 142.
Pollen-tube, 179.
Polliniferous ; bearing pollen.
Poly-, in composition 3 many.
Polyadelphous, 147.
Polyandrous, 146.
Polycephalous 3 many-headed.
Polycotyledonous, 219.
Poly gy nous, 151.
Polyp^talous, or sepalous, 135.
Pome 3 the apple-fruit, 198.
Posterior, 159.
Praefloration, 136.
Prapfoliation, 93.
Praemorse 5 as if bitten off.
Prickles 3 elevations or sharp pro¬
cesses of the surface stouter than
bristles.
Prickly 5 furnished with prickles 5
like a Rose-stem.
Primine, 174.
Primordial, 84.
Prismatic 3 prism-shaped.
Process 3 any extension or projection
of the surface.
Procumbent 3 lying along the ground,
30.
Prostrate, lying flat on the ground, 30.
Pruinose3 a surface covered with
mealy grains.
Pubescence 3 hairiness in general.
Pubescent 5 hairy with soft hairs.
Pulverulent ; powdery.
Punctate 3 dotted.
Pungent j with a sharp and rigid
point.
PuUmen. 201.
Pyramidal 3 pyramid-shaped.
Pyrena 3 the stone of a drupaceous
fruit, which may be 1 -pyrenous, 2-
pyrenous, &c.
Pyriform 3 pear-shaped 3 a solid en¬
larging from the base to the apex.
INTRODUCTION.
xlviii
Pyxis, Pyxidium, 196.
QuaUrnate 3 growing in fours.
Quinate ; in fives, 79.
Quincuncial, 87, 136.
Quintuple-ribbed, 72.
Riceme, 105.
Racemose ; in a raceme, or like it.
Races, 234.
R&chis, 74, 106.
Radiate } diverging from a common
centre 5 or forming apparent rays
at a circumference.
Radiated-veined, 72.
Radical, 84.
Radicant 3 rooting.
Radicle, 15, 179, 218.
Rameal, belonging to a branch.
Ramose $ branching.
Ramulose ; twiggy.
Raphe, 177, 212.
R&phides 5 minute crystals in plants.
Ray, Ray-flower, p. 1*84.
Receptacle (of flower), 127, 162.
(of inflorescence), 114.
Reclined 5 falling gradually down¬
ward or to one side.
Recurved ; curved backwards.
Reflexed 3 bent strongly backwards.
Refracted 3 bent very suddenly and
strongly backwards.
Regular, 138.
Reniform ; kidney-shaped.
Repand, 64.
Repent} creeping.
Replum, 194.
Resupinate } appearing as if invert¬
ed.
Reticulated, 71.
Retroflexed } same as reflexed.
Retrorse } backwards.
Retuse j with a round notch at a
blunt end.
Re volute, rolled backwards, 93.
Rhizbma, 40.
Rhomboid 3 oval, a little angular in
the middle } approaching to
Rhombic ; lozenge-shaped.
Ribs and Ribbed, 71.
Rimose 5 marked by chinks or cracks.
Ringent, 139.
Root, 15, 18.
Root leaves, 84.
Rootlets, 18.
Rootstock, 40.
Rosaceous ; with 5 regular spreading
petals, like those of the rose.
Rdstellate, tipped with a small beak.
Rostrate 5 beaked.
R6sulate or Rosular ; in a rosette.
Rotate j wheel-shaped, 139.
Round, Rotund, 66.
Rugose ; wrinkled.
Ruminated, 215.
Runcinate j lyrate, with sharp lobes
projecting backwards.
Runner, 35.
Running, 30.
Sagittate, 67.
Salver-shaped, 139.
Samira, 206.
Sapwood, 50.
Sarcocarp, 201.
Sarmentaceous 5 bearing runners.
Scabrous 3 rough to the touch.
Scales, p. 184.
Scandent ; climbing.
Scape, 126.
Scarious 5 thin, membranous, dry,
and colorless.
Scobiform } like fine saw-dust.
Scorpioid } an inflorescence rolled
up (circinate) from the apex, un*
rolling as the flowers expand.
Scrobiculate } marked by little de¬
pressions.
Scutelliform 5 shield-like, but small
and oval.
Secund ; all turned to one side.
Secundine} 174.
Seed, 209.
Seed-leaves, 84.
Segments, 65.
Semi-, in composition, half 5 as, for
example,
Semilunar ; half-moon-shaped.
Seminal} belonging to the seed.
Sempervirent } evergreen.
Sepals, 129.
Separated flower } one with stamens
or pistils only.
Septicldal, 190.
Septifragal, 193.
Septum 3 a partition.
Sericeous 3 silky.
Serdtinous j late in the season.
Serrate, 63.
Serrulate, 63.
Sessile, 59, 100, 142.
Seta} a bristle or bristle-like body.
Setaceous 3 bristle-form.
Setose j beset with bristles.
Sheath, 59.
Sheathing, 59.
Shield-shaped, 69.
Shrubs ana Shrubby, 28.
Silicle, 194.
Silique, 194.
GLOSSARY.
xlix
Silky 3 clothed with soft and shining
appressed hairs.
Silver-grain, 47.
Simple, 61.
Sinuate, 64.
Sinus, 73.
Smooth, 58.
Solitary, 101.
Sorus j a fruit-dot of Ferns.
Spadix, 112.
Span (measure) 3 9 inches.
Spathaceous 3 spathe-like.
Spathe, 112.
Spatulate j oblong, tapering down
ward, the summit rounded and di¬
lated, like a spatula.
Species, 232.
Specific character, Sec., 237.
Spicate ; spiked.
Spike, 104.
Spindle shaped, 21.
Spine. 37.
Spinescent j spine-like.
Spinose 5 bearing spines, spinulose 3
ciliate with minute spines.
Spongelets, 18.
Sporangium j a spore-case, p. 620.
Spores, Sporules, 227.
Spur 3 a hollow extension of some
part of the flower.
Squamate 5 furnished with scales.
Squamellate 5 bearing small narrow
scales.
Squamulae 5 minute scales, or those
of the second rank.
Squarrose ; covered with leaves, &c.,
which spread at right angles or
more with the stem.
Stamens, 140.
Staminate, 140.
Staminidia. 229.
Standard, 159.
Stellate 5 star-shaped 3 said of narrow
divisions spreading from a common
centre.
Stem, 13, 26.
Stem-leaves, 84.
Stemless, 26.
Sterile, 140.
Stigma, 149.
Stigmatic, or Stigmatose 3 relating to
the stigma.
Stipe, or Stipes 3 a stalk of a Fern, of
a pod, &c.
Stipulate, 95.
Stipitate 5 raised on a stipe or stalk.
Stipulate. 95.
Stipule, 94.
Stolon, 33.
Stoloniferous, 33.
Stomata, 57.
Stone-fruit, 182, 201.
Striate 3 streaked with longitudinal
lines.
Strict 3 very straight or upright.
Strigose ; covered with close-pressed
rigid hairs or bristles.
Strobilaceous3 like a
Strobile, 208.
Strbphiolate 3 bearing a
Strbphiole 5 a tubercle at the hilum
of some seeds.
Struma 5 a cushion-like swelling 5 a
protuberance at the base of the
pod of some Mosses.
Style, 140.
Stylopodium j the thickened base of
some styles.
Sub-, a qualifying prefix, signifying
somewhat 3 as sz/Arotund, somewhat
round; swAcordate, slightly heart-
shaped, &c.
Subgenera, 235.
Submersed ; buried under water.
Suborder, 248.
Subtribes, 249.
Subulate ; awl-shaped, i. e. linear,
very narrow, and taper-pointed from
a broadish base.
Sucker, 34.
Suffrutescent ; slightly shrubby.
Sulcate 3 errooved.
Superior, 159.
Supra-axillary 5 appearing above an
axil.
Sutural 3 belonging to a
Suture, 164.
Symmetrical, 156.
Syncarpous 3 the pistils combined
into a compound ovary.
Syngenesious, 147.
Synonymes3 names of the same
meaning.
Tail-pointed, bearing a very slender
prolongation at the apex.
Tap-root, 21.
Tendril, 38.
Terete ; cylindrical or tapering, but
round.
Terminal ; proceeding from the apex.
Ternate, 79.
Testa, 210.
Tetradv namous 3 having 6 stamens,
of which 2 are shorter, p. 30.
Tetramerous, 157.
Tetmndrous, 146.
Thalamus ; a name for the receptacle
of the flower.
Th&llophytes, 230.
GLOSSARY.
li
and lanceolate : linear-lanceolate, between linear and lanceolate : cylin¬
drical-oblong, intermediate between these two forms : greenish-white, &c.
A dash (-) between two words or figures, as “ Stigmas 1 -3,” denotes
that the stigmas are from one to three in number, “Cells 8 - 20-seeded
that the seeds vary from 8 to 20 in each cell.
lilliliii 1 1
III. A REDUCTION OF THE PLANTS DESCRIBED
IN THIS WORK TO THE CLASSES AND
ORDERS OF THE LINNiEAN ARTIFICIAL
SYSTEM.*
CLASS I. MONANDRIA.
Order Monogyula. Style or stigma 1.
* Flowers not glumaceous. p
Hippuris. Perianth adherent to the ovary , the border entire. 140
Salicornia. Perianth bladdery, free from the ovary. 337
* * Flowers glumaceous (Sedges).
Hemicarpha, and species of Cyperus, Eriophorum, Fimbristy-
lis (Cyperaceas). 515
Order Digynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2.
* Flowers glumaceous (Grasses).
Cinna. Spikelets 1 -flowered, herbaceous. 579
Uniola. Spikelets several-flowered, coriaceous. 601
Andropogon. Spikelets l|-flowered. Panicles silky. 617
* * Flowers not glumaceous.
Callitriche. Fruit 4-lobed, 4-celled, naked. 402
Blitum. Fruit 1-celled (achenium) in a berry-like calyx. 379
CLASS n. DIANDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or stigma 1.
* Flowers not glumaceous : corolla none.
Fraxinus. Fruit a samara or key. Leaves pinnate. 373
« » Flowers with a calyx and corolla.
-♦-Of separate petals.
Chionanthus. Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens very short. 372
Circjea. Petals 2j inversely heart-shaped. Stamens slender. 139
■*—*- Corolla monopetalous, regular.
Ligustrum. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit a berry. 372
Corolla monopetalous, 2-lipped or irregular.
Labiatae. Fruit 4 achenia in the base of the calyx. 313
* This Synopsis is designed, not only to exhibit the Linnaean arrangement, but
also to serve as an artificial key to the genera, which, at the outset, the student will
occasionally need. To render it sufficient for this purpose, the genera are repeated
under different classes and orders, when the species vary in respect to these techni¬
cal characters, or might be referred with about equal correctness to either of two or
thfee "classes, as Asclepias, Lobelia, &c. A Conspectus of the Classes, with their
characters, is given on the opposite page. The numbers at the end of the lines re¬
fer to the page where the genera stands In the body of the work.
€ *
7
liv
INTRODUCTION.
Scrophulariaceje. Nos. JO -15. Fruit a 2-celled membranous
short pod.
Dianthera. Fruit a short woody pod : seeds wingless.
Catalpa. Fruit a very long pod : seeds many, winged.
Lentibulacejg. Pod 1-celled : placenta central. Anthers 1-celled.
295
293
291
285
* * * Flowers glumaceous.
Cyperaceje. Nos. 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 14. 515
Order Digynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2.
* Flowers glumaceous.
Graminejs. Nos. 1, 10, 22, 28, 48, 57. 567
* * Flowers not glumaceous.
Blitum. Petals none. Calyx berry-like or fleshy. 379
Anychia. Petals none. Calyx of 5 sepals. Seed 1. 55
Elatine. Petals and sepals 2 or 3. Seeds several. 55
Order Tetragynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 4.
Ruppia. Calyx and corolla none. Ovaries 4.
454
CLASS III. TRIANDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
* Perianth adherent to the ovary (ovary inferior).
-♦-Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves veiny.
Fedia. Border of the calyx tooth-like and naked, or obsolete.
Valeriana. Border of the calyx unrolling and plumose in fruit.
-♦—•-Perianth 6-parted. Leaves equitant, nerved.
Lachnanthes. Stamens exserted. Perianth regular. Stigma 1.
Iris. Stamens under the 3 petal-like stigmas.
* * PeriaDth free from the (superior) several-seeded pod.
-♦-Perianth tubular, petaloid.
Heteranthera. Stamens dissimilar. Leaves kidney-shaped.
Schollera. Stamens similar. Leaves linear.
182
182
481
482
510
510
Perianth of more or less separate parts.
Commelyna. Calyx and corolla separate, irregular. Stigmas single. 511
Xyris. Calyx and corolla separate, irregular. Stigmas 3. 5Kj
Juncus. Perianth 6-parted, entirely glumaceous, regular. 505
♦ * * Proper perianth none, or bristle-like. Fruit 1 -seeded, seed-like
Bracts glumaceous.
Cyperaceje generally (and one or two Grasses).
515
Order Digynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2.
* Flowers inwrapped in glumaceous bracts.
G ram i neje generally.
* * Flowers not glumaceous.
Anychia. Calyx 5-parted. Utricle 1-seeded.
Order Tri-Tetragynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 3-4.
StelLaria. Pod 1-celled, several-seeded at the base.
Mollugo. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, free.
Lechea. Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded, free from the calyx.
Proserpinaca. Nut 3-celled, 3-seeded, adherent to the calyx.
567
65
61
66
48
139
LINNJEAN ARTIFICIAL ARRANGEMENT. Iv
CLASS IV. TETRANURIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
* Calyx free from the ovary : petals separate or none.
Smilacina § Maianthemum. Perianth 4-parted, spreading. Flow¬
ers racemed. 49 1
Orontium. Sepals distinct. Flowers spiked on a scape. 448
Ammannia. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Flowers axillary. , 132
Sanguisorba. Calyx constricted at the throat, 4-lobed. Flowers in
close spikes. 118
# # Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous.
Frasera. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, gland -bearing. 362
Bartonia. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, not gland-bearing. Calyx 4-parted. 358
Obolaria. Corolla 4-cleft. Calyx of 2 leaf-like sepals. 363
Erythr®a. Corolla tubular, salver-form. Leaves opposite. 357
Plantago. Corolla salver-form or bell-shaped. Flowers spiked.
Leaves radical. 278
* * * Calyx adherent to the ovary or its base.
-♦-Corolla 4-petalous, or none.
Cornus. Calyx-limb minute, 4-toothed. Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. 167
Ludwigia. Calyx 4-lobed. Pod 4-celled, many-seeded. 137
h — i-Corolla monopetalous, 5-lobed.
Linn® a. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers in pairs. Stamens unequal. 170
-♦ — i — H-Corolla monopetalous, 4-lobed.
Diodia. Flowers axillary. Pod separating into 2 pieces, 2-seeded. 178
Hedyolis. Flowers single or clustered. Pod many-seeded (often
partly free). 179
Mitchella. Flowers united in pairs. Berry double. 179
Cephalanthus. Flowers in a naked head. Pod 2-4-seeded. 179
Dipsacus. Flowers in an involucrate chaffy head. Fruit 1-seeded. 183
Order Oigynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2.
* Corolla polypetalous.
Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Pod 2-beaked, crustaceous. 152
* • Corolla monopetalous.
Galium. Corolla 4- 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. 176
Cuscuta. Corolla bell-shaped. Pod 2-celled, 2-4-seeded, 350
Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form, spurless. Pod l-cell$d, many-seeded. 358
Halenia. Corolla 4-spurred below. * 361
Order Tri-Pentagynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 3-5.
* Pistils separate, free from the calyx.
Ruppia. Calyx and corolla none. (Stamens really but 2.) 454
Potamogeton. Calyx 4-sepalled. Petals none. Fruit 4 nutlets. 454
Alchemilla. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals none. Styles lateral. 118
Till.® a. Sepals, petals, and several-seeded pods 3-4. 146
* * Pistils combined into one, free from the calyx.
Sagina. Pod l-celled, several-seeded, 4 -5- valved- 63
Ilex. Drupe berry-like, 4-celled, 4-seeded. Calyx minute. 275
CLASS V. PENT ANURIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or stigma 1.
* Petals separate or none.
-♦-Herbs : calyx free : petals none.
Su®da. Calyx succulent. Stigmas 2-5. Utricle l-seeded. 377
lvi
INTRODUCTION.
67
Glaux. Calyx-lobes petal-like. Stigma 1. Pod few-seeded. 284
Paronychia. Sepals dry or scarious, awn-pointed. Style 2-cleft
Utricle I-seeded. 65
Herbs : calyx adherent: petals none.
Comandra. Calyx-lobes petal-like. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. 397
Herbs : calyx free : petals conspicuous.
Lythrum. Petals on the cylindrical calyx, regular. 132
Impatiens. Sepals and petals colored alike, irregular. Stigma sessile. 76
Violacee. Sepals green : petals rather irregular. Style club shaped. 43
Claytonia. Petals regular, distinct from the 2 sepals. Stamens op¬
posite them. Style 3-lobed.
•--•-Shrubs : stamens opposite the petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes.
Rhamnacee. Calyx conspicuous. Upright shrubs : no tendrils. 84
v itacee. Calyx minute and truncate, climbing by tendrils. 85
Shrubs : stamens alternate with the petals.
++ Leaves 3-foliolate.
Ptelea. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded, flat and winged (samara).
Leaves simple and undivided : calyx free or nearly so.
Celastracee. Stamens on a disk. Seeds few, in pulpy arils.
Itea. Stamens on the base of the calyx. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded.
Aquifoliacee. Stamens on the base of the petals. Drupe 4 — 6*
seeded.
Ledum. Stamens hypogynous. Pod 5 celled, many-seeded.
****** Leaves simple, palmately lobed : calyx adherent.
Ribes. Stamens on the calyx. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
* * Corolla monopetalous, superior (calyx adherent).
-♦--Stamens free from the corolla : leaves alternate,
f ampanulacee. Corolla 5-lobed, regular. Pod 3 celled, many-
seeded.
-•--•-Stamens on the corolla: leaves opposite.
Caprifoliacee. Stipules none. Fruit a berry or pod.
* * * Corolla monopetalous, inferior (free from the ovary).
-♦-Stamens on the corolla opposite its lobes.
Primulacee. Pod 1-celled, several -seeded in the centre. 280
-►--•-Stamens hygogynous, alternate with the lobes of the corolla.
Ericinee. PocPseveral-celled, many-seeded. 257
-•--•--•-Stamens on the corolla alternate with the lobes.
-M- Pod or berry 2-3 celled j the cells several -seeded.
Spigelia. Corolla valvate in the bud. Leaves opposite, entire.
Verbascum. Corolla imbricated. Leaves alternate. 296
Polemonium. Corolla convolute in the bud. Leaves alternate, pinnate. 343
Diapensiacee. Corolla convolute. Leaves entire, small. Anthers
opening across. 346
Solanacee. Corolla plaited or infolded-valvate in the bud. 332
++ ++ Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 large seeds in each cell.
onyolvulacee. Corolla bell shaped or funnel-shaped, plaited or
convolute. ^ ' v 347
-- -+ -m. Pod 3-celled, one seed in each cell.
Corolla salver-shaped j the lobes convolute in the bud.
-m. ^ ^ Fruit 4 seed-like nutlets around the style.
Boraginacee. Corolla 5 lobed, regular.
78
83
151
275
271
142
255
169
Phlox.
344
334
LINNJ2AN ARTIFICIAL ARRANGEMENT.
lvii
■++ 'M* ++ ++ ++ Pod 1 celled with 2 parietal placentae.
Hydrophyllacea:. Leaves alternate, lobed or compound. Corolla
convolute or imbricated. 340
Menyanthideje. Leaves alternate. Corolla valvate-induplicate in
the bud. 362
Gentianeje. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Corolla convolute. 356
Order Digynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 (only).
* Corolla monopetalous, free (inferior).
■+- Stigmas separate : style short or none : seeds naked.
Gentianea:. Pod 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. 356
Stigma forming one mass : but the styles and pods (follicles) separate :
seeds with a silky tuft at the end.
Apocynum. Pollen powdery : anthers merely converging. 364
Asclepiadacea:. Pollen in (waxy) masses : anthers united with the
stigma. 365
# # Corolla polypetalous.
-•-Calyx-tube partly adherent to the many-seeded 2-horned pod, bearing
the petals.
Heuchera. Pod 1-celled. Seeds marginless. 149
Sullivantia. Pod 2-celled. Seedswing-margined. 149
-•--•-Calyx-tube wholly adherent to the 2-seeded fruit, its minute limb and
the stamens epigynous. (Flowers in umbels.)
Umbellifera:. Fruit dry, splitting into seed-like carpels. 153
Panax. Fruit a berry like drupe. (Styles often 3.) 166
* * * Corolla none. (Calyx free. Fruit 1-seeded.)
-4-Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Chenopodiacea:. Utricle inclosed in the calyx : stam. at the base. 375
Scleranthus. Utricle in the calyx-tube : stamens on its throat. 65
Polygonum. Achenium lenticular. Stipules a tubular sheath. 386
Celtis. Drupe globular. Leaves rough. 400
-•--♦-Ovary 2 celled, an ovule in each cell.
Ulmus. Fruit flat, winged (a samara), 1-seeded. Leaves rough. 399
Order Trigynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 3.
* Corolla none. *
Ambrina. Utricle partly inclosed in the green calyx. 379
Polygonum. Achenium triangular. Calyx petal-like. 386
* * Corolla monopetalous. (Fruit a drupe or berry.)
Viburnum. Leaves simple. Drupe flattish, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 174
Sambucus. Leaves pinnate. Fruit berry-like, 3 seeded. 173
* * * Corolla polypetalous.
Rhus. Drupe dry, hairy, 1 celled, 1 seeded. 78
Staphylea. Pod 3 celled, inflated, few seeded. 83
Hypericum. Pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal many-seeded placentae. 52
Spergularia. Pod l-celled, many-seeded on a central placenta at
the base. 64
Order Tetra-Decagynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 4-10.
« Styles or sessile stigmas 4- 10, on one compound ovary.
-4- Pod 1-celled, many-seeded : placentae parietal.
Parnassia. Stigmas 4, sessile. Sterile stam. clustered at the base
of the fertile. 50
Iviii
INTRODUCTION.
Droskra. Styles 3 or 5, 2-parted and so apparently 6 or 10. 49
-•--♦-Pod 1 celled, several-seeded : placenta? central at the base.
Alsine®. Leaves opposite, entire. Styles 3-5. 60
-♦--•—♦-Pod 1 celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent.
Statice. Calyx funnel-form, scarious. Petals long-clawed. 279
-♦ — • — • — >-Pod more or less 10-celled, 10-seeded.
Linum. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. 72
* * Pistils 5 or more, entirely separate.
Zanthorhiza. Sepals and petals hypogynous, distinct. 14
Sibbaldia. Petals and stamens on the 5 - 10 cleft calyx. 119
CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
* Calyx or perianth free from the ovary (inferior).
-•-Ovary 1 -celled, 1 -few-ovuled from the base.
Berberidace®. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 20
Nacmburgia. Anthers opening lengthwise. Sepals and petals 6. 283
Orontium. Anthers opening lengthwise. Sepals 6: petals none. 448
-•--♦-Ovary 4-6-celled, a 4-6 seeded drupe in fruit.
Prinos. Calyx (minute) and corolla each mostly 6-parted. 276
-—•--•-Ovary 2-3-celled.
— ■ Calyx and corolla different in color and texture.
Lythrum. Petals and stamens on the throat of the cylindrical calyx. 132
Fl(ERKF.a. Petals and stamens nearly hypogynous. Fruit 3 achenia. 77
Tradescantia. Petals and stamens regular, hypogynous. Pod
2-3celled. 8 5 ™ 87 512
Commelyna. Petals and stamens irregular, hypogynous. Pod 2-3*
celled. 511
— * *•*■•■ Calyx and corolla forming a colored petal-like 6-merous perianth.
— Perianth irregular, funnel-form.
Pontederia. Fleshy persistent base of the perianth inclosing the 1-
seeded fruit. 509
= = Perianth regular. Flowers on a lateral spadix.
Acorus. Sepals distinct, concave. Utricle 1 -few seeded.
= ==== Perianth regular. Flowers not on a spadix.
Liliace®. Anthers introrse. Style single, not splitting into 3. ^
H®modorace®. Anthers introrse. Style splitting into 3 on the pod. 4w
Uvula rie®. Anthers extrorse. € 490
++++++ Calyx and corolla forming a glumaceous 6-merous perianth.
Juncace®. Anthers introrse. Pod 3-valved, 3 -many-seeded.
* * Perianth adherent to the ovary (superior).
Amaryllidace®. Perianth 6-parted, petal-like. Pod 3-celled.
44S
479
Order Di^ynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2.
Oxyria. Sepals 4. Fruit flat, 2-winged.
Polygonum. Sepals 5. Fruit lenticular.
Order Trigynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 3.
* Calyx 5-parted, petal-like.
Polygonum. Achenium triangular: sepals all alike.
391
386
386
LINNJEAN ARTIFICIAL ARRANGEMENT.
lix
* * Calyx or perianth 6-parted, all colored alike or nearly so.
-♦-Achenium inclosed by the 3 inner converging veiny sepals.
Rumex. Achenium triangular. Outer sepals smaller, spreading. 391
-» — *- Berry naked, 1- 3-celled, 1 -few-seeded.
Smilax. Perianth deciduous. Leaves alternate, veiny. 485
Medeola. Perianth very deciduous. Leaves in 2 whorls. 488
— •-Pod naked, 3-6-celled, splitting into as many 1-seeded carpels.
Triglochin. Perianth deciduous, in 2 rows. Stigmas sessile. 458
-* — ' — • — *-Pod naked, 3-celled, often 3-horned, or 3 separate carpels.
Scheuchzeria. Perianth persistent. Pods separate, 1 -2-seeded. 459
Melanthace^e. Pods united more or less completely into one, sev¬
eral-seeded. - 495
* * * Sepals 3, green, and very different from the 3 petals.
Trillium. Berry ovate, 3-angular, 3-celled, many seeded. 487
Order Polygynia. Styles or sessile stigmas numerous.
Alisma. Sepals 3, green : petals 3. Ovaries many, 1-seeded. 459
CLASS VII. HEPTABTDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
^Esculus. Petals free from the 5-lobed calyx. Leaves compound. 81
Lythrum. Petals on the cylindrical 7-toothed calyx. Leaves simple. 132
Trientalis. Corolla and calyx deeply 7-parted, spreading. 282
Order Di-Tetragynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2-4.
Polygonum. Ovary 1-celled, forming an achenium in fruit. 386
Ulmus. Ovary 2-celled, forming a flat samara in fruit. 399
Saururus. Ovaries 3 -4, separate. Calyx and corolla none. 401
Order Polygynia. Styles or sessile stigmas many.
Echinodorus. Sepals 3 : petals 3. Ovaries crowded in a head. 460
CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
* Corolla polypetalous, free.
Jeffersonia. Sepals 4 : petals 8. Pod 1-celled, opening across. 21
Hypopitys. Sepals and petals each 4-5, fleshy. Pod 4 - 5-celled. 274
* * Corolla of 4 petals on the summit of the adherent calyx-tube.
Rhexia. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 4-celled. 131
Onagraceje. Anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 4-celled. 134
* * * Corolla monopetalous, on the adherent calyx.
Vaccinie^e. Anthers opening by terminal chinks. Berry 4 -5-celled. 356
* * * * Corolla none : calyx petal-like.
Dirca. Calyx obscurely toothed, bearing the long stamens. 395
Order Di-Trigynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2-3.
Acer. Pod a double samara. Leaves opposite. 80
Ulmus. Pod a single 1-celled samara. Leaves alternate. 399
Chrysospi.enium. Pod inversely heart-shaped, many-seeded. “ 151
Polygonaceje. Pod a 1-seeded achenium. Leaves alternate. 385
Order Tetra-Pentagynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 4-5.
Sedum. Pods separate, as many as the petals. 146
lx INTRODUCTION.
CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA.
Lauracee. Anthers opening by valves. Style 1.
Echinodorus. Anthers opening lengthwise. Styles and ovaries many.
CLASS X. DECAjVDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
* Corolla polypetalous, papilionaceous or irregular.
Leguminose. Tribes 5 and 6. Pod l-celled, a legume.
* * ^Corolla polypetalous or nearly so, regular.
Decodon. Petals and stamens on the tube of the calyx. Pod 3-celled.
Ericacee. Nos. 8, 14-19, 21, 22. Stamens hypogynous. Pod 2-5-
celled.
* * * Corolla monopetal ous.
Ericacee. Pod, or rarely berry, 3- 10-celled.
Order Digynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2.
Silenee. Petals distinct from the tubular calyx, on long claws.
Saxifragacee. Petals on the short calyx-tube. Pod 2-horned.
Chrysosplenium. Petals none. Calyx-tube adherent to the pod.
Scleranthus. Petals none. Calyx-tube constricted, inclosing the
free utricle.
Order Tri-Deeagynla. Styles or sessile stigmas 3- 10.
* Ovaries united into one, but the styles separate.
-♦-Pod or berry'5- 10-celled.
Phytolacca. Berry depressed, 10-celled, 10-seeded. Petals none.
Penthorum. Pod 5-celled, 5-horned, many-seeded. Petals none.
Oxalis. Pod 5-celled, the cells few-seeded. Petals conspicuous.
-♦—•-Pod 1-celled, several - many-seeded from the base or axis.
Caryophyllacee. Sepals 4-5, free from the valved pod.
Portulaca. Sepals 2, adherent to the base of the pod, which opens
by a lid.
* * Ovaries (carpels) separate and distinct.
Sedum. Pods, petals, and sepals equal in number, free and distinct.
Spiree. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, bearing the petals and stamens.
Zanthorhiza. Sepals and petals free and distinct : pods several.
Isopyrum. Petals none. Sepals 5, petal-like, free and distinct.
CLASS 11. DODECANDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
* Petals 4, irregular, on claws.
Polanisia. Sepals 4. Pod veiny, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.
* * Petals 5-9.
Podophyllum. Sepals 6 — 9 ; the petals as many, deciduous. Berry
1-celled.
Hudsonia. Calyx 5-cleft. Pod 1-celled, 3- valved, few-seeded. Pc*
tals fugacious.
Portulaca. Calyx 2-parted. Pod 1-celled, opening by a lid. Petals
fugacious.
Lythrum. Calyx 6 — 7-toothed. Petals nearly equal. Pod 2-celled,
many-seeded.
Cuphea. Calyx tubular. Petals very unequal. Pod soon 1-celled,
few-seeded.
393
460
93
133
257
257
56
147
151
65
385
147
75
55
66
146
116
14
11
42
21
48
66
132
133
LINNJEAN ARTIFICIAL ARRANGEMENT. lxi
* * * Corolla 7- 12 parted, wheel-shaped.
Sabbatia. Calyx 7-11 parted. Style 2-parted. Pod 1 -celled. 356
* * * * Corolla none.
Asarum. Calyx 3-lobed, the tube coherent with the 6-celled ovary. 374
Order Di-Hexagynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2-6.
* Ovaries wholly united into one pod.
Hypericum. Petals 5. Styles 3. Pod I-celled, many-seeded. 54
Lechea. Petals 3. Stigmas 3. Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded. 43
* * Ovaries partly united into a 3 -6-horned pod.
Reseda. Petals 4-7, unequal. Stamens turned to one side. 43
* * * Ovaries distinct, in the calyx.
Agrimonia. Pistils 2, forming achenia in fruit. Petals imbricated. 117
Gillenia. Pistils 5, forming pods. Petals convolute in the bud. 117
CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA.
Rosacea:. Calyx 4 -5-cleft, or double. Petals 4-5. 112
Cactacea. Sepals and petals imbricated in several rows. 141
CLASS XIII. POLY ANDRIA.
Order Monogynia. Style or sessile stigma 1.
* Ovary 1-celled, with a single placenta.
Podophyllum. Berry large. Stigma compressed. Flower solitary. 21
Actaa. Berry many-seeded. Stigma depressed. Flowers racemed. 15
Cimicifuga $ Macrotys. Pod dry, many-seeded. 16
* * Ovary 3-several-celled, or with 2 -several parietal placentae.
Ntmphaacee. Petals in many rows. Berry many-celled. 23
Sarracenia. Petals & sepals 5. Style umbrella-shaped. Pod5-celled. 24
Papaveracea. Petals 4, or 6 — 12. Sepals deciduous, numerous.
Pod 1-celled. 25
Cistacea. Petals 5, fugacious. Sepals persistent. Pod 1-celled. 47
Hypericum. Petals 5. Sepals persistent. Pod 3-5-celled. 52
Order Oi-Polygynia. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 - many.
* Ovaries and pods or achenia all separate and free.
Brasenia. Petals and sepals (3-4) persistent. Pods indehiscent. 22
Ranunculacea. Petals deciduous, or often none, & calyx petal-like. 2
Asimina. Sepals 6, of 2 kinds, and the 3 sepals deciduous. Pods pulpy. 19
* * Ovaries imbricated and combined in a mass on a long axis.
Magnoliacea. Sepals and petals in 3 or more rows of three. 17
* * * Ovaries several, separately immersed in a top-shaped receptacle.
Nelumbium. Sepals and petals many in several rows. 23
* * * * Ovaries few, combined below into a 1-celled pod.
Reseda. Petals and stamens irregular, the latter on a 1-sided disk. 43
CLASS XIV. DIDTKAMIA.
Order Gymnospermia. Achenia (seeds, L.) 4, naked within the calyx.
Labiata. Corolla irregular (2-lipped). Leaves opposite. 313
Order Angiospermia. Fruit a proper (1 -4 celled) pod.
* Ovary 1-celled.
Phryma. Achenium single, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. 312
/
lxii
INTRODUCTION.
311
W
31
Orob.anchace®. Pod with 2-4 many-seeded parietal placentae.
Leaves none, or scale-like. 28$
* * Ovary and pod 2-celled, or rarely more, several -seeded.
M^LIACEiE* ^ eeds many, no albumen. Corolla imbricated in bud. 290
Acanthacea. Seeds few, no albumen. Corolla convolute in the bud. 29!
bCRoPHULARiACEiE. Seeds with albumen. Corolla imbricated. 294
* * * °vai7 and fruit 2-4-celled, splitting into 2-4 one-seeded nutlets.
Verbenace®. Corolla and calyx irregular or 2-lipped, free.
_ * # * * Ovary 3-celled, tfoo of the cells empty.
Linn.® a. Calyx adherent, crowning the dry 1-seeded fruit.
CLASS XV. TETR ADYNAMIA. (Petals always 4.)
Order Siliculosa. Pod (silicle) scarcely longer than broad
Crucifer®. Nos. 11-17.
Order Siliqnosa. Pod (silique) much longer than broad.
Crucifer®. Nos. 1-10, 18. 3D
CLASS XVI. MONADELPHIA.
Order Di-Triandria. Stamens 2 -3.
Sistr,Hchium. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, superior.
ostemum. Perianth 2 — 3 little scales below. Stam. on one side. 403
Order Pentandria. Stamens 5.
SepaJ8, and Peta,s 5* Styles 3 or 4. Berry 1 -celled.
LoBEri A S ^r ,ife s' and 8,t} les 5* Pod 5 “ 10-celled/
lobelia. Corolla monopetalous, split on one side. Pod 2-celled. 253
Order Decandria. Stamens 10.
„ * Flower regular, 5-peta!ous.
Ox A CpriA * FrXh5 one-se,eded carpels united to a long beak. ?
Oxalis. Pod 5-celled, several-seeded. Styles 5, separate
# # Flower irregular, papilionaceous.
Leguminos®. Tribes 3 and 4. Fruit a legume. 91
°RDER Polyandrla. Stamens many.
Malvace®. Corolla regular : petals convolute in the bud. 67
CLASS XVn. DIADELPHIA. (Flowers always irregular.)
Order Hex-Octandria. Stamens 6 -8.
P^ToX^Pod^Jl^^lied2 Pari6Ul pUcente' °r '•Seeded- S
Order Decandria. Stamens 10.
Leouminos.®. Pod a legume. Corolla papilionaceous.
CLASS XVIII. POLYADELPHIA.
Order Enne-Dodecandria. Stamens 9-12.
Flodea. Styles 3, distinct. Stamens in 3 clusters. 54
_ Order Polyandria. Stamens numerous.
Tilia. Style 1. Stamens in 5 clusters. 74
*—«-**•• ..
LINNjEAN artificial arrangement.
Ixiii
CLASS XIX. STNGEXESIA.
Order Polj gamia iBqnalisi. Flowers in a head (Flower compound,
L.), all perfect.
Composite. Nos. 1, 3-8, 19, 37, 50, 51, 56-69. 184
Order Poly gamin Snperflua. Flowers in a head (compound), all
fertile, the marginal pistillate only.
Composite. Nos. 9 - 11, 13- 18, 20 - 24, 30, 31, 38,39,41 -49, 51,52. 184
Order Polygamia Frustrnnca. Flowers in a head (compound),
the marginal neutral, the rest perfect.
Compositje. Nos. 12, 32-37, 40, 53, 54. 184
Order Polygamia IVecessaria. Flowers in a head (compound), the
central staminate, the marginal pistillate and fertile (or mono dioecious)
Compositje, Subtr. Melampodine.*. Nos. 25-29. 218
Order Polygamia Segregata. “ Flowers each with their own invo¬
lucre,” or, more properly, Heads 1 - few-flowered, aggregated into a com¬
pound head.
Composite. No. 2. (Elephantopus.) 190
Order llonogamia. Flowers separate (not compound).
Violace.®. Flowers polypetalous, irregular. Style club-shaped. 43
Impatiens. Flowers polypetalous, very irregular. Stigma sessile. 76
Lobelia. Corolla monopetalous, irregular. Style 1. Pod 2-celled. 253
Apocynum. Corolla monopetalous, regular. Pods 2 : stigma 1. 364
CLASS XX. GYNANDRIA.
Order Dlandria. Stamens (apparently) 2, really but one of 2 anther-
cells, except in Cypripedium.
Orchidaceae. Flower irregular, epigynous. 463
Order Pentandria. Stamens 5.
Asclepiadaceje. Calyx and corolla regular, hypogynous. Pods 2. 365
Order Hex-Dodecandria. Stamens 6-12.
Aristolochiace.e. Calyx epigynous : corolla none. Fruit 6-celled. 374
CLASS XXI. MOXCECIA.
Order Monandria. Stamen 1.
Lemna. Flowers bursting from the side of a floating frond. 449
Zostera. Flowers on a leaf-sheathed spadix. 453
Zannichellia. Flowers axillary, sessile : the fertile of 2 -5-pistils. 453
Euphorbia. Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre. Ovary 3-celled. 403
Order Di-Triaudria. Stamens 2-3.
* Stamens aggregated in a common spike or head, naked.
Typha. Flowers all in a spike, intermixed with down. 450
Sparganicm. Flowers in heads, naked, the fertile bracted. 451
* * Stamens in the axils of bracts.
Carex. Achenium lenticular or triangular, inclosed in a sac. 535
Scleria. Achenium globular, crustaceous or bony, naked. 534
Tripsaccm. Grain inclosed in cartilaginous glumes, sunk in the
joints of the spike. 615
Order Trl-Polyandria. Stamens 3- many, distinct.
* Staminate flowers naked, crowded together without regular bracts.
Herbs : both kinds of flowers in one spike (spadix).
Araceae. Spadix surrounded by a spathe. Berry 1-celled.
445
lxiv
INTRODUCTION.
Trees: flowers in separate heads.
Liquidambar. Styles 2. Pods 2-beaked, 2-celled, several -seeded. 432
Platanus. Style 1. Nutlets club-shaped; 1-celled, l-seeded. 433
* * Staminate flowers in catkins : calyx none or scale-like.
-♦-Fertile flowers in catkins or spikes. Leaves simple.
Betulacee. Fruits scale-like or nut-like, 2 -3 under each bract. 451
Comptonia. Nutlets 1 under each bract of the burr-like catkin. 420
Carpinus. Nutlets single in the axil of a leaf-like bract. 419
Ostrya. Nutlets each in a bladdery bag, making a Hop-like catkin. 419
Fertile flowers 2 together, naked, forming fleshy»or dry drupes.
Ju gland acee. Seed large, crumpled and lobed. Leaves pinnate. 410
# # * Staminate and fertile flowers both in glumes, naked.
Zizania. Flowers panicled. Stamens 6. 573
* * * * Staminate fl. with a regular calyx (or involucre) and no corolla.
-♦-Nuts 1-celled, large, 1-3 together in an involucre or cup.
Cupulifere. Staminate flowers mostly in aments. Trees. 412
-♦—♦-Fruit an achenium or utricle: styles only 1 or 2.
Stamens 5 or fewer.
Urticacee. Calyx fleshy or herbaceous. Embryo in albumen. 433
Chenopodiacee. Calyx herbaceous or fleshy. Embryo coiled. 57b
Amaranthacee. Calyx dry and scarious. Embryo coiled around
albumen. J 382
++ ++ Stamens 12-24.
Ceratophyllum. Calyx herbaceous. Achenium horned. 401
H-"'“'4“Fruit 3-celled or an achenium : styles or stigmas 3 or more.
Egphorbiacee. Pod 3-lobed, 3-cell^d, 3-coccous. **
***** Flowers furnished with both calyx and corolla.
-♦-Head imbricated with scarious bracts. Stamens 4.
Eriocaulon. Sepals and petals free. Pod 2-celled, 2-seeded. Stig.2. 514
-♦—•-Flowers spiked. Stamens 4 or 8.
Myriophyllum. Sepals and petals adherent to the 4-celled nutlet. 1
-^-Flowers scattered on a scape. Stamens numerous.
Sagittaria. Sepals and petals 3, free. Achenia wing-margined,
collected in a head. & 4WJ
Order Monatlelpliia. Stamens united by their filaments.
* Pod 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. Flowers with a regular calyx*
Phyllanthus. Stamens 3, much united. Stigmas 6. fl
Acalypha. Stamens 8 - 16, united at the base. Styles cut-fringed. 4u
* * Flowers naked, in the axils of scales, forming catkins.
Conifere. Fruit a cone or strobile. 108
Order Syngenesia. Stamens connected by their anthers.
* Fruit an achenium.
Xanthium. Staminate and fertile flowers in separate involucres, the
latter a 2-celled burr. F 221
Ambrosi a. Staminate and fertile flowers in separate involucres, the
latter nut-like, 1-celled. r
Iva. Stam. and fertile flowers in the same open cup-like involucre-
* * Fruit a fleshy pod.
Cucurbit acee. Anthers elongated and tortuous. Calyx and corolls
epigynous.
LINNjEAN artificial arrangement. lxv
CLASS XXII. DICECIA.
Order Monandria. Stamen 1.
Naias. Flowers axillary, sessile. Calyx and corolla none. 452
Order Diandria. Stamens 2.
Salix. Sterile and fertile flowers both in catkins, naked (stam. 1-6). 424
Order Triandria. Stamens 3.
Vallisneria. Pod cylindrical, 1-celled, many-seeded (aquatic). 463
Carex. Achenium in a sac. 535
Empetrace®. Drupe 3-9-celled, 3-9-seeded. Leaves Heath-like. 409
Order Tri-Pentandria. Stamens 3 -5.
* Stamens 3 or 4.
Viscum. Anthers sessile on the calyx-lobes. Berry 1-celled, 1 -seeded. 398
* * Stamens 4 or 5.
Negundo. Fruit a double samara. Leaves compound. 81
Myrica. Fruit a dry drupe. Flowers in short aments. 420
Urtica. Fruit an achenium. Flowers spiked and panicled. 435
* * * Stamens constantly 5.
-♦-Calyx adherent: fruit large, drupe-like.
Pyrularia. Style 1. Fruit pear-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 398
-♦--♦-Calyx free from the 1-celled and 1-seeded dry fruit: corolla none.
Cannabine®. Calyx of one sepal, folding round the achenium. 435
Amaranthus. Calyx 3 -5-sepalled. Utricle smooth, opening by a lid. 384
Acnida. Calyx 3 -5-sepalled. Achenium crustaceous, 3- 5-ridged. 381
-•—♦—•-Calyx free from the drupe-like achenium : petals 5.
Rhus $ Lobadium. Fruit hairy. Styles or stigmas 3. 79
— •-Calyx free from the 3-5 distinct pistils.
Zanthoxylcm. Pods 2-valved, short-stalked, few-seeded. 77
Order Hexandria. Stamens 6.
Rum ex. Achenium 3-angular, covered by the inner conniving sepals. 391
Smilax. Berry l-3-seeded, free from the perianth. 485
Cham®lirium. Pod 3-celled, ovoid, many-seeded. 502
Djoscorea. Pod 3-celled, 3-winged, 3-seeded : calyx adherent. 484
Order Oct-Polyaiidria. Stamens 8 - many.
* Flowers with calyx and corolla.
Gymnocladus. Petals 5, on the calyx. Pod 1. Ill
Menispermum. Sepals and petals 4-8, distinct. Drupes 1-4. 19
* * Calyx regular : petals none.
Laurace®. Calyx petal-like, 6-parted. Stamens 9. Drupe free. 394
Shepherdia. Calyx 4-cleft: the tube becoming berry-like and in¬
closing the achenium. Stamens 8. 396
* ♦ * Calyx and corolla none.
Populus. Flowers in catkins. Stamens 8 -40. Pod 1-celled. 430
Order Moxxadelpliia. Stamens united by their filaments.
* Flowers in a kind of short catkin : ovules naked, on the scales.
Taxus. Scales empty at the base of the naked cup shaped berry. 444
Juniperus. Scales of the fertile catkin 3-6, forming a sort of drupe. 444
* * Flowers with calyx and corolla.
Nap® a. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 8. Pod 8-celled, 8-seeded. 69
Limnobium. Calyx 3-parted. Petals 3. Berry 6-9-celled, many-
seeded. ^ H 462
/•
Ixvi
INTRODUCTION.
CLASS XXIII. POLYGAMIA.
» Stamens 1 -3.
-♦-Flowers glumaceous. Fruit a caryopsis (grain).
Gramineje. Nos. 45 - 47, 53 - 59.
-«--»-FJowers with a calyx, or naked.
Fraxinus. Fruit a 1 — 2-seeded samara. Leaves pinnate.
Empetrace.*. Fruit a 3-9-celled drupe. Leaves Heath-like.
Callitriche. Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4-celled, 4-seeded.
* * Stamens 3-8.
-♦-Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.
++ Petals none.
Chenopodiace^:. Calyx herbaceous, inclosing the achenium.
Iresine. Calyx scarious, inclosing the utricle.
Ulmus. Samara rounded, broadly winged. Calyx 4 - 9-cleft.
Celtis. Drupe free from the 5-6-parted calyx. Styles 2.
Nyssa. Drupe coherent with the calyx-tube. Style 1.
++ ++ Petals 5.
Rhus. Fruit drupe-like, rather dry, free. Styles 3.
■* — *-Pod 1-celled, many-seeded (a legume).
Gleditschia. Sepals, petals, and stamens 3-5.
Berry or drupe 2-8-celled, free or nearly so.
Vitjs. Berry 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stamens 4 -5, opposite the petals.
Rhamnus. Drupe 3— 4-celled, 3 — 4-seeded. Stam. opposite the petals.
AquiFOLiACEiE. Drupe 4-6-celled. Stam. alternate with the petals.
Diospyros. Berry 4-8-celled, 4-8-seeded. Stamens 8 and 16.
-*--*--* — ^ Drupe 2-3-celIed, crowned with the obsolete limb of the ca
Panax. Stamens 5, epigynous. Flowers umbelled.
■* — 1 — '--♦--'-Pod a 2-celled or double samara, free.
Ptelea. Samara winged all round, orbicular, 2-celled.
Acer. Samaras 2, partly united, winged on the back, separating.
H — * — «— * — >--*-Pod 3-lobed, 3-horned, septicidal.
MelanthacEjE. Stamens and spreading divisions of the perianth 6.
* * * Stamens 9 in the sterile, 3 — 6 in the fertile flowers.
Udora. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Flowers axillary.
CLASS XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA.
Order E^uisetaceak. ( Horsetails .)
Order Filices. (Ferns.)
Order LYCOPODiACEiE. (Club-Mosses.)
Order Hydropterides.
Order Musci. (Mosses.)
Order Hepaticeae. (Liverworts.)
Order Lichenes. (Lichens.)
Order Al qje. ( Sea - Weeds.)
Order Fungi. (Mushrooms,^.)
571
atsm % % tsa 5 a
IV. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS
OF THE PLANTS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED
STATES.
Series I. PHA5NOGAMOUS PLANTS.
Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Page
Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM aE. Seeds in a pericarp. 2
Div. I. POLYPETALOUS. Calyx and corolla both present j the
petals distinct (separate). 2
1. Ovary or ovaries one-celled.
* Calyx free , or nearly so {not adherent ).
•♦-Pistils coherent in an imbricated mass on the prolonged receptacle.
Magnoliacece, 17
-♦—-^Pistils immersed in the upper surface of the top-shaped receptacle.
Nelumbiacea, 22
Menispermacete, 19
e'l
)• S
Anonacea,
Cabombacete.
77
Pistils 2 or more, distinct, unconnected.
Stamens hypogynous, numerous or indefinite.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous.
Flowers perfect.
Petals 6, in 2 rows, valvate.
Petals 3-4, persistent, imbricated.
Petals 4 -many, often irregular or stamen-like.
Stamens hypogynous, 5 or 10.
Styles recurved, becoming lateral (Zanthorhiza)
Styles conniving, 3-5.
Stamens perigynous (on the base or throat of the calyx).
Leaves with stipules, seeds destitute of albumen.
Leaves destitute of proper stipules.
Pistils fewer than the sepals or petals (2). Saxifragacea, 147
Pistils, petals, and sepals equal in number (3-5). Crassulacea, 145
Pistil only one, simple (of a single carpel).
Stamens hypogynous, early deciduous.
As many as the petals and opposite them : anthers ^
opening by uplifted valves. > Berberidacea, 20
More numerous than the petals. (Podophyllum.) )
Also Actaea, Cimicifuga, &c., in Ranunculacea , 2
Ranunculacea,
Zanthoxylacea,
Rosacea, 112
Stamens perigynous.
Flower regular. Fruit a drupe. Stamens many. Pomea, 112
Flower regular. Fruit an acnenium. Stamens few. Sanzoisorbeee, 113
Flower papilionaceous (or somewhat so). Fruit a pod. Leguminosa, 90
— i — •— Pistil one, compound.
Ovary with a free placenta in the centre, or 1 -few-ovuled from the base.
Sepals 2 : petals 5. Portulacacea, 66
Sepals or calyx-lobes as many as the petals (4-5).
lxviii
INTRODUCTION.
47
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Calyx dry and scarious, funnel-form, plaited. Plumbaginacea, 279
Calyx small, 5 - 7-parted. (lNaumburgia.) Primulacea, 283
Stamens alternate with the petals, or twice their number.
Leaves opposite. (Herbs.) Caryophyllacea. 55
Leaves alternate. (Shrubs or trees.) Anacar diacea, 78
Ovary with 2 or more parietal placentap.
Stamens (5) monadelphous on the stalk of the ovary. Passifloracea, 143
Stamens (5) cohering bv their anthers (flower irregular). Violacea, 43
Stamens distinct or 2 — 5-adelphous, hypogynous.
Corolla irregular : stam. 10 or more, on a 1 sided disk. Resedacea,
Corolla irregular: stamens 6, in 2 sets. Fumariacea ,
Corolla regular.
Petals withering-persistent, 5. Droseracea ,
Petals fugacious or deciduous.
Calyx deciduous : sepals as many as the petals. Capparidacea ,
Calyx caducous : sepals fewer than the petals. Papaveracea,
Calyx persistent.
Petals not oblique : style single or none. Cistacea, **'
Petals oblique : styles separate or separable. Hypericacea, 51
Stamens distinct, perigynous. Saxifragacea, 147
* * Calyx adherent to the ovary .
Flowers perfect : stamens distinct.
Stamens 8 - 10. Capsule 2-lobed or 2 beaked. Saxifragacea. 147
Stamens 5. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Grossulacea . 141
Stamens indefinite, as also the sepals and petals. Cactacea, 141
Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Cucurbitacea, 144
2. Ovary (compound) 2 - sever al-celled.
* Stamens attached to the base of the petals or corolla.
Corolla epigynous or perigynous. Stamens united. Cucurbitacea, 144
Corolla hypogynous.
Stamens monadelphous, many. Anthers kidney-shaped. Malvacea , 67
Stamens distinct, mostly 2. Oleacea, 372
* * Stamens epigynous , as many as the petals , distinct.
Styles 2-5. Petals 5. e
Fruit splitting into 2 seed-like dry carpels. Umbellifera, 153
Fruit drupe-like or berry-like. Araliacia, 1$
Style and stigma one. Petals 4. Drupe 2-celled. Cornacta, 167
* * * Stamens manifestly perigynous, distinct.
Stamens indefinite. Fruit a pome, or drupe-like. Pomea, 12$
Stamens definite.
Seeds indefinite or numerous. (Fruit a pod.)
Anthers opening by a pore at the tip. Melastoinacca, 131
Anthers opening lengthwise.
Calyx adherent to the entire surface of the ovary. Onagracea , 134
Calyx partly or entirely free.
Inclosing the pod. Style and stigma one. Lythracea, 132
Pod exserted, 2-beaked, or style 2-partible. Saxifragacea, 147
seeds definite, few or solitary in each cell.
Stamens alternate with the petals or twice their number. _.
Calyx wholly adherent to the surface of the ovary. Onagracea,
Calyx free, or nearly so. in fruit. Celastracea ,
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Calyx valvate in the bud. Drupe 3-5-ceIled. Rhamnacea, \ *
Calyx a mere ring. Petals valvate. Berry Swelled. Vilacea, &
* * * * Stamens hupoaxmous.
Calyx valvate m the bud. y
Stamens monadelphous, numerous : anthers 1 -celled. Malvacea
67
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. Ixix
Stamens 5-adelphous or in 5 clusters : anthers 2-celled. Tiliacete ,
Stamens distinct, as many as the petals and sepals. Limnanthacea ,
Calyx imbricated in the bud.
Stamens mono-diadelphous. Flower papilionaceous. Polygalaceee,
Stamens cohering over the stigma. Flower irregular. Balsaminacea,
Stamens monadelphous next the base. Flower regular.
Styles 5, cohering with a long-beaked axis. Geraniacea,
Styles 5, separate. Pod 5- 10-cel led, 10- many -seeded.
71
76
87
76
73
72
75
Stamens 5. Leaves simple, entire. Linacece,
Stamens 10. Leaves 3-foliolate, obcordate. Oxalidacea,
Stamens 3 -5-adelphous. Leaves opposite, entire. Y
Stamens distinct, polyandrous. > Hypericacece, 51
Leaves sessile, opposite, entire, dotted. j
Leaves long-petioled. Petals indefinite. Nymphteacea ,
Leaves forming hollow pitchers. Petals 5. Sarraceniacete,
Stamens distinct, tetradynamous. Pod 2-celled (silique). Crucifera,
Stamens distinct, definite (10 or under).
Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell.
Leaves pellucid-dotted. Samara winged. Zanthoxylacete,
Leaves dotless, opposite, compound or lobed.
Samara double, winged at the apex. Aceracea,
Pod leathery, round, 2- 3-valved. Hippocastanacea ?,
23
24
30
77
79
81
Leaves dotless, alternate. Drupe 4-6-celled. Aqnifoliacea, 275
Seeds many or several in each cell of the capsule.
Styles or sessile stigmas 2-3. Flowers minute. Elatinacea, 55
Style 1. (Anthers mostly opening by pores.) Ericacea, 256
Div. II. MONOPETALOUS. Petals united in a corolla of one piece. 169
1. Calyx adherent to the ovary.
Stamens syngenesious.
Flowers in an involucrate head (compound flower). Composite , 184
Flowers separate, perfect, irregular. Pod many-seeded. Lobeliaceee, 253
Flowers separate, monoecious or dioecious. Cucurbitacece, 144
Stamens distinct, definite, inserted on the corolla.
Fruit with only one (fertile) cell, 1-seeded.
Stamens 3. Flowers cymose. Valerianacea, 181
Stamens 4. Flowers in an involucrate head. Dipsaceee, 183
Fruit 2 - 5-celled, 2 - many-seeded. Leaves opposite.
Leaves with intervening stipules, or whorled. Rubiacete, 175
Leaves destitute of stipules. Caprifoliacece, 169
Stamens distinct, definite, inserted with the corolla.
As many as its lobes. Campanvlacete, 255
Twice as many as its lobes. Vacciniea, 256
2. Calyx free from the ovary.
* Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the regular corolla.
Flowers perfect. Style one. Ovary 3 -5-celled. Ericaceee,cZ56
Flowers polygamous. Styles 4. Ovary 8-celled. Ebenacete, 277
* * Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla.
-*-And opposite them. Ovary 1-celled.
Utricle 1-seeded, in a scarious and plaited calyx. Plumhaginacea, 279
Pod several - many-seeded : placenta central. P rimulace.ee , 280
A I tern ate with them.
Stamens hypogynous, or slightly cohering to the base of the corolla.
Pod 3-5-valved, 3 -5-celled, many-seeded. Ericacea, 256
Drupe 4- 6-seeded, berry-like. Aquifoliacea , 27o
Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla.
Ovary strictly compound, 2-5 celled, several-ovuled : styles united.
lxx
INTRODUCTION.
Embryo large, crumpled or coiled : little albumen. Convolvulacea, 347
Embryo small, in copious albumen.
Leaves opposite, with intervening (stipules). Rubiacea, 176
Leaves destitute of stipules.
Stamens 4. Pod circumscissile. Plantaginacea, 278
Stamens 5.
Corolla lobes convolute in the bud.
Anthers opening lengthwise. P olenwnxacea ,343
Anthers opening transversely. Diapensiacf.a,M6
Corolla plaited or infolded-valvate in the bud. Solanacea, 35-
Ovary compound, with parietal placentas.
Leaves simple and entire, opposite. Gentianacea.Xfi
Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, alternate : cor.valvate. Menyanthidea , 356
Leaves cut-lobed or pinnate, alternate. Hydrophyllacea, 340
Ovaries forming 4 achenia around the style. Boraginacea, 334
^?®r'es ~ (forming pods) connected at the apex by a single stigma.
Anthers cohering over the stigma : pollen powdery. Apocyrtacea. 364
Anthers fixed on the stigma : pollen waxy. Asctepiadacea, 363
* * * Stamens (2) fewer than the lobes of the regular corolla. Olearea, 371
* * * * Stamens fewer than the lobes of the irregular or unsymmtlri •
cal corolla , diandrous or didynamous {the fifth rudimentary or none).
Ovaries forming 4 little achenia around the base of the style. Labiitta, 313
Ovary I - 4 ovuled, splitting into as many 1-seeded nutlets. Verbenacea, 311
Ovary several - many-ovuled, forming a pod in fruit. ^
One-celled, with a free central placenta. Stamens 2. Lentibulacea, -S7
One celled, with 2 -4 parietal placentae. Stamens 4. Orobanchacea,
1 wo-celled, with winged exalbuminous seeds. Bignoniacea,-^
4 our - five-celled (falsely) with wingless exalbum, seeds. Sesamea.
1 wo-celled, with few wingless exalbuminous seeds. Acanthacea, *
1 wo-celled, with (usually many) albuminous seeds. Scrophulariacea, 2^*
Div. III. APLTALOLTS. Corolla (sometimes calyx also) wanting. 374
1 . Apetalous forms of Polypetalous or Monopetalous Orders .
Stamens indefinite. Ranunculacea, 1
Stamens definite (10 or less).
Calyx adherent; the
Stamens (4-5) as many as and alternate with its lobes. Rhamnncea, 84
^tamens as many as its lobes and opposite them, or 1. Haloragea.
. tana, double the calyx-lobes. Chrysospleniuin in Saxifragacea , 147
Calyx free (in Fraxinus often none).
Leaves alternate.
Pod 4-horned, 4 celled. Penthorum in Crassulacea, 143
rods 3-5 from separate simple pistils. Zanthoxyhcea, J*
Achenia 1 —5, in the base of the calyx ° — — imrhe/r. 113
Leaves opposite, compound or lobed.
Fruit a double samara. Stamens 5-8.
Fruit a simple samara. Stamens 2-4.
Leaves opposite, simple and entire.
Pod 3-cel led : styles 3.
Pod I celled.
Styles 2 - 5, or 2 - 5 cleft.
Style and stigma one.
Sangnisorbea,
Accracea. 79
Fraxinus in Oleacea ,ol
Molluginea ,
57
Caryophyllacea,
Glaux in Primulacea ,
2. Proper Apetalous Orders.
* Fruit many-seeded , 2- several -celled. ( Flowers perfect , not in catkins)
Calyx adherent below to the G-celled fleshy fruit. Aristo/ochiacea.
Calyx none. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Podoslcmacea, 403
* * Fruit with only one seed in each cell.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. lxxi
-♦-Flowers with a regular adherent calyx ; not in catkins or heads.
Ovules several on a stalk from the base of the cell. Santalaceee , 397
Ovule solitary, suspended from the top of the cell.
Polygamous : filaments and style slender. Nyssaceee, 396
Mono-dioecious : anthers and stigma sessile. Limb of the calyx ob¬
solete in the fertile flowers. Tree-parasites. Lorani'haceee, 398
Flowers with a regular free calyx, or none; not in catkins or heads.
Shrubs or trees.
Calyx inch the achenium, berry-like in fruit. Dioecious.
Calyx free and separate.
Fruit a membranaceous winged samara.
Fruit a drupe.
One-celled : sessile stigmas 2, long.
One-celled : style and stigma one.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Dioecious.
Anthers opening lengthwise. Flower perfect.
Three -nine-celled : stigma or style 3-9-lobed.
Eleagnaceee, 395
Ulmaceee, 399
Celtideee, 399
Lauraceee , 394
Thymeleaceee, 395
Empetraceee, 409
Herbs.
Ovary 2 -several-celled or lobed.
Stigmas more than the cells. Pod dehiscent. Euphorbiace.ee, 463
Stigmas and styles fewer than the cells. Indehiscent. CoUlitricliaceee, 402
Stigmas equalling the cells or ovaries in number. (FI. perfect.)
Calyx none : ovaries 3— 5. Flowers spiked. Saururaceee, 401
Calyx colored : styles 10. Flowers racemed. Phytolaccaceee, 385
Ovary l-celled, 1-ovuled. (Calyx persistent, often inclosing the fruit.)
Stipules forming sheaths. Leaves entire. Polygonaceee, 385
Stipules not sheathing. Leaves lobed or compound. Cannabineee, 434
Stipules wanting.
Bracts and calyx scarious, imbricated. Amaranthaceee, 382
Bracts not scarious : calyx fleshy or herbaceous.
Styles 2-5. Embryo coiled. Chenopodiaceee, 375
Style 1. Embryo straight. Urticeee,43£
-♦ — i — i-Flowers (monoecious or dioecious), one or both sorts amentaceous.
Fertile flowers only in a kind of catkin or strobile. Cannabineee, 434
Sterile flowers only in catkins or heads. (Trees or shrubs.)
Fruit a nut, with a cupule or involucre. Leaves simple. Cupuliferee, 413
Fruit a dry drupe, naked. Leaves pinnate. Juglandaceee, 410
Both kinds amentaceous or capitate.
Bracts and calyx fleshy, berry-like in fruit. Moreee, 433
Bracts scale-like.
Fruit drupe-like, 3-celled, 3-seeded. Empetraceee, 409
Fruit nut-like, drupe-like, or samara-like, l-celled, 1-seeded.
Ovaries solitary under the scales. Fruit wingless. Myricaceee, 420
Ovaries 2-3 under each scale. Nut often winged. Betu/aceee, 421
Ovaries irregularly crowded in a head. Platanaceee, 433
Fruit several - many-seeded pods.
Pods woody, 2-celled, 2-beaked : seeds naked. Balsamifluee, 432
Pods herbaceous, l-celled : seeds downy-tufted. Salicaceee , 424
Subclass 11. GYMNOSPERM^E. Ovules and seeds naked.
Flowers mono-dioecious in a kind of catkin. Coniferee, 438
Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.
1. Flowers destitute of calyx and corolla , or on a spadix ( sometimes
with an imperfect perianth) ; not glumaceous or Grass-like .
Terrestrial, mostly wilh a spathe. Fruit berry-like. Araceee , 445
Terrestrial. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded, naked or downy. Typhaceee, 450
Aquatic (floating or immersed).
asSg^Xgg;
BOTANY
OF THE
NORTHERN UNITED STATES.
Series I. PH^GNOGAMOUS or FLOWERING
PLANTS.
Vegetables bearing proper flowers, with stamens
and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an
embryo. (Vide Introduction , supra, and Botanical
Text- Book, pp. 318, 328.)
Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS
PLANTS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming
a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem
continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a
new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-
veined. Embryo with two or more opposite cotyledons.
1
2
RANUNCULACEjE. (crowfoot family.)
Subclass I. ANGIOSPER1VLE.
Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the
ovules and forms the fruit. Pollen applied to a stigma.
Cotyledons only two.
Division I. POLYP^TALOUS EXdGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla;
the petals separate (occasionally absent).
Order 1. RANUJVCUL.ACE^E. (Crowfoot Family.)
Herbs (or woody vines) with a colorless acrid juice, poty
petalous , or apetalous with the calyx colored like a cofolm
la , hypogynous ; the sepals , petals , numerous stamens , end
many or few ( rarely single) pistils all distinct and unco*
nected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 5 — 3-15.
Petals 3—15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few-
anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (ache
nia), or berries, 1 - several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with
fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none-
Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe 1. CLEMATIDEiE. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with d*
edges bent inwards. Petals none, or small and stamen-like
Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles.
Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines : leaves all opposite.
1. Atragene. Petals several, like sterile stamens.
2. Clematis. Petals none.
Tribe 2. ANEMONE^E. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Pet^-
none, or very small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or
several. Seed solitary, suspended. — Stem-leaves often °PP°*
site or whorled, forming an involucre.
3. Pulsatilla. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. ^
4. Anemone. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed
inflated. Involucre remote from the flower, and like 1 e
other leaves.
5. Hepatica. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre like a calf*-
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3
6. Thalictrum. Achenia 4-10, ribbed or grooved, or inflated.
Tribe 3. RANUNCULEA2. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals
conspicuous, flat. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary.
7. Ranunculus. Petals with a little scale or pore at the base on the
inside. Seed erect.
Tribe 4. HELLEBORINEAS. Sepals imbricated in the bud, de¬
ciduous, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals ( nectaries of the
earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2-lipped, often none.
Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few -several-seeded. — Leaves
all alternate.
* Flower symmetrical. Pods several-seeded.
8. Isopyrum. Petals none (in the American species). Pods few.
Leaves compound.
9. Caltha. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped.
10. Trollius. Petals minute, entire. Pods 8-15, sessile.
11. Coptis. Petals small, hollowed at the apex, entire. Pods 3-7,
stalked. Sepals deciduous.
12. Helleborus. Petals 8- 10, small, tubular, 2-Iipped. Pods sev¬
eral, sessile. Sepals 5, persistent, turning green with age.
13. Aquilegia. Petals 5, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals, spur¬
shaped, tubular, symmetrical. Pods 5, tipped with long
styles.
* * Flower unsymmetrical. Pods several -seeded.
14. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of 2 forms.
15. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, receiving the 2 long-clawed
petals.
* * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed.
16. Zanthorhiza. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens
few. Flowers in drooping compound racemes, polygamous.
Stems shrubby !
Tribe 5. CIMICIFUGEiE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the
flower opens. Petals small and flat, or none. Pistils 1 -sev¬
eral. Fruit a 2 -several-seeded pod or berry. Leaves all al¬
ternate.
17. Hydrastis. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becom¬
ing berries in fruit, 2-seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals
none.
18. Act^a. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, form¬
ing a many-seeded berry. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound.
Petals manifest.
19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8,
in fruit forming dry several-seeded pods. Leaves 2 - 3-ter-
nately compound.
4 RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Tribe I. CLEMATiDE^E. The Virgin’s-^bower Tribe.
1. ATRAfiENE, L. Atragene.
Sepals 4, colored ; their valvate margins slightly turned inwards
in the bud. Petals several, slender, like sterile stamens. Anthers
linear. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles
in the form of long plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by
the leafstalks ; stems a little woody. Leaves opposite, compound.
Peduncles 1-flowered. (Derivation obscure : the name was ghen
to a climbing plant by Theophrastus.)
1. A. Americana, Sims. (American Atragene.) Leaflets
stalked, ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly
heart-shaped. — Shady rocky hills, Maine and western N. England to
Michigan. April, May. — From each of the opposite buds in spring
there arise two ternate leaves with long-stalked leaflets, and a pe*
duncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across.
2. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin’s-bower.
Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins more or less bent inward?
in the bud. Petals none. Anthers linear. Achenia numerous
in a head, bearing the persistent styles mostly as hairy or plu¬
mose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climb¬
ing by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite.
a name applied by Dioscorides to a climbing plant with long ^
lithe branches.)
* Peduncles bearing single large flowers : calyx thickish or leathery
1. C. ochrolcuca, Ait. (Pale Virgin’s-bower.) ^
simple, erect; leaves simple, ovate, entire, clothed with soft, ^
hairs. — Copses near Brooklyn, New York. May. — A f°ot 1
leaves 3 inches long, reticulated and soon smooth above. Ca •
silky outside, yellowish within. Tails of the fruit finely plumose.
2. C. Vionia, L. (Leather-flower). Smooth; stem
ing ; leaves bearing 3-7 ovate or oblong, entire or 2 — 3 lobed
or on the flower branches simple; calyx bell-shaped, the (purpn-
sepals very thick and leathery, with the points narrow and recUIT!
tails of the fruit very plumose. — Rich soil, Penn, and Ohio. * a*
-Aug.
* * Flmcers in panicled clusters. ■
3. C* Virginia na, L. (Common Virgin’s-bower.) ®Bl00 n(j
leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, u
somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; tails of the fruit plumose.—
5
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
er-banks, &c., conynon ; climbing over shrubs; flowering in July and
August. The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous white
flowers (sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dioe¬
cious ; the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feath¬
ery tails of the fruit.
Tribe II. ANEMONEiE. The Anemone Tribe.
3* PULSATILLA, Tourn. Pasque-flower.
Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like
stamens. Achenia with long feathery tails. Otherwise as
Anemone. (Derivation obscure. The popular name was given
because the plant is in blossom at Easter. )
1. I*. p:\teilS, Mill. Silky with long soft hairs, dwarf; radi¬
cal leaves 3-parted ; the divisions wedge-shaped, 3-cleft and cut,
their lobes linear-lanceolate ; involucre cut to the base into many
narrow equal divisions ; flower erect, dull purple. — Prairies, Wiscon¬
sin, Lapham. March, April ; flowering before the leaves appear.
Sepals V or more long. Tails of the fruit 2 1 long.
4. ANEMONE, L. Anemone. Wind-flower.
Sepals 5-15, petal -like. Petals none. Achenia without tails. —
Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 - 3 to¬
gether, and forming an involucre at the base of the flower-stalks.
(Deriv. from avcpos, the wind , because the flower was thought to
open only when the wind blows. Plin. Nat. Hist., 21, § 94.)
^ * Stem-haves ( involucre ) stalked.
1. A. ncmorosa, L. (Wind-flower. Wood Anemone.)
Low, smooth ; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked pe¬
duncle ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed
and cut ; the lateral ones often (var. quinquefolia) 2-parted ; sepals
4 - 6, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple outside ; carpels
few. — Margin of woods, April, May. — A delicate and pretty vernal
species, the spreading flower 1' broad. Carpels only 15 or 20, ob¬
long, with a hooked beak.
2. A. cylindrica, Gray. (Long-fruited Anemone.) Slen¬
der, clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-6 on very long and upright
naked peduncles ; leaves of the involucre thrice or twice as many as
the flower-stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral
2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft; lobes cut and toothed at the apex;
sepals 5, obtuse , silky outside, gTeenish-white ; head of fruit cylin¬
drical. — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan. May.
— Plant l°-2° high. Peduncles 7'- 12' long, all appearing together
1*
6 RANUNCULACEiE. (crowfoot family.)
from the same involucre, and naked throughout, or sometimes part of
them with involucels, as in No. 3. Head of fruit dense, 1' long:
achenia very woolly, as also in the two succeeding species.
3* A. Tirgiiiiaua, L. (Tall Anemone.) Hairy; principal
involucre 3-leaved ; the leaves long, petioled, 3-parted ; the divis¬
ions ovate-lanceolate , pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the
middle 3-cleft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others
with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute , greenish (in
one variety white and obtuse), silky beneath ; head of fruit oral or
oblong. — Woods and meadows, common. June -August. —
2°-3° high ; the upright peduncles 6'- 12' long. In this and the two
following species the first flower-stalk is leafless ; but from the same
involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which are 2-leaved
at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar
peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the w hole
summer.
4. A. multifiria, DC. (Many-cleft Anemone.) Low*
silky-hairy; principal involucre 2- 3-leaved, bearing one naked and
one or two 2-leaved peduncles; leaves of the involucres on short peti¬
oles, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft,
their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-
yellow; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Vermont and N.
New York, L. Superior, &c., rare. June. — Plant 6'- 12' high; se¬
pals long.
* * Leaves of the stem and branches (involucre and involucels) sessile
5. A. Pennsylvanica, L. (Pennsylvanian Anemone)
Principal involucre 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a
pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle,
which branch similarly in turn ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-oleft*
cut and toothed ; root-leaves 5-7-parted or cleft ; sepals oborate , white)
head of fruit spherical ; the carpels flat, hairy. — W. New Engl- to
Ohio and Wisconsin. June - Aug. — Plant rather hairy, & high
w hen it begins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, eaC
terminated by a naked peduncle, through the summer; flowers U
broad, handsome.
HEPATICA, Dill. Liver-leaf. Hepatica.
Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as »
resemble a calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone. — Leaves all radical*
heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the year*
the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers single, on
hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the leases
in shape to the liver.)
RANUNCULACEjE. (crowfoot family.) 7
1. H* triloba, Chaix. (Round-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves
with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also
obtuse. — Woods, common, especially in New Engl. ; flowering al¬
most as soon as the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 7-9,
blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose
head, ovate, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse,
or rounded.
2. H. acutiloba, DC. (Sharp-lobed Hepatica ) Leaves
with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; leaves of the
involucre acute or acutish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to
Michigan. Flowers pale purple.
6. TIIALICTR1JM, L. Meadow Rue.
Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Ache¬
nia 4 - 15, tipped by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed,
or else inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with 2-3-ter-
nately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked.
Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Derivation
of the name obscure.)
* Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit , like Anemone : root a
cluster of small tubers: flowers perfect : fruits sessile , grooved.
1. X. aueillOliOldes, Michx. (Roe-Anemone.) Low ; root-
leaves twice or thrice 3-divided; the leaflets and the long-stalked
leaflets of the involucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex ; flowers few
in a simple umbel, white. (Anemone thalictroides, L., Bigel.) —
Woods. April, May. — A pretty plant, more like Anemone than
Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves at the very
summit like those from the root, but without the common petiole,
so that they appear like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves.
Sepals 7-10, half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens.
Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma.
* * Stem-leaves scattered, 3-4 times compound : root fibrous .* flowers
dioecious or polygamous : sepals 4-5, falling early : fruits sessile,
tipped with long stigmas , grooved.
2. X. dioicum, L. (Early Meadow Rue.) Leaves all with
general petioles; leaflets rounded and 5-7-lobed; flowers in com¬
pound panicles, greenish. — Rocky woods and hill-sides. April,
May. — A foot or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and
slender yellowish anthers on capillary filaments.
3. X. Comuti, L. (Meadow Rue.) Stem-leaves icithout
general petioles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flow¬
ers in very compound large panicles, white. — Meadows and along
streams. June, July. — Stem 3° - 4° high, furrowed. Leaves whit-
8
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
ish or downy beneath. Filaments slightly club-shaped ; anthers
oblong.
Tribe III. RANUNCULfejE. The Crowfoot Tribe.
€ULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, larger than the calyx, with a little pit or
scale at the base inside. Achenia numerous in a head, flattened,
pointed , the seed erect. — Annuals or perennials : stem-leaves
alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rare¬
ly white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more
than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (Name from
Rana, a frog, the aquatic species growing where those animals
abound.)
§ 1. Petals white , the claw yellow , with a little cavity or pore : fruits
transversely wrinkled . Aquatics , the immersed leaves many tints
divided into capillary lobes.
1. R. aqiuitilis, L. (White Water-Crowfoot.) Stem
floating ; the leaves all immersed and filiformly dissected, or some¬
times with the uppermost emersed and 3-parted, the divisions cut and
toothed; petals oblong-obovate. — Ponds and flowing waters. June,
Aug. — The most common form is the Var. fluviatilis, with all the
leaves immersed and capillary ; the state with emersed leaves is rare¬
ly met with in the United States.
§ 2. Petals yellow , with a little scale at the base : fruits not wrinkled or
roughened. (All but No. 2 terrestrial.)
* Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves filiformly dissected.
R. Purshli, Richards. (Yellow Wtater-Crowfoot.)
Stem floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked
nliform divisions; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emerged
eaves kidney-shaped or round and variously lobed or cleft ; petals 5
-8, much larger than the calyx; carpels in a spherical head, pointed
with a straight beak. (R. multifidus, Pursh , Bi*el. R. lacustn*
Beck.) — Stagnant water, Massachusetts to Michigan. May- July- -
Stems 2° -4 long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly
as large as in the common Buttercup, No. 16.
. * * Leaves all undivided : perennial \ glabrous.
* * “romula, L. (Spearwort.) Stem reclining, root*
mg at the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, obscurely toothed or entire,
acute, the lower ones petioled; carpels in a spherical head, T™**
Kith a slender beak. — Ditches, &c., common, probably indigenous-
June - Aug. Stems l°-2° long. Flower 4' broad.
9
RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
5. R, l’i* plans, L. (Creeping Spearwort.) Stem slender,
prostrate , rooting at the joints ; leaves linear or lanceolate , rather ob¬
tuse, entire, tapering into petioles, often clustered at the joints ; car-
pels few in a small spherical head, tipped with a minute blunt point.
(The most common slender form is R. filiformis, Michx.) Gravelly
or muddy banks of ponds and rivers, common. June - Aug. — A
very delicate creeping species : stems 4* -61 long, sometimes ascend¬
ing. Petals 5 or more, deep yellow, much longer than the calyx.
6. R. pusillus, Poir. (Little Spearwort.) Stem slender,
ascending or erect ; root-leaves ovate or roundish , obtuse, entire, often
rather heart-shaped, on long petioles ; the lower stem-leaves similar ;
the uppermost linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, scarcely petioled ;
carpels in a spherical head, scarcely pointed; stamens few. — Wet
places, S. New York and New Jersey. July. — Stems & - 12' high,
branched. Petals 1 to 5, often 3, scarcely longer than the calyx, pale
yellow. Stamens 5 - 10.
7. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (Sea-side Crowfoot ) Stem
sending off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at
the joints; leaves all roundish , heart-shaped at the base , coarsely crenate-
toothed, on long petioles; flower-stalks ( scapes ) leafless , 1 — 5-flower-
ed ; carpels in oblong heads , very numerous, beaked. — Seashore,
Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York. June- Aug.
— 11 ? Runners often 1° long. Leaves rather fleshy. Scapes 3* -6'
high. Petals 5-8, bright yellow, a little longer than the calyx.
* * * Lower leaves undivided or merely cleft : perennial.
8. R. l’lionibofdeus, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy; root-leaves
rhombic-ovate , toothed or crenate ; lowest stem-leaves often similar ;
the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels orbic¬
ular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large , exceeding
the calyx. (Also R. brevicaulis, Hook.?) — Prairies, Michigan and
Wisconsin. Apr. - May. — Stems 3> -6' high, sometimes not longer
than the root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 13.
9. R. abortivus, L. (Small-flowered Crowfoot.) Gla¬
brous and very smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kid¬
ney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-part-
ed; those of the stem and branches 3-5-parted or divided, subsessile;
their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed ; car¬
pels in a globular head, tipped with a very short recurved beak ; petals
shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Shady hill-sides, common. Apr. -
June. _ Stem erect, l°-2° high, at length branched above, the pale
yellow flowers very small in proportion.
10. R. recurvatus, Poir. (Hooked Crowfoot.) Hirsute ;
leaves of the root and stem nearly alike , long -petioled , deeply deleft ;
the lobes broadly wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards
the apex ; carpels in a globular head, conspicuously beaked by the re-
10
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
curved hooked styles ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Woods,
common. June. — Stem 1° — 2° high. Leaves ample. Petals ob¬
long, pale yellow, quite inconspicuous.
* * * * Lower leaves merely cleft : annual.
11. II* sceleratus, L. (Cursed Crowfoot.) Smooth and
glabrous ; stem thick ; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded, the lower stem-
leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost
almost sessile with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ; carpels
pointless , very small and numerous, in cylindrical heads; petals scarce¬
ly exceeding the reflexed calyx. — Wet ditches, introduced from Eu¬
rope ? June, July. — A foot high. Stem hollow. Leaves thickish ;
the juice very acrid and blistering. Petals light yellow.
* * * * * Leaves all ternately divided : perennial.
Head of carpels oblong or cylindrical.
f 12. R, Pennsylv&lliCllS, L. (Bristly Crowfoot.) Hir¬
sute with rough spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, erect; divisions
ot the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut
and toothed, acute ; carpels pointed with a short straight beak; petals
rather shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Wet places, common. June
- Aug. — A coarse plant, 2° - 3° high, with inconspicuous pale flowers.
Head of carpels globular : petals much larger than the calyx.
X 13- R* fascicillaris, Muhl. (Early Crowfoot.) How,
pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster oj thickest
fleshy fibres ; radical leaves appearing pinnate , the long-stalked ter
minal division remote from the sessile lateral ones, itself 3-5-divi
or parted and 3 -5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; stems ascending)
petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading calyx , caT
pels scarcely margined , tipped with a slender rather curved beak-
Rocky hills, April, May.— Plant 5'-9' high; the bright yell°*
flower V broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader t ***
the scale.
14. R. repens, L. (Creeping Crowfoot.) Low, hair)
nearly glabrous ; stems ascending , and some of them forming IwS rU*
ners ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all stalked (or at least t t
terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-c*ett
parted and variously cut ; peduncles furrowed ; petals obovate, ,7Uj^
larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined , P011*
by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, meadows, c c
May - Aug. — Very variable in size and foliage, commencing to °'
er by upright stems in spring before the long runners are fornu
Flowers as large as, or often larger than, in No. 13. Fibres of the r0°
sometimes thickened.
15. R. bulbosus, L. (Bulbous Crowfoot, Butti bcC^
Hairy ; stem erect from a solid bulb ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11
eral divisions sessile, the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-
shaped, cleft and toothed ; peduncles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-
shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed calyx ; carpels tip¬
ped with a very short beak. — Meadows and pastures, introduced
from Europe, very abundant in E. New England. May -July. — A
foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep
glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad.
16. R. acris, L. (Tall Crowfoot, Buttercups.) Hairy;
stem erect; leaves 3-divided; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or
parted, their segments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ;
peduncles not furrowed; petals obovate, much longer than the
spreading calyx. — Meadows and fields, everywhere ; introduced
from Europe. June -Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 15, the
flower nearly as large but not so bright and deep yellow. — The
Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid
juice, which, however, being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when
these plants are cut with hay.
Tribe IV. HELLEBORlNEiE. The Hellebore Tribe.
8. ISOPI BUM, L. (Enemion, Raf.)
Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in
the American species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3 -6 or more,
pointed with short styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2 -several-
seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound
leaves ; the leaflets 2 - 3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal,
white. (Name from icros, equal , and irvpos, wheat , which has no
obvious meaning as applied to these plants.)
1. I. Intern at urn, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6
(commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. — Moist
shady places, Ohio and Indiana. May. — Fibres of the root thicken¬
ed here and there into little tubers. Foliage and size of the plant
much like Thalictrum anemonoides.
9. CiLTHA, L. Marsh Marigold.
Sepals 6 -9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with no
styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded.
Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form
large undivided leaves. (Name from KakaOos , a goblet , in allu¬
sion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.)
1* C. palustris, L. (Marsh Marigold.) Stem hollow, fur-
12 RANUNCUXACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
rowed ; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly en¬
tire ; sepals about 6, broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and
wet meadows, April -May. — This well-known plant is used a* a
pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower, under the name of Cow¬
slips , but the Cowslip is a totally different plant, namely, a specie?
of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us, as in England, the
popular name of Marsh Marigold.
TROLLIES, L. Globe-flo\ver.
Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the
concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9
^ or more, sessile, many-seeded. — Smooth perennials with pah
mately parted and cut leaves, like Ranunculus, and large solitary
terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from the old Ger¬
man word troll , a globe, or something round.)
^ 1st xus, Salisb. (Spreading Globe-flower.) Sepal*
o — 6, spreading; petals 15—25, inconspicuous, much shorter than th®
stamens. — Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Penn, and Michigan.
May* Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the se¬
pals spreading, so that the name is not appropriate, as it is to the Eu**
pean Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is it showy, the color being *
pale greenish yellow.
11. COPTIS, Salisb. Gold-thread.
Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5 - 7, small, club-
shaped, tubular at the apex. Stamens 15 - 25. Pistils 3 - 00
slender stalks. Pods divergent, membranaceous, pointed with the
style, 4 - 8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials, with ternately di¬
vided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name fro®
KOTrra, to cut , alluding to the divided leaves.)
L C, trifolia, Salisb. (Three-leaved Goldthread )
lets 3, obovate - wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobeL
scape 1-flowered. — Bogs, abundant northward. May. — R°ot °
long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining- Sc*P®
naked, slender, 3> - 5' high.
12. HELLEBORES, L. Hellebore-
Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8 - 1^? reI^
small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pistils 3 - 10, sessile, forming coriace¬
ous many-seeded pods. — Perennial herbs of the Old World, "ith
ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large solitary nodding flowers-
KANUNCULACE.<£. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13
(Name from Afar, to injure , and j Qopd,food, from their well-known
poisonous properties.) — One species has been introduced, viz.
1. II. viridis, L. (Green Hellebore.) Root-leaves gla¬
brous, pedate ; those of the stem nearly sessile at the ramifications ;
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long
Island, in old fields, naturalized. April.
13. AQl ILEGIAy L. Columbine.
Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, with a short
spreading lip, produced backwards into long tubular spurs, much
longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods
erect, many-seeded. - Perennials, with 2 - 3-ternately compound
leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, terminating
the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some fancied
resemblance of the spurs to talons.)
Ca,,a,1«asis* L (Wild Columbine.) Spurs nearly
rnm8ht ’ s'am*nsland 8t>'les longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks,
ed root'’ 1 h" ~ T A f°0t lllgh’ *ro,n a Perpendicular thicken-
Lar et vetow0113^ ^ S'aUC°US benea‘h' Flowers 2' long,
14. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur.
^ Sepals 5, irregular, the upper one produced into a spur at the
lone's 6 l ’. lrregU,ar’ the uPPer Pair Produced backwards into
5? rr z,r ss r “r • - -*
no,. - l-„
r:
n°‘ tk* d-W figure. ,f ,h, fiolphT.’.) "
Cultivated in gardens. GFS PurPlJsh-bIue, downy.
Iy ^-Parted/ their divistol^'uneqlint^ L_'K*8Pl,R) Leaves deep-
“ ; Tatemefae-jUneered, W ; sjur
14
RANTXNCULACE2E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
strongly diverging. — W. Penn., Ohio. April, May. — Root a tuber¬
ous cluster. Stem simple, 6' - 12' high. Flowers bright blue.
3. I>. UZ tiro 11 III, Michx. (Azure Larkspur.) Leare?
deeply 3-5-parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all nar¬
rowly linear; raceme straight; spur ascending, usually curved up¬
wards ; pods erect. — Ohio ? Wisconsin. May, June. — Stem 1°-*
high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers pale sky-blue, whitish-
D. Consolida, L., the common annual Garden Larkspur, be
longing to a section of the genus which has the 4 petals all united
into one, and a single pistil, has escaped from the gardens into the
road-sides in some places. — Two or three other species are familiar
in cultivation.
15* ACOIHITUM, L. Monk’s-hood or Wolf s-ba>£-
Sepals 5, very irregular ; the upper one hooded or helmet-
shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting
entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting
of small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and conceals
under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods several-seeded. Seed-
coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately deft
or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles-
(Name, it is said, from Acone , in Bithynia.)
1. A. u lie ill a turn, L. (Wild Monk’s-hood) Stem:-11
der, weak, and disposed to climb, with diverging branches; lea'|
deeply 3-5-lobed, petioled; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarse,
toothed; helmet obtusely conical, compressed, slightly P°*n*
beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams, Penn, to M *si°n
sin, rare. Aug. Stems supporting themselves upon adjacent bus
&c , often 5°-6° high. Flowers deep blue.
A. reclinAtcm, Gray, a white-flowered species like A- hyc<
tonum of Europe, will doubtless be detected in the mountain*
Pennsylvania.— A. Napellus, the officinal Wolf’s-bane, and #v*
eral other species, represent the genus in gardens.
16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Yellow-R°°t-
Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much srna*‘
er than the sepals, concave and 2-lobed, raised on a clawr.
mens 5 or 10. Pistils 5 — 15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous o'uk
Pods 1 -seeded, oblong, the short style becoming lateral in
growth. — A low plant, with shrubby shoots, the bark .
long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, ^
purple, in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with 1
RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
15
1 - 2-pinnate leaves, from large terminal buds in early spring.
(Name from £cuft6st yellow, and piCa, root.)
1. Z. apiffolia, L’Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the
mountains of Penn, and southward. Sherburne, New York, Dr. Dou¬
glass. Sterns clustered, 1°- 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. —
The roots of this, and also of the next plant, were used as a yellow
dye by the aborigines.
Tribe 5. CIMICIFUGE^E. The Bugbane Tribe.
Hi DRASTIS) L. Orange-root. Yellow-puccoon.
Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Pe¬
tals none. Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat,
2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head of crimson 1-2-seeded ber¬
ries in fruit. A low perennial herb, sending up in early spring,
from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical leaf,
and a simple hairy stem which is 2-leaved near the summit, and
terminated by a single greenish-white flower. (Name probably
from uSa ,p, icater , and Spdo, to act, alluding to the active proper¬
ties of the juice.)
Jei®l?**ad4,*S*S’ L -Rich woods, New York to Wis-
donhlv ? rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5-7-lobed,
5 serrate» veiny, when full grown in summer 4' -9' wide.
IS. ACT JEA, L. Baneberry. Cohosh.
Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4 -
10, small, flat, spatulate. Stamens numerous, with slender white
“if/1" “ie“
f raw-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened and packed
horizontally in 2 row, perennialS) ^ 2 _ 3.^ yP™
9 . ... *°ng, the slender pedicels an inch long
>°ng; Raceme ob-
eTen as large as the comr !' ’ Pedicels of the fruit thickened,
ge as the common peduncle; berries milk-white— Woods^
16 RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
May, later than No. 1, and generally a larger plant. Berries some*
times tipped with purple. — From Mr. Oakes we have a variety with
quite slender fructiferous pedicels. On the other hand, we learn that
Or. Knieskern has found in W. New York a red-fruited plant with
thick pedicels ; so that the most obvious characteristics of the two
species are not entirely constant.
19. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbane.
Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals,
or rather transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at
the apex. Stamens as in Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry pods
in fruit. — Perennials, with 2 — 3-ternately divided leaves, the
leaflets cut-serrate, and white fetid flowers in elongated wand¬
like racemes. (Name from cimex , a bug, and fugo, to drive
away ; the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.)
§ 1. Macrotys, Raf. — Pistil 1, or sometimes 2 : seeds smooth,
tened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows , as in Actffa :
stigma fiat.
1. C. racemosa, Ell. (Black Snake-root.) Racemes very
long; pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to
Michigan. July.— -Plant 3? -8° high, from a thick knotted root-
stock : the racemes in fruit becoming 1° — 2° long. Stamens ' ery
numerous, white.
§ 2. Cimicifoga, L. — Pistils 3 - 8 : seeds flattened laterally, covered
with chaffy scales , and occupying one row in the membranai unu
pods : stigma pointed.
2. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bugbane.) Pa
cemes slender, panicled ; pods mostly 5, stalked, flattened, veiny,
6- 8-seeded. — High mountains of Pennsylvania and souths ar
Aug — Plant 2°-3P high, more slender than No. 1 ; the flowers also
smaller.
Adonis autumnAlis, L., the Pheasants’ Eye of Europe, has been
found growing spontaneously in Western New York.
Nigella Damascena, L., the Fennel-flower, which offers
remarkable exception, in having the pistils partly united into at 0111
pound ovary, so as to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spont2
neously around gardens.
P-*5nia, the PiEONY, of which some species are familiar in garden-,
forms a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persi&ten
calyx, and an hypogynous fleshy disk surrounding the base of the 1°
licular pistils.
MAG NOLI ACE JE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)
17
Order 2. MAGNOLIACEiE. (Magnolia Family.)
Trees or shrubs , with the leaf-buds sheathed by mem¬
branous stipules , polypetalous , hypogynous , polyandrous ,
polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored alike , in three or
more rotes of three, imbricated in the bud. — Sepals and
petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of
the receptacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly pack¬
ed together and covering the prolonged receptacle, coher¬
ing with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or
dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu¬
men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not tooth¬
ed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined.
Bark aromatic and bitter. Flowers single, large.
1. MAGNOLIA, L. Magnolia.
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with veiy short filaments
and long anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated and cohe¬
rent in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-
'-e fruit; each carpel opening on the back at maturity, from
" 1J>I 2 berry'like 866,18 ha"g by an extensile stalk com¬
posed of a fine web of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat
bony -Buds conical, formed of the successive pairs of stipules
rolled up each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is fold!
ed lengthwise and applied straight against the side of the next
Ann, and New York mZSjS 3wamps’ fr°m near CaP*
fenn., Ohio. May, June. - Tree M 9^ f ?,°^ W NeW York-
^-10' long. Flower Dale errn • 1 90 feet Leaves thin,
3' long, whSen yoZ sllt.v^ese^ '°W’ * ~ *' br°ad' Frui‘ * ~
J resembling a small cucumber.
18
MAGNOLIACEJE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)
3. III. XJml>i'ella, Lam. (Umbrella-tree.) Leaves obowlc-
lanceolate , pointed at both ends, soon smooth, crowded in a circle at tlu
apex of the flowering branches ; petals obovate — oblong ; cone of fruit
large, conical-oblong. — Mountains of Penn, (and W. New York?).
May. — A small tree. Leaves l°-2? long. Flowers white, 7'-8'
broad. Fruit rose-color, 4'- 5' long. — Possibly M. Fraseri (the
Long-leaved Cucumber-tree) grows in the mountains of Pennsyl*
vania. It is hardy in cultivation as far north as Boston. M. macro*
phylla (the Large-leaved Magnolia) scarcely is so.
2. LIRIODFNDRON, L. Tulip-tree.
Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in 2 rows, making a bell-shaped
corolla. Anthers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale*
form, long and narrow, imbricated and cohering together in anob*
long cone, dry, separating from each other and from the prolonged
slender axis in the fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara 01
key, indehiscent, I— 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base.
Buds flatfish, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat stipules join*
ed at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so
that their apex points to the base of the bud. (Name from
lily or tulip , and devdpov, tree.)
1. Li. Tulipifera, L.— Rich soil. May, June.— A »ost
beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and 8° -9° in diameter in the
YV estern States, where it is called Poplar. Leaves very smooth,
with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which app*3^
as if cut oflf abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla 2' broad,
greenish-yellow marked with orange.
Order 3. ANOJVACEiE. (Custard-apple Family-)
Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules , a caty*
of 3 sepals, a corolla of 6 petals in 2 rows, valvate (ot
nearly so) in the bud, hypogynous, polyandrous. Albumet
ruminated. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening out¬
wards ; filaments very short. Pistils several or many, sep¬
arate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. See*
anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and a a1**
nute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen.
Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axilla1?’
solitary. Bark, &c., acrid-aromatic or fetid.
ANONACEiE. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)
19
1. ASIMIHfA, Adans. North American Papaw.
Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two sets, their margins in each set slight¬
ly overlapping in the bud ; the outer set larger. Stamens numer¬
ous in a globular mass. Pistils few, forming large and oblong
pulpy several-seeded fruits. — Shrubs or small trees, with un¬
pleasant odor when bruised ; the dull-colored flowers axillary and
solitary. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colonists.)
1. A. trllolm, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves thin, obo-
vate-lanceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the
outer ones 3-4 times as long as the. calyx. (Uvaria, Alph. DC ., Torr.
Gray,)— Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and Penn,
to Ohio and southward. April, May. — Tree KP-20° high; the
young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down,' soon
glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1 wide, each ripening
1-3 pulpy pods which are 2'- 3' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in
autumn
Order 4. MEXISPERMACEiE. (Moonseed Family.)
Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves,
without stipules ; the sepals and petals similar in 3 or more
rows, imbricated in the bud; hypogynous, polygamo-di* -
cious 3-6-gynous: fruit a 1 -seeded drupe, with a large
curved embryo. — Stamens several. Ovaries nearly straight
T* , S.“gima at ,he aPex> but incurved in fruiting, so Thai
e seed is bent into a crescent, or ring. Embryo curved
ike the seed. Albumen sparing.
1. MEJHSriEMrM) L. Moonseed.
raised on a short stalk nnp • ln fertlle flowers,
stone coiled into a ring’ (NamJ ^ ^ the
1 n , °m m00n’ and owippa, seed.)
tate ££“ ^ed3nrCaWtd T ^ P*
of streams. May. -Flowers „”nUh I ? 3 Bank,
“pals : imperfect stamens sometimes in the fertT'1 5flSh°rter than the
Wack with a bloom, looking like fi- . h & ® flovvere- Drupes
""kw . i,; ES. £
20
BERBERIDACEJS. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
Order 5. BERBERIDACEAE. (Barberry Family.)
Shrubs or herbs , with the sepals and petals both imbricat¬
ed the bud in 2 or more rows of 2 — 4 each ; the hypo-
gynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite then-
anthers opening by 2 valves or lids, (Podophyllum is an
exception.) Pistil sbigle. — Petals situated opposite the
sepals taken as a whole. Filaments short. Fruit a berry
or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen.
Leaves alternate.
flat
^ y uopsiSf
Tribe I. BERBERIDEAJ. Shrubs. Embryo large : cotyledon!
1. Berberis. Petals 6, each 2-gIandular at the base.
Tribe II. NANDINEAL. Herbs. Embryo short or minute.
2. Leontice. Petals 6, small and gland-like, hooded -kidney-forn>
3. Jeffersonia. Petals 8, oblong, not glandular. Pod opening ty
a lid. Stamens 8 : anthers opening by lids.
4. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12 - 18 : anthers not dis¬
tinctly opening by lids. Fruit pulpy.
BERBERIS, L. Barberry.
Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 3 bractlets outside. Petals 6, ob*
ovate, with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. ^t3
mens 6. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1- few-seeded
berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument. — Shrub®-
with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping
racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (D*
rived from Berbirys , the Arabic name of the fruit.)
1* B; vulgaris, L. (Common Barberry.) Leaves scattered
on the fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobe
margins, or reduced to sharp triple or branched spines; from whic*
the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong bristly-
toothed leaves, and drooping many-flowered racemes ; petals entire .
berries oblong, scarlet. — Introduced from Europe; thoroughly n®**
ralized in E. New England. May, June.
B. Canadensis, Pursh, the American Barberry, which grow*
abundantly in the mountains of Virginia, is to be sought in those of
Pennsylvania. It is a low bush, with scarcely bristle-toothed leaves*
notched petals, and oval berries. — The Mahonias, of which 2 or
species of Western America are cultivated, are Barberries with PlD*
nate leaves.
BERBERlDACEiE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
21
2. LEONTICE, L. (Caulophyllum, Michx.) Cohosh.
Sepals 6, with 2-3 or more fugacious bractlets at the base,
ovate-oblong. Petals 6 gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or
hooded bodies with short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one
at the base of each of them. Stamens 6, opposite the petals:
anthers oblong ; the face of each cell opening (as in the family)
like a lid or valve, hinged at the top. Pistil gibbous : style short :
stigma minute : ovary bursting at an early stage by the pressure
of the 2 erect enlarging seeds, soon withering away ; the spheri¬
cal seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, looking like drupes ;
the fleshy integument blue ; the solid albumen horny. (Name
abbreviated by Linnaeus from Leontopetalum of Tournefort. The
name Caulophyllum was given because the leafstalks appear like
a continuation of the stem.)
1. L*. thalictroldes, L. (Blue Cohosh, or Pappoose-root.)
Glaucous; stems simple from knotted and matted rootstocks; leaves
ample, 3-ternate ; the stem-leaf with a short common petiole or none ;
a smaller 2-ternate one at the base of the raceme-like panicle ; leaflets
vate-wedge-form, 3-lobed. — Rich woods, Maine and Rhode Isl¬
and to Wisconsin. May. Flowers small, yellowish-green. Seeds
the size of large peas.
3. JEFFEBSONIA, Barton. Tw,n-leaf.
Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : an¬
thers oblong-linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gib¬
bous, pomted : stigma 2-lobed. Pod rather pear-shaped, opening
lair3! r°“n, TDta“y " lid‘ Seeds ma"y on the
ral placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side. — Peren¬
nial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-petioled root-
Sr
scapes. (Earned in honor of Thomas Jefferson )
' I'- Y"'k-
•'MM.rtUra.t May-apple. Manbeake.
.'’"sLm'r'r’l 'it C“'y <fecid”“-
"" * wep. .p»«ea oU’-Si :e.» Z;
oo
bebberidace^:. (barberry family.)
^ 1^ Seeds covering the thick lateral placenta, inclosed in
P } is, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of the fruit
enmal, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots.
Stems 2-leaved, l-flowered. (Name from « foot, and
. °Vla eaf’ ^rom a fancied resemblance of the 5 - 7-parted leaf
to the foot of some web-footed animal.)
lobes Thl™eU*tllm’ L Stamens 12 - 18 ; leaves 5 - 9-parted ; the
the aocT er wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed it
min ‘.V woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems ter-
an umhrplT ^ t?P’ rount^» ^ ~ 9-lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, lit*
stalk fi W 3' F1°,WeriDg Stems beari"S 2 one-sided leaves, with tbe
fork npnrl "om * 16 ,^nner ec,ge5 the nodding white flower from the
•4 =«. *■ * ****
Oedek 6. CABOMBACEiE. (Water -SHIELD FaMILT.)
Aquatics, like Water-Lilies ; but. the sepals, petals, si *
, and pistils much fewer ( definite ) in number, all dis¬
tinct and separate. (The principal technical characters as
m the genus below.)
BRASE^IA, Schreber. Water-shield.
neSr18.3 ? *’ Persistent- Pl>^Ple inside. Petals 3-4,
Pistils?- lfi ,amenS 12-36 : filaments filiform : anthers innate-
1 ~ 2 in * °rmjng dub-shaped indehiscent pods.
small inoln ’ ,a tached to the dorsal suture ! Embryo pendulous.
Z mZ Z pm a PeCUliar bag> a‘ ‘he end of the alien ne,
petioled central?"? herb’ “ ponds- Leaves alternate, long-
“iUary,’ dXpu^.^a^/ °" the Water' ****
2 F l-wame of uncertain origin.)
coated witfi cl!??!]?111?' < Irydr°peltis, Michx.)—la\j. — Stalk?
jetty. Leaves entire, 2' -3' across.
Order 7. AEEUMBIACEJE. (Nelumbo Familt.)
formZlaqacoriCS\Iike Wate,"Lilies> hut the pistils distinct ,
cavities of the Ifhft Z'*' ^ seParatelH imbedded «»
itary filled win th °i top's,taPed receptacle. Seeds sol-
fi h the larSe highly developed embryo :
.
23
NELUMBIACEJE. (NELUMBO FAMILY.)
men none. — Sepals and petals colored alike, in several
rows, hypogynous, as well as the numerous stamens, decid¬
uous. Leaves orbicular, centrally peltate and cup-shaped.
!• NKH JIBIUlfl, Juss. Nelumbo. Sacred Bean.
Character same as of the order. (Name Latinized from Nelum -
boy the Ceylonese name of the E. Indian species.)
1. N. I il ten in, Willd. (Yellow Nelumbo, or Water Chiw-
qtEPi*.) Corolla pale yellow: anthers tipped with an appendage.
Waters of the Western States ; rare in the Middle States : intro¬
duced into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Also Big Sodus Bay,
L. Ontario, and in the Connecticut near Lyme, probably introduced’
by the aborigines. June, July. — Leaves l°-2° broad. Flower 5'-
& in diameter. Tubers farinaceous. Seeds also eatable. Embryo
like that of Nymphara on a large scale. Cotyledons thick and fleshy,
inclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves.
Order 8. NTMPHJElciLE. (Water-Lily Family.)
Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and
solitary showy flowers from a prostrate rootstock; the part¬
ly colored sepals and numerous petals and stamens imbricat¬
ed in several rows ; the numerous pistils combined into a
many- celled compound ovary. — Sepals and petals persistent
and decay, ng on or around the fruit. Slamens with slender
adnatc anthers opening inwards. Fruit a pod-like berry
npemng under water, crowned with the radiate stigmas, 14-
„ jk T ;,h[ many anatr°P°us see<k attached to the sides
and back of the cells. Embryo small, inclosed in a little
g at the end of the albumen, next the hilum,with a distinct
plumule, inclosed by the 2 cotyledons.
1 • K V JI PII.*; A, Town. W ater-N ymph. Water-Lily
Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous in many rows
and «1“h“ny P-hg into stamens, Lerted all
-er the receptacle which incloses the base of the ™
res t**? — «■*. - outers £
ular. covered with ,h l* ’"T' seParate- Fruit depressed-glob-
^ with the bases of the decayed petals. Seeds inclos-
24
NYMPHJEACEJ2. (water-lily family.)
ed in a sac-like aril. — Flowers white (rose-color or blue), very
showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.)
1. odorata, Ait. (Sweet-scented Water-Lily.) Leaves
orbicular, sometimes almost kidney-shaped, cordate-cleft at the bas
to the petiole, the margin entire ; stigmas 16 - 30, incurved : flow*
white, fragrant. — Varies with the flowers rose-color. — Ponds, coo*
mon in deep water; the trunks imbedded in the mud at the bottom
often as large as a man’s arm. July - Sept.
2, 1VUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily.
Sepals 5 or 6, partly colored, roundish. Petals numerous,
small and stamen-like, compactly inserted with the stamens into an
enlargement of the receptacle at the base of the ovary , shorter
than the circular flat-topped and radiate sessile compound stigtna-
Fruit ovoid, naked. Aril none. — Flowers yellow. (Name
Neufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.)
1- NT* ad vena. Ait. Leaves erect or floating on half-cyLnur
cal petioles, heart-shaped at base, oblong or rounded ; sepals 6;
furrowed. Ponds and ditches, mostly in shallow water; flowed
all summer. Also called Spatter-dock.
tea, Smith. Leaves floating, on triangular or roun' '
petioles; sepals 5; fruit not furrowed ; stigma 16 - 20-rayed. - '*r
Kalmiana is smaller in all its parts; stigma 8-14-rayed. —
common northward.
Order 9. SARRACEKIACEJ3. (Pitcher-pi^5,
Bog-plants t cilh hollow pitcher-form or trutnpet-sW^
radical leaves, and an umbrella-shaped petal-like *4“
characters those of the typical genus.
** SARKACfetfIA, Tourn. Sidesaddle-flows**
als 5 P“w 5’ WUh \ braCt'etS at the base> sloped, persistent. P*
m,„ \° °n" or obova,e> incurved, deciduous. Stamens numen
with ay^n°US; °VWy comP°und> 5-celled, globose, crowns
ant 1* S’ Which b at the summit into a very
5 delicate ravs ^ 5'aDgled 5'rayed umbrella-shaped body ; *be
Lt'ntZ. T” ,h* %
the persisJTstyJe T~Ld surface- *****?!
y > lied, with many-seeded placentas in ^
SARRACENIACEJE. (AMERICAN PITCHER-PLANTS.) 25
txi8y 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the
base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and pur-
, the hollow leaves having a wing on one side, and a rounded
iirching hood at the apex. (Named by Tournefort in honor of Dr.
Sorraztn of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a
botanical account of it, to Europe.)
I N. pm piirvit, L. (Sides addle-flower. Huntsman's
ttr) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged,
lhc h,*Hl erect* °Pcn» - heart-shaped ; flower deep purple ; the
jK tnU arched over the (greenish-yellow) style, fiddle-shaped. — Var.
hiterophtlla : flower all greenish-yellow — Peat- bogs, common
northward : the pale variety at Northampton, Massachusetts, and W.
oik, rare. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled
'VTwand, dr°'Vned inSCCt3 : thc inner face of lhe clothed
™ J*?1!"!"8 downward. Flower globose, nodding on
i hP * j Mgh : U 18 d,fficuIt to ^anny any resemblance between
'** shlP* and a -dcsaddle, but i, is no, very unlike a pillion.
Order 10. PVPAVErAce*:. (Poppp Family.)
Herb., irith m.% or colored juice, regular Jtowers, fuga-
,. 'P'" *' P° l‘”'dr,"‘^l‘'jpogyoooe, having a l-celled pod
f ' 8 hen the flower expands. Petals 4-12 spreading
.tr “• iccidrs' s““»
,„J o,1y ,|w' ' “ oni1"-™ »' 'be bn*, of fle.hy
civ albumen. - Jute, „o,c„tic ot acrid ^ ’
wnhout PeJunc,es mostly , .„raer;;s
Synopsis.
_ Pool ,* Pe,aIs morc or le8s crumpled in the bud
1- PapaTcr ' *he Pr°JCCting PUcente. not valved.
_ ‘ S"gma um,ed “ a rad'ate crown : style none.
fdges from tbe^thread-like placenta! " wh^ r'™ “Para,i"g their
2- Argemose. Stirmas (l ' ’ , , Temam “ 3 framework.
, . 'caves pri^ir ^ P'aCente d-6. Pod and
SrrcopHoRm. Stigmas and placents 3-4 St l a- ■
“Dinar. PCMJ bristly. * 4 St.vle distinct, col-
3
26
papaverace.®. (poppy family.)
4. Cheltdonidm. Stigmas and placenta; 2. Pod linear, smooss
Petals 4. Stamens rather few.
cr a * * Pelnls not crumpled in the bud.
5. bANGuiKARiA. Petals 8 - 12. Pod oblong, turgid, 2-valved
*• PAPAVER, L. Poppy.
Sepals mostly 2. Petals 4. Stigmas united in a flat4-^1
late crown resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; t-
er short and turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placenta? proj^v
n^ ike imperfect partitions, opening by as many pores or chink
er the edge of the stigma. — Herbs with a white juice; ^
flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) - Two species of the
orld are scarcely naturalized in this country, viz.
1. P. somniferum, L. (Common Poppy.) (l) Smooth,#*
cons; leaves clasping, wavy, incised and toothed; pod globose- '
cape rom gardens. Corolla mostly white or purple,
mfif m* L. (Smooth-fruited Corn-Poppy.) (5 *
corolla Muscarfet1116 1° t"S bristly ; pods club-shaped, smood
b scarlet. — Introduced around Westchester, Penn.
2. ABOEMONE, L. Prickly Popp?.
epals _ or 3. Petals 4 -6. Style almost none: stigniasJ
6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at *
top. Herbs with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Seeds crest-
L ,, aVe? sessile’ sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, blotch
from ‘ W te- F,0Wer-buds erect, short-peduncled. <»-
S;‘ of ,h* ™ • ,,r
Flowet"^^ L Pric KLY POPPV*) de
ces, escaped from gardLl juTy - olt J **** Prick1^- ? '
3* STYL*>HOBVB, Nutt. Celandine P°pp'
3-4^obed PetaIs 4* Style distinct, columnar:
conspicuously ^ 1 p 3-4-valved to the base SJ*
nately divided leaves like c'ekT ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
tending one - several =t j ,andlne> ‘he uppermost in pair>, -
pods noddina t ■ en er l-flowered peduncles, the buds
pods nodding. JUICe ye]Iow c P (Name from
. «*. »d»., ^ ; one
PAPAVERACEJS. (POPPY FAMILY.)
27
1. S. dipli'Ilum. Nutt. (Meconopsis diphylla, DC., Torr.
Gr.) — Wood*, W. Penn, to Wisconsin. May - Aug. — Divisions of
the leaves 5-7, sinuatc-lobed. Flower 2f broad. — S. petiolatum,
•Viitf is the same plant.
4. CIlELIDdNIVIH, L. Celandine.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none:
stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves
opening from the bottom. Seeds crested. — Perennial, with brit¬
tle st* ms, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinna-
tifid leaves, and small yellow flowers in umbel-like clusters. (Name
from xfXtiwv, the Sicalfow, because, according to Dioscorides, it
begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.)
1 4 • III. i jus, L. (Celandine.) Common peduncles many-
fit* wered ; leaflets 5-7, bluntly lobed and toothed, the uppermost
coafluent. — Waste places. May - Aug.
5. SANG l IN ARIA, Dill. Blood-root.
Sepals 2. Petals 8 - 12, spatulate-oblonff. the inner narrnwpr
1 S. Canadensis L. - Open woods, common.
s, common. April, May.
Order 11. FUMARIACIL®.
'• (Fumitory Family. \
28 FUMARIACEJE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)
Corolla flattened, closed; the 4 petals in two pairs; the
outer with spreading tips, and one or both spurred or gib¬
bous at the base ; the inner pair narrower and with their
callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in 2
sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogy-
nous ; their filaments more or less united ; the middle an¬
ther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1 -celled. Stigma
flattened at right angles with the ovary. Pod 1 -celled,
either 1-seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2
placentae. — Leaves alternate.
Synopsis,
* Pod slender: the 2 valves separating from the filiform placent®.
1. Adlumia. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent. Seeds crestless.
2. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred Seeds creste
3. Cory dalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested.
* * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded.
4. Fumaria. Corolla 1-spurred. Seed crestless.
1. ADL.lJ]fIIA, Raf. Climbing Corydalis.
Petals all permanently united in an ovate corolla, 2-gibbous at
1 J -11 few-
the base, becoming dry and persistent, inclosing the small
seeded pod. Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. — A climbmn
biennial vine, with 3-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets,
and ample panicles of drooping flowers. (Dedicated by
nesque to Major Adlum.)
1. A, cirrltosst, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent) — Wet "
Maine to W. States. July -Oct. — A handsome vine with de
foliage and pale flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendri 1 ^
young leafstalks over high bushes, cultivated for festoons and boW^
in shaded places. Petals all firmly united with each other and " ^
the sheath of filaments; the cross-section displaying 3 large an
small cavities.
2. DICENTRA, Bork. (wrongly Diclytra or B^ra)-
Petals conniving, but scarcely united, deciduous or withering^
the 2 outer gibbous or spurred at the base. Stigma 2-crested
sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly united. Pod 10 7
seeded. Seeds with a lateral crest. — Low, stemless pcrennia
FUMARIACEJE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)
29
with ternately compound and dissected leaves and simple scapes,
bearing racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name
from twice , and Ktvrpov , a spur.)
1. I>. ( iH'iillftria, DC. (Dutchman’s Breeches.) Gran¬
ulate-bulbous ; lobes of the leaves linear ; raceme simple , few-flower¬
ed; corolla with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the
inner petals minute. — Rich woods, especially westward. April,
May. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the
cluster of little grain-like tubers inclosed in a scaly sheath like a
bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter
bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd-shaped, white flowers tipped with
cream-color.
■2* I). C'&nsMlensiS, DC. (Squirrel-corn.) Subterranean
shoots luberiferous ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1. ; corolla mere¬
ly heart-shaped , the spurs very short, rounded ; crest of the inner
petals conspicuous , projecting. — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin,
especially northward. May. — TubeTs scattered, round, flattened, as
large as peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flow¬
ers greenish-white tinged with red, with the fragrance of Hyacinths.
f I>. eximia, DC. Divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly
£ ° ng; Tactme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2- gibbous at the
ase ; crest °f the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York,
rare, Thomas , Sarttcell ; and southward along the Alleghanies. _ A
nrger plant than the others, blossoming all summer, often cultivated.
Mowers reddish-purple. - D. Formosa, from Oregon, also cultivated,
“ a similar but still larger species.
3. CORVDALIS, L. Corydalis.
Cor<) „a 1 -spumed at the base (on the upper side), deciduous.
%lc persistent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers
racemes (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.) Our
species are biennial.
I < . aurca, Willd. (Golden Corydalis.) Stems low spread
-alioHcl-Re;kPUhr inc"rved; ^ pendent ; seeds’ with a
gan. April Vulv cf ^ etrtnms- Vermont to Penn, and Michi-
ornalerwi I “i aUCOUS: fl°Wer8 g«'den-yellow and showy
or paler and .ess handsome. Pods hardly V long/ uneven. " ’
-July. Corolla whiti-h t ,1 R k'’ P'ace8i common. May
corolla whuish shaded with yellow and flesh color.
30
FUMARIACEA2. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)
4. FUiUARIA, L. Fumitory.
Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit inde-
hiscent, small, globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched
annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves and dense racemes
or spikes. (Name from fumus , smoke.)
1. F. officinalis, L. (Common Fumitory.) Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the cor
olla; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwellings; intro
duced. — Flowers small, flesh-color tipped with crimson.
Order 12. CRUCIFER^E. (Mustard Family.)
Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetra
dynamous flowers : fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals >
deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, regular, placed opposite
each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross.
Stamens 6, 2 of them inserted lower down and shorter. 0
2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the 2 mar
ginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves separate,
either much longer than broad ( silique ), or short {sffid*
or pouch ), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumerta
ceous) or separating across into 1-seeded joints [lom^a
ceous). Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled b)
the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various
ways. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal
racemes or corymbs : pedicels not bracted. — A very natu¬
ral, homogeneous family.
Synopsis.
I. Siliquosje. Pod a silique , opening by valves.
Tribe 1. ARABIDEiE. Pod elongated (except Nasturtium)
Cotyledons accumbent ; that is, with their edges applied to tne
radicle. Seeds flattened. ,
1. Nasturtium. Pod oblong, turgid, or barely linear and curve
upwards. Seeds irregularly in two rows in each cell-
2. Iodanthus. Pod linear, elongated, terete. Seeds in a single r°'v
Petals violet-purple.
3. Cardamise. Pod linear, flattened ; the valves nerveless. Seeds
in a single row in each cell. Stems leafy. Flowers white
or purple.
CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.) 31
4. Dent aria. Pod lanceolate, flat, the valves nerveless. Seeds in
a single row in each cell. Stem few-leaved in the middle,
from a toothed or jointed rootstock. Flowers white-purple.
5. Akabis. Pod linear, flat or flattish; valves 1 -nerved in the mid¬
dle. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Flowers white or
rose -color.
6. IT rritis. Pod, &e., as in Arabis, but the seeds in 2 rows in
each cell.
'• Bakbarea. Pod linear, 4-sided. Flow’ers yellow.
Tribe 2. SISYMBRIEiE. Pod elongated. Cotyledons plane, in¬
cumbent, that is, the back of one of them applied to the radicle.
Seeds thickish or oblong.
8. Erysimum. Pod 4-sided, linear. Flowers yellow.
9. Sisymbrium. Pods terete or flattish, linear or awl-shaped.
Tnbe3. BRASSICEAi. Pod elongated. Cotyledons incumbent,
“"duplicate and folded round the radicle. Seeds globose.
•.isapis. Pod terete: valves 3- 5-nerved. Calyx spreading.
II. Siuculosje. — Pod short, a silicle, opening by valves
Tribec t, aALYSS,NE^' Pod 0val or oblong: partition broad.
«ium woTdte'ZS for(S.)h°rt'POdded 8PeCieS °f ^aStUr'
!i Cochleabla^ Podoevd,,tTyTded' F,OWerS White or yellow.
chlearia. Pod ovoid, turg,d, several-seeded. Flowers white.
Pod ovoid or oblong : partition broad.
Tribe 5. CAMELINE^E.
Cotyledons incumbent
14 P“<i1Obovoid> ‘orgid. Style slender
Svidlaria. Pod oral, turgid. Style none.
5 LrpIdiim. Pod roundish, 2-seeded.
/7 " A P°d ,nVerSC‘y heart sbaped'tr‘angular, many-seeded.
~ P°d Separati^ — into joints.
1" Cakile. Pod^^mrffjoin^T'^h"8 Pla”e’ accumbent-
Short, 2-jomted, w«h one seed in eaeh joint
1 = F* ^
32
CRUC1FERJE. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.)
Tribe I. ARABIDEiE. The Cress Tribe.
1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Cress.
Pod nearly terete, linear-oblong and curved upwards, or short
like a silicle. Seeds small, irregularly 2-rowed in each cell, mar-
ginless. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers,
and pinnate or pinnatilid leaves. (Name from Nasvs tortus , a
convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities.)
* Introduced : pod linear : flower white.
1. NT. officinale, R. Br. (Water Cress.) Stems rooting,
smooth; leaves pinnate, with 3-5 rounded leaflets; petals conspicu¬
ous, longer than the calyx. . - — Brooks and ditches, escaped from
cultivation. Finely naturalized at Niagara Falls on the Canada side.
* * Indigenous : pods oblong or ovoid : flowers yellow or yellowish .
2. NT. palustre, DC. (Marsh Cress.) Stem upright, smoot i
or hairy ; leaves pinnatifid and toothed, the lower lyre-shaped , Pet
als (yellowish) as long as the calyx ; pods ovoid-oblong varying
ovoid, obtuse, turgid, tipped icith a very short style , equalling or ra a
shorter than the spreading pedicels. 1J. . — Wet banks of streams, com
mon. June - Sept. — Plant coarse, P — 2° high, with very small flow
ers. — The plant of the Northern States is often hairy, and has shorte r
pods than the European, nor does it agree with N. amphibium, 0
which it has been taken.
3. NT. Itispidum, DC. (Hairy Cress.) Upright, rough
hairy ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifld and toothed ; petals (yellow u
hardly as long as the calyx ; pods ( minute ) ovoid, scarcely half as
as the somewhat spreading pedicels , tipped with a very short style . jT
— Wet places, Middletown, Connecticut, and Hudson River near tlC
Highlands. Barratt. — Apparently connected by intermediate vane
ties with the foregoing.
4. NT. nutans DC. (Floating Cress.) Aquatic, smooth;
immersed leaves pinnate , with numerous and crowded capillary d*'13
ions ; emersed leaves oblong, entire or serrate, sometimes pinnatih »
petals (white) longer than the calyx ; pods globose-obovatc , tipped
a slender style. 1J. . — In ponds and rivers, Oneida Lake and fet. La'
rence River, New York. Ohio and Michigan. July. .g
N. sylvestre of Europe, with linear pods and yellow blossoms,
said to be naturalized on the Delaware near Philadelphia.
2. IODANTHIJS, Torr. & Gray. False Rocket-
Pod linear, elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each
cell, margined. Style thick : stigma capitate. Claws of the vio-
33
CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY". )
let-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial,
with ovate-oblong pointed toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes
lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in panicled racemes. (Name
from Mrfgj violet-colored , and auOos, flower.)
1- I. lu*S|M>ridoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida,
Michx.) Banks of rivers, W. Penn., Ohio, &c. May, June.—
Steml°-3P high. Petals 5" long, spatulate. Pods V to nearly 2'
long, somewhat curved upwards, much longer than the stout spread¬
ing pedicels, knotty, rather fleshy : the valves obscurely 1-nerved.
3. CABDAM1NE, L. Bitter Cress.
Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically ; the valves
nerveless. Seeds in single rows in each cell ; their stalks slender.
— r lowers white or purple. (From KdpSa/xov, an ancient Greek
name for Cress.)
* Biennial : leaves pinnate : flowers small.
in the L (C°MMOnBitter Cress.) Mostly smooth
leaflet* L , d ’ somet,mes hairy; leaves pinnate with 5- 13
‘Cnafl.C'f’ °r b-.c-p.nna.ifid; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded
^ed; toothed of he uppcr oblong or ,inear) often en.rer°"’
2. r « *.PrrC?mal,: leaTC* Pinnate : flowers shoicy.
Stem a^dincH^to 7 if E,r°W f^”,’ CocKO°-FLOW“0
and stalked ; of Ihe uppt obwVorT ' ‘°Wer ^ ™nded
x dSr^Tf h) *ht; r
northward, rare. May. et Places and bogs, Vermont to Michigan
3- c. beiHaifh,;r,L 'm™ s>mpU or
(2*- 3* hifthWnO rt 1 ’ aisy-leaved Bitter Cress.) Dwarf
from the “short ^‘ose
J t ; ,sr • a***
^ w*™ <w,
fbrons ; leaves all much alike "to ’ CTeePmZ ™nncrs ; root
heart-shaped at the base oetioled tl S°mewhat angled, often
3 leaflets ; pods linear awl ^ °WeS* fre1uently 3-lobed or of
“inu«e; Jds oval-oblon* S j P°*nted with the style; stigma
v-oblong. (S Ul. Journal, 42, p. 30.) _ Cool, shaded
34 CRUCIFERS. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.)
springs, Penn., and southward along the mountains. May, June. —
Leaves with just the taste of the English Water Cress. Runners in
summer 1°- 3? long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 5.
5. C. rtiomboidcsi, DC. (Spring Cress.) Upright , tuber *
iferous ; stems simple ; ropt-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ,
lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the
upper almost lanceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed,
pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style tipped with a
conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-aval. — Wet meadows and springs,
common. Flowers large, white. — Var. purpurea, W. New "i°rk
and northward, is lower, a little pubescent, with the blossoms rose
color or purple. At the base of the stem is a cluster of little tubers.
April, May. — Approaches Dentaria.
C. teres, Michaux, is said to grow in New England in his Flofy
and his specimens at Paris are ticketed “Lake Champlain, Vermont.
But the plant appears clearly to be Nasturtium tanacetifolium, or *
ly rat urn , of the Southern States (cotyledons accumbent!), which ea 3
me to suspect a mistake in the record of the locality.
4. DENTARIA, L. Tooth wort. Pepper-root.
Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks
flat. — Perennials with long horizontal and fleshy toothed root
stocks of a pleasant pungent taste, sometimes interrupted , ^
low simple stems bearing 2-3 petioled compound leaves about
middle, often in a whorl, and a single raceme of large white
purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.)
1. I>. diptiylla, L. (Common Tooth wort or P xppER-R°j^
Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, like the ?a _
ones, close together, of 3 rhombic -ovate coarsely toothed lea
Rich woods, Maine and W. Massachusetts westward. May.
stocks 5' -10' long, crisp, tasting like Water Cress. Flowers w n ^
2. I>. maxima, Nutt. (Great Toothwort.) Ro0tS^t^-
string of strongly toothed tubers ; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 <in " ^
nate ; leaflets 3 ovate , obtuse, coarsely toothed and incised, often
cleft. (D. laciniata, var. d., Torr. Gr., FI.) — W. New ^or
Penn., Nuttull ! Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawe! May ^
10' -2P (Nutt.) high : raceme elongated. Flowers larger than ± ^
purple. Joints of the rootstock V -2* long, £' thick, stare y^ ^
Crawe’s specimens of this rare species are not so large as
scribes. The leaves are intermediate between No. 1 and No. *
3. D. laciniata, Muhl. (Cut-leaved Toothwort.)
stock necklace-form , consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly toot i esS^ ^
long tubers : stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-parted ; the leaflets hnea
35
CRUC1FERJE. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.)
lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the lateral
ones deeply 2-lobed. — Rich soil along streams, W. New Engl, to
1 enn. and Ohio. May. — A span high : raceme scarcely longer than
the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected.
4. D. heteropliylla, Nutt. (Dwarf Tooth wort.) Root-
stock necklace-form , obscurely toothed ; stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alter¬
nate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and nearly entire ; root-leaves
of 3 round-ovate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed leaflets. _ W.
Pennsylvania and southward. May. — A span high : stem-leaves V
long Flowers few, purple.
ArABIS, L. Rock Cress.
Pod long and linear, flattened, the valves 1-nerved in the mid¬
dle. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or wing-
e<*# Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from the country Ara¬
bia. Linn., PJal. Bot., § 235.)
* Seeds narrowly margined or marginless.
*•“ Root perennial.
Lam. (Alpine Rock Cress.) Stem nearly
upr.ght, sometimes branched, glabrous, root-leaves petioled, pinnati-
.those °f the stem oblong-linear, entire; pods spreading, straight;
*eds with a narrow margin. _ Shore of L. Superior and northward
Low, with the aspect of No. 2. wara.
**“ *** Root bie™ial or sometimes annual.
. A* L (American Rock Cress.) Diffusely branch¬
ed, low, glabrous except the lyrate-pinnatifid radical leaves- stem
leaves spatulat, or lanceolate, tapering to the base, the upper entire-
petals (white) twice the length of the cilw • ; * ure»
pointed , cM a short style; seeds marginless -Rocks "^readmg.
Stems 4t- 10' high. Radicle often oblique AP»‘-June.
<*-.>
equally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem °btU*?’
valves very obscurely nerved. S’ Pods V >ong:
4 -A, patens, Sulliv. (Open Hairy Rnnr r* v ^
* g’ f°dSSpTeaUlnS<‘nd earring upwards, tipped with
36 CRUC1FRRJE. (MUSTARD OB RADISH FAMILY.)
• distinct style — Rocky l>ank» of the Scioto, Ohio, Smllitant. May.
— Plant P-2P high. Flower* thrice a* Urge aa in No. 5, showy.
5. A. hirsute, Scop. (Strait II%irt Roce Crem.) Rough-
hairy, sometimes ainoothiah, atrait ; stem-leave* oblong or lanceolate,
entire or toothed, partly claaping by a aocnew hat anow-ahaped or
heart-ahaped baae; petal* (green i*h white) email but longer than the
calyx ; pedicels and pods strut! y upright ; style scarcely any. — Rocks,
Vermont to Penn. and Ohio. May, June. — Stem I°-2° high, «im-
ple or branched from the baae. Root- 1 crave* apatu late-oblong, sessile
or nearly ao Pod* numerous and appreaaed, narrow. Flowers small.
• • Seeds winged. ( Petals narrow, whitish, seed-stalks adherent to
the partition.)
6. A. I;«* viKUtu. DC. (Smooth Rock Cr*»» ) Smooth and
glaucous, upright; stem-leases partly clasping by the arrow-shaped
baae, lanceolate or linear, sparingly eut-toothed or entire; P®1®*8
•carcely longer than the calyi ; pods long and narrow , recurred-spread-
eng. — Rocky places, from Vermont westward. May. — St**®
high. Pod* IV long, on short merely spreading pedicels.
T. A. « HiiimIciisis, L. (Sickle-sod) Stem upright, smooth
above ; stem-leases pubescent , pointed at hath ends , oblong-lanceolate,
aeaaale, the lower toothed ; petal* twice the length of the calyx, ob¬
long-linear ; pods drooping , fiat, scythe-shaped. — Wood*. June - Aug.
— Stem ft - 3P high. Pod* S' long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on
rough-hairy pedicels, curved like a scymitar. (A. falcata, Mieht.)
t Obscure species.
8. A. h«t<*ropli> lla, Nutt. Nearly smooth ; root- leaves *pa^
uUte, toothed; tipper one* linear, sessile, entire; pods l°n£ an
spreading (3* long) ; petals linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx. k aris,
Maine, or near the White Mountains. <g) .Vuttall.
6. TFRRiTIS, Dill. Tower Mustard.
Po<I and flowers, Ac., as in Arabia ; but the seeds occupying “
rows in each cell. — Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white
or rose-color. (Name from turris , a tower, in allusion to the tall
and narrow form of the plants.)
1. T. glabra, L. (.Smooth Tower Mustard.) Stem-leaves
oblong or orate -lanceolate, smooth and glaucous, entire, lialf-cla»P,n6
by the arrow-shaped base; petals Utile longer than the calyx;
and the long and narrow pods strictly erect. — W. New York an
Ohio. June. Plant 2° high. Root-leaves rough-hairy, toothe .
petioled. Flower* yellowish-white. Pods 3' long, very narrow,
straight.
2. T.Mricta, Graham. (Straight Tower Mustard.) Smooth;
CRUCIFERS. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.) 37
stem-leaves lanceolate or linear , half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base,
entire or nearly so; petals twice the length of the calyx; pedicels erect
in flower and fruit; the linear elongated pods upright or spreading. _
Jefferson and Chenango counties, New York, and L. Superior. May.
~~ A foot high. Root-leaves small. Petals white, tinged with purple.
Uipo pods 3' long, broader and flatter than in No. 1, and not always
strictly upright. J
V- '*>•»<■ liyc.lrpa, Torr. & Gray. (Short-podded Tow-
er Mustard.) Smooth and glaucous; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate,
acu arrow-shaped ; pedicels of the flowers nodding , of the short and
nroadish pods spreadmg or ascending. - Fort Gratiot, &c., Michigan.
Root-leaves hairy. Pod 1' long. Flowers pale purple.
11.4HB.1BEA, R. Br. Winter Cress.
b/,1 !inear’ S°mrVhat 4'8ided’ thC Val¥6S ^ strongly keeled
ip '"T'6’ ®6eds ln a slnSle row in each cell, marginless.
—
'2*2? | Crew. Yeli.ow
X- a.”"
into the NortherrVtate^anaitahMdl ” sParing'y introduced
short style. Il ha* lon8er fla«ened pods and a very
Tribe n. SISYMBmtL*. T„ He,., T„„
«• ' HVS. VC V, L. Teeeoee
Pod linear, 4-stded, the valves keeled So A ■
m each cell, oblong maroinle* , ' , S ds ln a Slng'e row
enmbent. Calyx erect —Chi fl ed°nS °ften oblicluely in-
s» te"e. „ . . ,nJ1 L “ ’ !""'™ ««"«- :
a? T“r
■ - - J
as
CRUCIFERS. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.)
4 -elded, pointed with a short taper style ; stigma 2-lobed. — Central
Ohio, on limestone cliffs, SuUivant. (Illinois, Geyer , Dr. Meade.)
June, July. — Plant stout, l°-2° high, with a crowded raceme of
showy bright orange-yellow flowers as large as the Wall-flower. Pods
SP - 4' long, straight.
9. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mustard.
Pod terete or rather 4 - 6-sided ; the valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds
in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Calyx open.—
Flowers small, white or yellow. (An ancient Greek name for
some plant of this family.)
1. S. officinale. Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Leaves runci
note ; flowers very small, pale yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem,
awl-shaped , scarcely stalked, d)— Waste places, introduced. May'
Sept. — An unsightly branched weed, 2° high.
2. S. Thalia nil m. Gaud. (Mouse-ear Cress.) Leaves o-
ovate or oblong , entire or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods inear’
somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels.
Old fields and rocks, Wew York and Penn. Probably introduce •
May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base.
3. S. canescens, Nutt. (Hoary Hedge Mustard.) Leaves
2-pinnatiJid, the divisions small and toothed; flowers whitish; P°
in long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than,
spreading pedicels. (l) — Ohio and westward. — Slender, 1 'o ’
often hoary pubescent. Flowers very small.
Tribe III. BRASSIciLE. The Cabbage Tribe-
lO. SIXAPIS, Toum. Mustard.
Pod nearly terete, with a short beak ; the valves 3 - 5-(rarely 1')
nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons folded aroun
the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yell°^
flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Gree'
name 2*Wi, which is said to come from the Celtic nap , a turnip-)
1- S. alfm, L. (White Mustard.) Pods bristly , turgid, 01
spreading pedicels, shorter than the si. cord-shaped beak ; leaves all pm*
natifid. — Cultivated ; sometimes spontaneous in old fields.
2. arvensis, L. (Field Mustard. Charlock.) f 0
smooth , knotty, about thrice the length of the conical 2-edged beak ;UP'
per leaves merely toothed. — A noxious weed in fields, W.
York, thoroughly naturalized.
3. S. nigra, L. (Black Mustard.) Pods smooth, i-cornerd
{the vahes 1 -nerved only ) oppressed to the stem, tipped with a slender
CRUCIFERS. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.)
39
*tv!e ; leaves lyrate or lobed. — Fields and waste places, partly natu¬
ralized. The seeds furnish the mustard of our tables.
I ribe IV. ALYSSfNETE. The Alyssum Tribe.
11. DRABA, L. Whitlow Grass.
Pouch oval or oblong, flattened ; the valves flat or slightly con¬
vex. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Calyx
equal. Filaments not toothed. Low herbs, with entire or tooth¬
ed leave*. Flowers white or yellow. (Name from bpdprj, acrid,
m allusion to the pungency or acridity of the leaves.)
§ 1- DrA.ba, DC. — Petals undivided.
1 D. artWsans, Michx. (Rock-cress Whitlow Grass)
ranched at the base, tufted, leafy ; root-leaves oblanceolate, cluster-
er.’wtr enT8| °nS’ i ®harP'y t00thcd towards the apex; flow-
with a ? ' h ^ crowded raceme J Pods lanceolate-oblong, tipped
" f n ol7 u ££ pedicels, smooth, often twisted
KK’k I68’ Verm°nt’ N‘ Ncw York-
,, _ - nt 8 hlShi w*th conspicuous flowers.
O'-^U^rS’ ^ (GboteWh,tlow Grass.) Low
dUpti^lTL L* \ CaTCS °Val °r lanceol^e, toothed ; pods
flower, yellow or whHUh , ! !l FortG^t'” “ l™S.raCeme !
fl'-wer, while, rather conspicuous ® _ SanH fi u c Ped'Cels 5
Mand southward. April - J„ne. _ Pfan, from Rhode
4 D v<*o §. 2' E*6r‘n,Li- Petals 2-cleft.
clustered at Jt*. L”™ Dwarf; .eaves
*tcnw Mveral, leafless • pods nr„l , ’ sllShUy toothed, hairy ;
*». COCHLBiB,., Town.
“l •!■». of ,Z
, escaped from gardens, scarcely nat-
40 CRUCIFERS. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.)
uralized. — Roots large and deep, well known for their pungent prop*
erties. (C. officinalis, the English Scurvy-grass, is sometimes
found around gardens.)
Tribe V. CAMELtNELE. The False Flax Tribe.
IS. CAMELkjfA, Crantz. False Flax.
Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid ; partition broad.
Seeds numerous, oblong. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow.
(Deriv. Xa fuii, dwarf, and \lvov, flax.
1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; H*
margined, large. ® _ Flax-fields, &e., imported. It has been M-
cied to be a sort of degenerate flax. (Thlaspi arvense, of Notts
Genera, is the same plant.)
14. SUBULAriA, L. Awlwobt.
Pouch oval, turgid, with a broad partition. Seeds seTerab
Cotyledons long and slender, the cleft extending to the radical
side of the curvature. Style none. — A dwarf stemless pere™*
aquatic ; rite tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Sc*?6
naked, few-flowered. Flowers minute, white.
1. S. aquatic a, L. _ Margin of lakes in Maine, Xuttall, T**
erman , &c. June. Scape 1'- 3' high.
Tribe VI. LEPIDJNEE. The Pepperwort Tribe-
15. LEPiDUJM, L. Pepperwort. Pepps*611*83'
Pouch roundish, flattened contrary to the narrow partition,
^ly notched at the apex; the valves boat-shaped and keM
Seeds l a each cell : cotyledons incumbent or accumbent ! Flo*
ers smallwhue. Stamens often only two ! (Name from W
*7* ! lMt aIludin^ the small flat pods.)
L- (NAIUtOW-LXAT.nPEPP.KWORT.)
linear, emire’17/**’ ”°tched ; ^‘V^ons incumbent; stem-1
northward *** '“’***> *»">«»* 2- ® -Micb.ga» •»
3. I-eampestre, R.Br. (F.elu Pepperwort.) P^**'
CRUCIFERS. (MUSTARD OR RADISH FAMILY.) 41
tctngrd, notched, rough with minute scales; leaves arrow-shaped,
toothed, downy. — S. New York, sparingly introduced.
16. ('APSELLA, Vent. Shepherd’s Purse.
Pouch ,nveT8e,y heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to
th, narrow partition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds
R,‘nv’rou,: coly>edons incumbent. Annuals: flowers small,
white. (Name a diminutive of capsula , a pod.)
VvR*r ' Mcench. (Common Shepherd’s
I" ; clustered, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves
TT’iT ’ r'1" - Was,e Places- ,he commonest of weed. T
t^ueed from Europe. ApriUSept. (Thlasp: Bursa-paetons L.)
Tribe VII. CAKILtNE^E. The Sea-Rocket Tr,be.
1 7* tAKILE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket.
at*rt’i0in!ed’ aDgU‘ar’ fleShy’ the Upper j°int fla«ened
^ theTP 8 M maturity ! each indehiscent, X-eelled
i sealed, the lower sometimes seedier a • \ ’
suspended in the lower joint Cot^d ^ T' “ theupper.
cumbent. _ Sea-side k n Coty,edons mher obliquely ac-
Pliah. (An old Arabic name!)8’ flCShy Flowers Por-
obovate, sinuate !SrftoLTbed “bw. JobTof ®E*‘Roc,ckt) Loaves
g’n,1«; the upper ovate, flattish at it. *K Pru,t °bovoid, emar-
— Coest of the Northern S,1 Tr L(Bunias Anuria, Bige.
S P- - Join,. He.,,, evened Te h - ^ ^ J4~
»PP’ 4 moreTcahed^whenT ^ UPPe' one
B,J distinct from ,he EuroneT ^ -Our plant is cer-
Uke '*• occur» ''n 'he Southern States!’ Wi"Ch’ h°Weyer» or °ne
'■^VW. RAPHaNEAS. T« T„„.
I8‘ R^PHANITS, l. Radish
J .t.«ofWnT“dL0aidn:taSkeg Z* 2'j°inted i Wer
'* notion between the seeds with * 6 Upper necklace-form by con-
p . R- Rhaphanistn.m r 7. P d £ennination.)
UTi" c >
4 7 shaped, rough ; petals
42
CAPPARIDACEJE. (CAPER FAMILY.)
yellow turning whitish or purplish, veiny. — Waste places and culti¬
vated fields, too thoroughly naturalized in New England, where it is
a most troublesome weed.
The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not
already mentioned, are of the Cress Tribe , the Wall-flower {Cha-
rdnthus Chciri ), various sorts of Stock ( Malth 'tola annua, &c.);
Hedge Mustard Tribe , the Rocket (Hdsperis nuilrondlis) ; of the
Cabbage Tribe , the Cabbage, Cauliflower, Rutabaga, and Tur¬
nip (species of Brdssica) ; of the Alyssum Tribe , the Sweet Alyssum
(.4. mar'itimum), Moon wort or Honesty ( Lunar ia rtdiviva)) °^t e
Penny-Cress Tribe , the Candy-tuft (fb&ris umbelldta, &*•)> e
Radish. Tribe , the Garden Radish itself (Rdphanus saliva) • ^ ®
Wo ad ( Isiuis tinctdria ) the type of a tribe with indchiscent winge
or nut-like fruit.
Order 13. CAPPARIDACEiE. (Caper Family-)
Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform fovsers,
but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a 1 -celled p°d
with 2 parietal placenta, and kidney-shaped seeds.— ^
as in Crucifer®, but with no partition, often stalked: seeds
similar, but the embryo coiled. — Properties acrid, and also
bitter and nauseous. Leaves alternate, mostly compound-
I. POLANISIA, Raf.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, rather unequal, with claws. Stamens 8
32, unequal. Receptacle not elongated. Pod stalkless or neai y
so above the stamens, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, ma.n\'see
ed. — Fetid annuals with glandular or clammy hairs. Leaves digi¬
tate. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from iro\vs, man y, an
«vMror, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens
from Cleome.)
1. P. grraveolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; ®^'
mens about 11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short. — Gr*'eJ.
banks of lakes from L. Champlain westward. June -Aug* -y"
ers small : calyx and filaments purplish : petals yellowish-white*
Order 14. RESEDACE^E. (Mignonette Family-)
Herbs, with asymmetrical 4-7 -merous small flowers,
a fleshy one-sided hypogynous disk between the petals an
the (3-40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not dost
43
RESEDACEJE. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.)
m the bud . Pod 3-6-lobed , 3 -6-horned, l-celled ivith
3-6 parietal placenta , opening at the top long before the
nedt (which are as in Order 13) are full grown . — Leaves
alternate. Flowers crowded in terminal spikes or racemes.
— An European family represented by the Mignonette
[Rest da odor ala) and the Dyer’s Weed.
1 • HEm; DA, L. Mignonette. Dyer’s Rocket.
Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 10-40, turned to
01)0 Slde’ <Deriv- from reseda, to calm or assuage, in allusion to
supposed sedative properties.)
oli. ^ a ( Kf 8 WEED or Wel° ) Leaves lance-
r,»uVrjUl^l!,'arl; PC,,a'S 4 ! ,He UpPer one 3 -5-deft,
o lain,! 3-cleft, the lower one I, near and entire; pods depress-
- P Z 7u!iTt, gardenB ‘° ,he Asides in W. New York.
, ‘l ot S greenish-yellow, spiked— Used for dye-
Oider 15. VIOLACE.E. (Violet Family.)
H'rbs Kith a somev;hal .rregu]ar l spwred coroHa 5
l ““ j0ined 'y their iadnate in.
P^ell £ 7 d *'tahed P°d 3 parietal
in 1 '7^ ’ PCrS1Stent- Petala t'visted-imbricate
. :tnfrnS fh Sh°rt 8nd br03d fi,ameDts, *
!• SOLEa, Ginn DP n
Sepals not eared , Green V»oli2t.
cud . ared nor prolonged at the base pPtn,
1 * larger one merplv “ctals very une-
44
VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.)
nearly alike. Two of the anthers slightly appendaged behind.
Style hooked at the summit. Pod large. — A homely perennial
herb, with rather tall stems, leafy to the top, and 1-3 small
greenish- white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels.
(Named in honor of W. Sole , author of an essay on Mentha.)
1. S. cdlicolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.) — Woods,
New York to Ohio. June. — Plant l°-2? high. Leaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire. Pod V long : after opening, each valve
in dry weather folds together forcibly and firmly, projecting the large
round seeds to a considerable distance. The same thing occurs, less
strikingly, in many violets.
2. VIOLA, L. Violet. Heart’s-ease.
Sepals extended or eared at the base. Petals somewhat une¬
qual, the larger one spurred at the base. Two of the stamens
spurred. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)
* Stemless : leaves and scapes all from subterranean rootstocks : f*'
ennial . (Often producing concealed apetalous fruitful flowers
ing the whole summer.)
— Flowers light yellow. <1
1. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Round-leaved VioleT''
Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate, appressed to
ground ; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines; SP
very short. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan. April, May
Smoothish : leaves 1/ broad at flowering, increasing to or 4* in sU
mer, close pressed to the ground, shining above.
Floictrs white ; the lower petals veined with lilo>Ce
lanceolata, L. (Lance-leaved Violet.) Sm°ot ’
leaves lanceolate , erect , blunt, tapering into a long petiole , almost en
tire; petals beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Penn, towards tn
coast. May.
3. V. primula? folia, L. (Primrose-leaved Viol*t->
Smooth or a little pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate , abrupt or sots e
what heart-shaped at the base; lateral petals often sparingly bearde '
(V. acuta, Bigelow.) — Damp soil, Maine to Penn. May — In,crB>
diate between No. 2 and No. 4.
Linda, Willd. (Sweet White Violet.) ^eaT i
round-heart-shaped or kidney-form , minutely pubescent ; petals bear
less. — Damp woods and hill-sides. April, May. — Flowers sm* »
fragrant.
Flowers violet or blue. _pS
5. V. p»l list ris, L. (Marsh Violet.) Smooth; l*aV
round-heart-shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate ; flowers (s®w '
VIOLACEX. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 45
^■Is Ulme with purple streaks, nearly beardless ; spur very short and
obtura. - Summit of the White Mountains, N. Hampshire.
V'lkirkii, Goldie. (Great-spurred Violet.) Leaves
with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy above ; spur
mj long as the beardless petals , thickened at the end; anther-
• ; very long.-Hhadad hill-sides, W. Massachusetts and New
1 rh northward. May. — A delicate species, 2' high, with the flow-
w» large in proportion.
< %. 'HKiU&ta, Ait. (Arrow-leaved Violet.) Smooth-
°r ....y ; (««, oblong or lanceolate-ovate, toothed towards the
- . > contracted ...to the petiole, often halbert-form or arrow-
r" !”! ’ vtTy thick “nd sac-like.-\ ar.
Om> nL* l*^ 'V"? e th* m°re 1,a,ry state. in drier soil —
. ■ ' n""'1 P «e» and hill-sides, New England to Penn. May—
<*s» T“I e : the flowers large and numerous, deep-colored
-iuvpu* Ait Violet.) Smooth or
Urn, rotted „ Z ik ZI to W *”*■**« OT triangular-kidney-
•*; Unu (moaily ,Vl0LET-) IIairy or smooth-
•“^the -MdUlSr£^t. l^tI,ne)/«y 5-7 -cleft and
common . huj L tearde<i » 8Pur short—
“‘"Hy heart-duped and undivided Uk* ,Tanable ’ the earliest
**£“*■« ‘No- Towers as n0 f ^ °f No-8: «*«
r!L3?tr *"** smo°tb i
W*. toothed .« lhe a' eI '‘"T" na™wly oblong
-^ndy0r dry ^ N. P* beardless; spur very
M.y. Juno. _ n0Wvn ve|y 8 ,owardg ,he
coast.
•* Plotters matt puml a^$U”l7nedy perennial.
«W*» ‘eaves
::;;':5h ,n9ide- *• »pA petals
**''* *o .M,a,i’gaTTh^! SWf Stigma beakleM—R^hath’
’ y northward- ^-Aug-StTo0:^
lugh.
li y - —“6 — riant lo_20
46
VIOLACEjE. (violet family.)
stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed, large; spur slender, longer than th
polo violet beardless petals; stigma slender, beakless. — Shaded hill¬
sides, Maine and VV. Massachusetts to Ohio, rare. June — Plant 4'-
6 high : the flowers large in proportion : spur k' long. Anther-spurs
very long.
13. \ . Iff l!liIcntH'‘rgrii, Torr. (Spreading Violet.) Stems
ascending, at length with creeping branches ; leaves round-heart¬
shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly
pointed ; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur tapering, about half
the length of the pale violet petals , the lateral slightly bearded; stigma
beaked. (V. debilis, Pursh , Bigelow.) — Shaded wet places, com¬
mon. May, June. — Stems 4' - 7' long. Flowers middle-sized.
14- striata, Ait. (Pale Violet.) Stems angular, spread¬
ing and branching; leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute;
stipules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed; spur thick-
ishy much shorter than the cream-colored, petals y the lateral bearded,
the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma recurved. — Rhode
Island, Mr. Hunt , W. New York to Ohio, May, June. — Leaves,
much as in No. 13; the flowers larger, perhaps sulphur-color, but not
_ "" Mowers yellow. (Stem leafy only at the top.)
v. pubescens, Ait. (Downy Yellow Violet.) Softly
pubescent; leaves very broadly heart-shaped , toothed, somewhat
pointed; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; spur extremely
short ; lower petals veined with purple. _ Var. 1. eriocarpa is l^gf5
villous-pubescent, the large pods woolly. Var. 2. scabriuscula is
smaller, slightly pubescent, and brighter green, the pods smooth or
woo y Rich woods, common. June, July. — Plant 6*-l 07 ^*5 ’
!6; V. Hastata, Michx. (Halbert-leaved Violet.) Ne*
J- f i r°U8’ Slmp,C ’’ leaves halb*rtshaped, slightly serrate, acute,
southw T16; Sma“; 8pUr Ver>' short - Mountains of Pen^/*1
ere snvtH d" ,hJUne' T 8lender> ^ - 10' high. Leaves variable. Fl»«
ers smaller than in No. 15. 6
* * *
17 v a / Leafy- stemmed, annual or biennial.
round! .h t™0,0r’ L V^- arvensis. (Field Pansy.) U*
lar 1 * °l G UPPer ova^ entire or obscurely crenate ; stipnles vel
freau’pmirate p,nnat,fid 5 p€ta,s variegated (yellowish blue and p«rP^
ces of th ^ V »r^ 8ma^ or wanting ; spur not longer than the appe®
donhH yX -“Dry hi,,S and fie,ds> Island and New J*?
Pansy or Henrl’i^e UCed’ ^ 3 dePauPerate variety of ,he *** *
the^merl^n ’ tho.Sw."ET of Europe, which far excels «
around houses. SpeC‘eS ln fragTance- sometimes grows spontaneous
CISTACEJE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)
47
Order 16. CIST ACE JE. (Rock-rose Family.)
Herbs or low shrubs , with regular flowers , distinct hypo -
gynous stamens, a \-celled 3 - 5 -valued pod with as many
parietal placenta borne on the middle of the valves , and
orthotropous albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5, persistent ; the
2 external small like bracts, sometimes wanting; the 3
others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usually fu¬
gacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx
in the bud. Stamens few or many. Style single or none.
Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at
the apex. Embryo slender, straightish or curved, in mealy
albumen. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower
usually opposite, and the upper alternate. Root perennial.
Synopsis,
1. Helianthemcm. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Sta-
'"™“od ovules numerous in the conspicuous petal-bearing
2. Hcdsosia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-20. Style slender.
Pod strictly 1-celled, about 3-seeded.
. ec he a. Petals 3, rather persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style
iS-’* imperfect partitions
1. HELlilKTHEMtM, Toum. Rock-rose.
sticma 3 M?" bU<1’ fuSacious‘ Style short or none :
IT, ter ? naPSU StnCtly 1-C6l,ed- Embry° curved like
ZJ Z m most N- American sPecies two
sorts, uz., 1. the primary, or earliest ones, with large petals
numerous stamens, and many-seeded pods : 2. secondary, or later
(or noneW 7 SInaller and in clusters, with small petals
Se ven! 7 StameDS’and much smaller 3 -few-seeded pods.
p! yellow flowers open m sunshine, and cast their petals by the
1 wT Name fr°m ’X‘°S’ the *“*» a"d Mspov, flower.)
whX' a (FROS—) PetaUearin,
leaves, neariy^sSe C1L‘ ** the
the small hoary liketh* '? ar^e flowers hairy-pubescent; of
leayes. r 'OWer side of the lanceolate-ob.ong
A variety is more hoary, and with a stronger tendency
48
CISTACEJJ. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)
to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or gravelly dry [
soil (rarer westward). June -Aug. — Stem at first simple. Corolla j
of the large flowers 1' wide, producing pods 3" long: pods of the
smaller flowers not larger than a pin’s head. — Late in autumn crys- ;
tals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popu* j
lar name. k
2 ,f- ^orymbosiim, Michx. Flowers all clustered at tk f
summit of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length0®
slender stalks; calyx woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey (?) 1
southward. — Primary flowers smaller than in No. 1.
2. HUDSOXIA, L. Hudsonia.
Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the
calyx. Stamens 9 - 30. Style long and slender : stigma min"*®-
Pod oblong, inclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 2-
seeds attached near the base of the valves by slender upright se
stalks. Embryo spirally coiled. — Bushy heath-like little shruhs
(seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small aw 1-shape
or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (sm®
but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part
the branches. (Named in honor of Hudson , an English botanis
contemporary with Linnaeus.)
ericoides, L. (Heath-like Hudsonia.)
greenish ; leaves awl-shaped, loose ; flowers on slender naked »*a
— Dry sandy soil near the coast, New Jersey to Plymouth and M
(near Columbia, Miss Hamlin). May. . .
2. II tomcntosa, Nutt. (Dowsr Hcdsosia ) Hoary «'
C«Ve8| ova* or °blong, close-pressed and imbricated; «**£
from ? y COa8*’ NeW Jers®y t» Maine, and on the Great ^
June £!P am ^ Superior. Also in the interior at Conway, »Ia
June. — r lowers 5" broad.
- L. PlNWEED.
Petals 3, narrow, not longer than the calyx, withering-Pel
teat. Stamens 3- 12. Style scarcely any ; stigmas 3, fM
globular, appearing partly 3-celled from the 3 large pi**
wards ^ lmperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face
and nartl 6 ^ ' *" °“r 3pecies the placenta: curve backw:
and Partly inclose the seeds. Embryo nearly straight. - Hon
Eed h^’ ^ TC*7 8maU greenish or PurPllsh fl°",
(Earned in honor of Leche, a Swedish botanist, Professor at M
49
CISTACE.E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)
1. JL. major, Michx. (Larger Pinweed.) Hairy; stem up¬
right, simple, producing slender prostrate branches from the base ;
leaves elliptical , mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or some¬
times whorled ; flowers densely crowded in panicied clusters ; pedicels
shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Woodlands.
July - Sept. — Plant 1° - 2° high, stout.
2. L,. tliy mi folia, Pursh. (Thyme-leaved Pinweed.) Hoary
with oppressed hairs , especially the decumbent stout leafy shoots
from the base ; flowering stems ascending, loosely branched, with the
leaves linear or oblanceolate ; those of the shoots elliptical , whorled,
crowded; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters; pedicels as
long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, New Jersey to Maine.
July -Sept. — Scarcely a foot high, tufled, rigid; the pods larger
than in No. 1. r 6
3. L,. minor, Lam. (Smaller Pinweed.) Minutely hairy ;
stems slender, upright or diffuse ; leafy shoots densely tufted at the
base ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on the slender branch-
lets ; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry open
soil. June - Sept. Plant 5' - 15' high, slender, running into num-
t«rless vanauons according to the soil and season. Pods smaller than
Order 17. DROSERACEiE. (Sundew Family.)
Bog-herbs , mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypo-
gynous flowers, penlamerous and withering-persistent calyx
corolla, and stamens, and a 1 -celled pod with twice as many
styles or stigmas as there are parietal placenta. —Calyx
imbricated. Petals convolute. Stamens 5- 15: anther,
Zo°:;rrdK • Se;t numerous’ anatr°p°us’ ** *
bud 7 e ‘nCd r a|burnen. Leaves circinate in the
bud, e. rolled up from the apex to the base like a fern.
1. DBOSEBA, L. Sunoew.
Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so th„r
fr : or :°’ ^ Zg i
middle fo the who^wT seeds their
clothed with reddistJr^t~ r.Perennial8’ ^ the leaves
tuft at the base • the& k a bnstles> ln our species all in a
.hSrj,* "t b'™s "» ,o"»* “ » ■-»«
“« *P». “ tta fc.h.bl„.„ (lower
50
DROSERACE.fi. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)
(which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. (The glands
of the leaves exude a clear fluid, appearing like dew-drops, whence
the name, from $po<rc/xfc, dewy.)
1 rotundifolia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.) Leavts
orbicular abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds
spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white. — Peat¬
bogs, common. July, Aug.
2. D. longi folia, L. (Longer-leaved Sundew.)
spatui 'ate- oblong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles,
seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white. — Bogs, com¬
mon eastward. June - Aug. — Plant raised on its prolonged caudex
when growing in water.
3. IK linearis, Goldie. (Slender Sundew.) Leaves line&i
obtuse, the blade (2' — 3* long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect petu>a
about the same length ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfect y
close coat; flowers white. — Upper Michigan. —Scapes sometimes
1 -3-flowered, as figured by Hooker, often elongated and 8-10- °*
ered, occasionally forked with a primary flower in the division.
4. IK filif6rmis, Raf. (Thread-leaved Sundew.)
very long and filiform, erect, with no distinction between the
and the stalk ; seeds spindle-shaped ; flowers numerous, purple rose
color (Abroad). — Wet sand, near the coast, Plymouth, Mass**"*
setts, to New Jersey and southward. Aug. — Scapes & - 12' hig » a
the singular leaves little shorter.
Suborder PARNASSIEjE.
Smooth herbs , with slightly perigynous stamens , an outer
series of them sterile and in clusters , imbricated petals , an
4 sessile stigmas opposite the parietal placenta . Leaves al¬
ternate , not coiled in the bud . —-Consists of the following
genus, of dubious affinity.
PARNASSIA, Touro. Grass of Pa*nassi
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, rather p«
ent: a cluster of somewhat united sterile filaments at the ba
i T* stamens 5’ alternate with the petals : anthers o
S5J, °vary 1 -celled, with 4 projecting parietal place
album ^ n!™er°US’ anatropous, with a winged seed-coat an
and >h r creni>hU herbs, with tlie entire leaves chiefly r:ll‘
and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. P
white, wuh greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from M
DROSERACEJk. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 51
Parnassus, on which a plant called Grass of Parnassus was said
by Diotcorides to grow. Toum.)
* **• * aroliiiifcna, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice
ih<* length of the calyx, many-veined ; abortive filaments 3 in each
distinct almost to the base (with yellow glandular tips). —
^ • i hank*, New Lngl to Michigan. July. — Leaves thickish, ovate
or n umled, sometimes heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk,
w down and clatping. Stalk 8' - 18' high. Flower V broad.
J l>' P»luMris Petals sessile, rather longer than the
P T*’ *4®rt*r< filaments 9-13 in each set, slender.—
pper .Mich.gsn ; and to be sought elsewhere along our northern bor-
® m. Stalks 3' -8' high. Leaves all heart-shaped.
Ordek 18. IIYPERICACiLE. (St. John’s- wort Fam.)
Herbs or shrubs. Kith opposite entire doited leaves and
*° regular hypogynous flowers, the petals convolute
111 ’ °rfeW S‘amenS CoUecled in 3 «* more
IZT Z P°d hcelhd With 2" 5 Varietd pla-
^ ^ ^-celled by the meeting of
. tn * •• deh^ence septicidal. - Sepals
T " the ^ Petals 4 o 5
nKMlv deciduous. Pod2-5- (rarely 6-7-) lobed whh ’
T" 9,y,eS’ WhicH ^ 31 first "^time's unLd’
** »ith pellucid or dark Wands"10^ !" aCnd Juice> dot*
1 \*(tn Synopsis,
3 ^paUr^PetoU5al‘ob|PCta,S4’0bli<lUe,yellow-
3 Etooas. Sepal, 5 P.,.? * °bhque> ye|low.
pi... ah^3
smaller p . °Uter Tery broad and leaf-like • the •
die fikm P * 4’ °bl'que’ very deciduous St ’ h mner mUCh
* -laments m clusters, but scarcelvf ,Staraens numerous;
1 -celled, 2-3- (rarely^ 4 Z “ at the ba^-
"<1 l®»«d Peart, solitary
52
HYPERICACE.E. (sT. JOHN’s-WORT FAMILY.)
pale yellow flowers. (Name from a , without , and oKtpos, rough¬
ness, being smooth plants. )
1. A* Stans, Michx. (Upright St. Peter’s-wort.) Stem
simple or branched above, 2-edged j leaves oval or oblong , somewhat
clasping , thickish ; petals large, obovate ; styles 3—4. — Pine barrens,
Long Island and New Jersey. Aug. — Plant 1°-2P high, stout.
Flowers showy, almost sessile : outer sepals round-heart-shaped.
2. A. Crax-Andresp, L. (St. Andrew’s Cross.) Stems
much branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong p, eon-
traded at the base , thin; petals linear-oblong; styles 2, very short;
pod flat. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. July -Sept —
Low, slender; the pedicels of the smallish flowers shorter than the
leaves. Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching e&c
other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew’s cross.
2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John’s-wort.
Sepals 5, somewhat equal, herbaceous. Petals 5, oblige.
Stamens numerous or few, united or clustered in 3 - 5 parcels,
without interposed glands. Pod 1- or 3 - 5-cel led. —Herbs or
shrubs, branched above, with yellow flowers. (An ancient name,
of obscure origin, thought by Linnaeus to be composed of vrrep an
f 1*0)1/.)
§ 1. Stamens very numerous , 5 -adelphous : pod 5- (occasionally 6-7 )
celled, with the placenta projecting far into the cells : herbaceous, pr
ennial ; jlowers very large. .
1. H. pyramidatum, Ait. (Great St. Johs’s-wortJ
Branches 2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping '» Pe a
narrowly obovate, not deciduous until after they wither; stigmas cap
itate. — Banks of rivers, rare. July. _ Plant 3? -5° high. Leave
2'-3> long. Flowers almost 2' wide. Pod large, conical.
§ 2. Stamens very numerous, pod 3-5-eelted by the meeting or junction
of the placenta*. , which are seed-bearing on the outer face.
* Shrubs: styles (at first unUed) and cells of the pod 3 or 5 :
leafy, refiexed : stamens scarcely at all clustered. .
2- II. Kalmianum, L. (Halm’s Shrubbv Joh* s"" .
Bushy; branches 4-angled: branchlets 2-edged; leaves ’
glaucous , narrowly oblanceolate ; flowers few in a cluster ; p° * ^
5-celled. Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and northern lakes Aug-
^hrub 1° - 3° high, leafy to the summit. Leaves lf — 2' long-
era about 1' wide.
3. II. prolificnm, L. (Shrubby St. John’s-wort.)
lets 2-edged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narro"
HYPERICACEJE. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 53
the base ; flowers numerous in simple or compound clusters ; pods
ovoid-oblong, ^-celled. — Penn, to Ohio and Michigan. July - Sept. —
Shrub 1° - 3° high, with long rather simple shoots, leaves 21 long and
or more wide, and large flowers. In New Jersey and southward is
a variety ? which is more bushy, with smaller and more clustered
leaves and flowers.
* * Perennial herbs : styles ( spreading ) and cells of the pod 3 : petals
and anthers with black, dots: calyx appressed: stamens in 3 or 5
clusters.
4. H. perforatum, L. (Common St. John’s-wort.) Stem
much branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners
from the base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellu¬
cid dots; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute
sepals; styles diverging; flowers numerous in open cymes. — Pas¬
tures and meadows, &c. June -Sept. — Introduced from Europe,
but thoroughly naturalized, and too well known everywhere as a per¬
nicious weed, which it is almost impossible to extirpate. Its juices
I are very acrid.
5. H. corymbdsnm, Muhl. (Spotted St. John’s-wort )
Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid dots; stem terete,
f sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat clasping ; flowers crowd-
r ed (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than the oblong sepals. —
I Damp places, common. July - Sept. — Leaves larger and flowers much
smaller than in No. 4 ; petals marked with black lines as well as dots.
§3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered: pod 1-celled, the 3
placentae projecting but not joined in the centre, bearing the seeds on
the inner face.
* Somewhat shrubby at the base. ( Styles united.)
6. H. niidiflorum, Michx. (Naked-flowered St. John’s-
wort.) Stem 4-angled, winged above ; leaves oblong or lanceolate -
t oval, obtuse, pale ; cyme compound, leafless ; sepals oblong ; pods
I ovoid-conical. — Pennsylvania (rare) and southward. Flowers rather
small.
7. H. splireroc&rpon, Michx. (Round-fruited St. John’s-
’ wort.) Stem nearly terete ; leaves oblong -linear, obtuse, thickish, pale
beneath, spreading ; cyme compound, depressed, leafless ; sepals
ovate ; pods depressed- globose. — Rocky banks, Ohio and southwrest-
y ward. July. — A handsome species, 2P high. Pod strictly 1-celled.
8. H. adpressum, Barton. (Upright-leaved St. John’s-
^ wort.) Stem simple, somewhat 4-angled below and 2-edged above,
jl scarcely woody at the base; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear -
oblong, thin , the upper acute ; cyme few-flowered, nearly leafless ; se¬
pals very unequal ; pods ovoid-oblong. — Moist places, Philadelphia
and New Jersey. Rhode Island, Olney. July, Aug. Plant! -2°
high. Flowers half as large as in No. 4.
5 *
54
HYPERICACEJE. (ST. JOHN’S- WORT FAMILY.)
* * Herbaceous, perennial.
9. H. ellipticnm, Hook. (Elliptical-leaved St. John’s-
wort.) Stem simple, somewhat 4-angled ; leaves thin , elliptical, ob¬
tuse ; cyme nearly naked, few-flowered, depressed ; sepals very une¬
qual, spreading ; styles united nearly to the top ; pods ovoid-globose.
— Borders of ponds, Rhode Island to Michigan. July. — A foot high.
Leaves 1* long. Flowers small, light yellow ; pods purplish.
10. H. ailKulosum, Mich? (Angled St. John’s-wort.)
Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled ; leaves opaque, opate or
oblong -lanceolate, acute, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme com¬
pound, naked, the branches prolonged, with the scattered flowers raceme¬
like; sepals appressed to the ovoid pod; styles distinct. — Wet pine
barrens of New Jersey and southward. July — Sept. — Stems l°-2°
high. Leaves 1* long, erect. Flowers copper-yellow. Pod short¬
er than the calyx.
§ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct: pod ( brown-purple ) 1 -celled, with 3 strictly
parietal placenta : styles short, distinct: petals oblong or linear,
small : low and slender annuals.
11. H. miitilum, L. (Small St. John’s-wort.) Stem
widely branching ; leaves ovate-oblong , obtuse, heart-shaped, partly
clasping, 5-nerved; cymes leafy; pods ovate-conical, rather longer
than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Muhl) — Low grounds, every¬
where. Plant 6'- 10; high, leafy t« the top. Flowers 2n broad.
12. H. Canadense, L. (Canadian St. John’s-wort.)
Branches erect, corymbose ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, nar¬
rowed at the base, black-dotted beneath ; cymes naked ; pods conical-
oblong, acute, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet sandy soil.
A span high. Flowers larger than in No. 11, copper-yellow.
13. H. Sarothra, Michx. (Orange-grass. Pine-weed.)
Stem and bushy branches thread-like, wiry, 4-angle<i ; leaves minute
awl-shaped scales, oppressed; flowers mostly sessile and scattered
along the erect branches; pods slender, very acute, much longer than
the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides, L.) — Sandy fields ; flowering all
summer, like the two foregoing. — Plant 4' -9' high, appearing as “
leafless. Flowers very small orange-yellow.
3. E LODE A, Adans. Marsh St. John’s-wort.
Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong. Stamens 9
(rarely 12 or 15), triadelphous ; the sets separated by as many
orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong: styles distinct.—
Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small
close clusters of purplish flowers in the axils of the leaves and at
the summit. (Name from e\d)8qs, growing in marshes.)
55
ELATINACEiE. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)
E« Virginica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a
I broad base , oblong or ovate, very obtuse ; filaments united below the
| middle. (Hypericum Virginicum, L.) — Common in swamps. July,
n Au«- ^
* 2- E* petiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole ,
oblong : filaments united beyond the middle. — New Jersey and west-
ward, rare.
•
i Order 19. ELATIIVACEiE* (Water-wort Family.)
Little marsh annuals , with opposite dotless leaves and
j membranaceous stipules , minute axillary flowers like Chick-
t weeds, but the pod 2 - 5-celled , and the seeds as in St.
John’s- worts. — The principal genus is
!• ELATINE, L. Water-wort.
Sepals 2 -4, persistent. Petals 2 - 4, hypogynous. Stamens
2-8. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-4. Pod 2 - 4-cell-
i ed> several - many-seeded, 2 - 4-valved ; the partitions left attach-
i ed to the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or
i curved. (An obscure Greek name for some such herb.)
1* E« Americana, Amott. Dwarf (P high), creeping, root-
ing in the mud, tufled; leaves obovate ; flowers sessile; sepals, petals,
stamens, and stigmas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising
from the base. (Peplis Americana, Pursh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) _
Margin of ponds, &c. Pod very thin and delicate ; the seeds large in
proportion, straightish.
Order 20. C ARY OPHY LLAC EiE. (Pink Family.)
Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4-5-mer-
ous flowers with, or sometimes without, petals ; the distinct
stamens no more than tvriceLthe number of the sepals ; styles
seeds attached to the base or central column of the
1-celled ( rarely 3— 5-celled) pod , with a slender embryo
coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen. _
Bland herbs ; the stems usually swollen at the joints ; up¬
permost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the
base. Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Styles stig-
matic along the inside. Seeds campylotropous. — There
56
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)
are three principal suborders, and some small appended
groups, as subjoined in the
Synopsis.
Suborder L SILENE-dE. The proper Pink Family,
Sepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals and stamens borne on
t e sta of the many -seeded poa^ the former with long claws. —
fctipules none. Flowers mostly showy.
1. Dianthus. Calyx with scaly bractlets at the base. Styles 2.
. 'aponaria. Calyx naked. Styles 2. Pod opening by 4 teeth.
v ilene. Calyx naked. Styles 3. Pod opening by 6 teeth.
4. Lychnis. Calyx naked. Styles 5. Pod opening by 5 or 10
Suborder II. ALSINEJE. The Chickweed Family.
and with lStinCt °r near'y S°' Pe*als without claws (sometimes none)
t exterior Se*>a,s’ or> when fewer, opposite those which are
or rarely fewer = Sta“enS lW'Ce the nUmber of the (4"5) ^P*18’
5 Ul Flowers pelfict.5’ StyleS 3 (rarely 2 " 4)'
6 H°' bearin’ P®,als 5) eDtire- Styles 3-5. Disk large and gland-
7. Stkllaria* P ow®rs °f two sorts, or somewhat dioecious.
8 valved a ’ *** °r Wanti"S' Styles 3-4. Pod 3-
CERAapTex b, lot!*6’ 2'l0bed' S‘yleS 5‘ Pod °pening 3‘ ‘he
• • Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as and opposite
9. Sagina P ‘ . Tl8’ 8°mc,imes as many.
5-valr?d 8 ’ Und,V‘ded’ or none‘ Styles 4-5. Pod 4-
SuborderHL ILLECEBREjE. The Knotwort Family.
like stipules, the umLim^6 phlckweed Family, but with dry scale-
pods sometimes 1 -seeded ^ rareIy ■tomato, and the 1-celled
®l-v'es 3-5. Petals usually manifest.
IF SexaGeLAKTA ^fesa Tr Wh°r,ed'
y,esJ. Leaves opposite.
57
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)
* * Pod (utricle) 1-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals bristle-
form or none. Stamens plainly inserted on the base of the calyx.
12. Anychia. Petals none. Sepals flattish, unarmed.
. 13. Paronychia. Petals minute or bristle-form. Sepals concave
awned.
Suborder IV. SCL.ERANTHE.iE. The Knawel Family.
Characters of the preceding, but no stipules, and the sepals more
united below into an indurated tube surrounding the utricle * the sta¬
mens inserted at the throat.
14. Scleranthus. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10.
Suborder V. MOLLUGINE^E. Indian Chickweeds.
Characters as in suborders II. and III, but the stamens opposite the
sepals, and the pod completely 3-celled. Stipules obsolete.
15. Mollugo. Petals none. Stamens 3-5. Styles 3.
Suborder I. SILENE/E. The proper Pink Family.
1. DlIlKTHrS, L. Pink.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, supported at the base by 2 or more
unbneated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod long-stalked,
1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds horizontal : embryo barely
curved. -Ornamental plants, of well-known aspect and value in
cultivation, none natives of this country. (Name from A10V of
Jupiter, and auSos, flower, i. e. Jove’s own flower.) ’ J
1- B. Armeria, L. (Deptford Pink.) Flowers in
2. SAPONAbIA, L. Soapwort.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10.
styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the
base, 4-toothed at the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring — Flow
ers cymose-cl ustered . (Name from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous
juice in the subjoined species forming a lather with water.) °
1. S. Officinalis, L. (Common Soapwort. Bouncing Rvt t
58
CARY0PHYLLACEA2. (PINK FAMILY.)
- Sept. A stout plant, with large flesh-color or pale pink flowers ;
commonly met with in a double state.
~ T accar*a* L. (Cow-herb.) Cymes corymbed ; calyx
pyrami a , o-angled, smooth ; petals not crowned ; leaves ovate-lan¬
ceolate, partly clasping. ® _ Escaped from gardens into waste
places near dwellings. — Petals pale red.
3. .SICE >' E ? L. Catchplv. Campion.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10.
tyles 3. Pod 1-celled, or partly 3-celled at the base, opening
by 6 teeth at the apex. Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or
in clustered cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the
a^e of the blade. (Name from atakov, saliva , in allusion to the
lsci secretion on the stems and calyx of many species. The
ng ish name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)
1 ^ ^!jdery~inflated •' perennial : flowers panicled , white.
4 nr/r/ */S eVata^ (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of
frinn* anCe° e' taPer-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped; petals cul into a
gan _ <a* ^00<fe<* banks, Connecticut to Ohio and Michi-
ODen nvraniiA i tem- **igh, minutely pubescent, with a large and
Biirelow ) 8 ^>aniC e‘ ^or°ha |' broad. (Cucubalus stellatus, L,
* (Snow-white Campion.) Leaves opposite
°r * i °ng' taPer’P°*nted ; calyx oblong ; petals wedge-form ,
bus Oh lnU c y crotcned Columbia, Pennsylvania, Muhl. Coluro-
Flowersfew r Can^ Stem P- 2° high, almost smooth,
r lowers few, larger than in No. 1.
oplo*; (Bladder Campion.) Glaucous ; leaves
veined • netahi ***** £lobuLar, much inflated , elegantly
s "d n“""
^ foot high. Flowers loosely cymose.
pod" JLJ^faUd m dub-shaP< not inflated except by the enlarging
w,^ri;;e,r;r •• p"Ta/; pZescentr r
merousVrfrn r ^ V?"iCa’ Mich*' <W«“> P>»*) Stem9
“X v lr 8ame 0,16 r°0t’ low 5 root-leaves narrowly spa.ulate,
Z3' TDg in,° ^ leaves (2- 3 pairs)
teedaf-furm^rT,lClUSlered'Shon'sUilked’ caly* club-shaped; petals
Xgt£:: and er°M * end. - Rocky or grav-
l _ . _ June- — Flowers handsome, purple-rose-color.
Itavet thiJ^Zfj*’ <FireP,sk Catch fit.) Stems single)
Zl c 'TTX’ Zt* ^S-lanccolate ; J Voters fee and
loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrica^ soon obconical;
CARYOPHYLLACEjE. (pink FAMILY.) 59
petals oblong, 2-clefl. — Open woods, from W. New York ( Sartwell)
westward and southward. June - Aug. - Stem upright, 2= high.
Petals crimson, the limb V long. r 6 5
®; SJ* res?a,’ ,Sim8' (Roval CiTCHFLr.) Stem roughish,
erect , leaves thickwh cvate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, sbort-
slalked in clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped
Julv Us?u ‘ul‘ae-l“nceo,ate mostlV undivided. Prairies, Ohio.
July— Stems 4“ h,gh. Petals large as in No. 5, deep scarlet
Vil'idt* • r0tMndif6?a’ NUM- (R°™°-«aved Catchflv.)
Viscid-hairy ; stems weak, branched, decumbent ; leaves thin round
«V pinpointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose’
Ss of 'he Ohio jat6<1 1 %CUft and cut-to°‘>“d. -l haded
* in*Noi ^ mh-,inJlateteX[ept by tU P°d ■' annual: fiowers (except
teir } ^ ^ °Penin" ”** at niShl °r «'» cloudy
s imgmmm
a.™ to pl«„. _ C<|JS ,„d ^ ~ E”"P"1 *°» !»•
«... n“,e -»*•.
linear ; flowers small looseh^n J / ! vlsc,d » leaves lanceolate or
8^Lrn8picuous’ siishtiy ~d-c-
cem; loLwer(SP,rr NTT-C— V.) Pubes.
alternate in a strict 1 sTdd' l ‘he UPPer line:lr i fibers
2-par ted. _ Introduced a7d ,„ * f ^ (S"*nish-white)
to Schweinitz. ^ naturali*ed in Penn., according
>WERU,e c— )
lanceolate, taper-pointed- /v®* ^ sPatulatei the upper
calyx cylindrical with lnn^ 7 r ^ *** -M*. pedundcd ;
2-parted ( S. noctutna. ft ® ; Tf ‘ee‘h ! Petals "“her targe.
Stem 1° - 3° high. PeJsthile^ purplish. ’ alized.
12. S* acafUisarL<U^M’ *"7? ' Partial, \. flowered.
'eaves lin,ar“Sed to t^0" Ti Tufted a moss;
flowers almost sessile -cal* r ““ rf th« short stems (P-3/);
white, inversely hlart slirLd ’gh * ‘"7“^ Petals purple or rarely
White MountaiL,N HiSUC.r°Wn A‘Pine of lh°
60
CARYOPHYLLACEJ2. (PINK FAMILY.)
4. IiYCHIVIS, Tourn. Cockle. Ragged Robin.
Calyx tubular, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 5.
Pod 1-celled, or half 5-celled, scarcely stalked, opening at the top
hy 5 or 10 teeth. Embryo coiled in a ring. (Name from \v\vos ,
a lamp , the cottony covering of such species as the L. coronaria
of our gardens having been used for wicks.)
1- 1*. Gitliskg’o, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Annual, hairy,
branched ; leaves linear ; calyx with long teeth, leaf-like in fruit,
nbbed ; petals crownless, entire (purple). — Grain-fields, introduced,
too well known to farmers as a troublesome weed. (Agrost6mma
Githago, L.) v 5
Suborder II. ALSINEAD. The Chickweed Family.
5. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort.
Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, entire. Stamens twice as
many. Styles 3 (rarely 2 or 4), opposite the outer sepals. Pod
sp itting from above into as many valves as styles, the valves
sometimes 2-cleft. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose, per¬
fect, white. (Name from arena , sand.)
§ 1. Alsine. Valves of the capsule 3, entire: seeds naked. Leaves
commonly awl-shaped or thread-form.
1 t n * S?*llarr^sa* Alichx. (Pine-barren Sandwort.) Dense*
y uned from a deep perpendicular root; leaves closely imbricated ,
nnt SJ>rC{! in&' ai°L shaped , short, channelled ; branches naked and nii*
1 1 ^ U Y a^ove» 8everal-flowered ; sepals obtuse , ovate, short*
May ^july ^ ^ ^UrC 8and’ k°nS Island and New Jersey.
• _ V M*c:hx. (Rock Sandwort.) Erect, or spread-
i ,r°^n a Sma. root» smooth ; leaves slender , between aicl-shaped and
ansue-jorm, with many others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse,
naked many-flowered ; sepals pointed , 3 -ribbed, ovate, as long as the
pot. U Rocks and dry banks, Vermont to Michigan. July.—
d ranches and leaves generally spreading, so that the name is not
appropriate. °
Spreng. (Mountain Sandwort.)
?,ftedJfr0m Slendcr roots, smooth; /ear** linear-thread-
venal * ^ 18tant’ not clustered, obtuse ; cyme few-flowered ;
syals oblong , obtuse , nearly equalling the pod. U - Crevices of
rocks, summit of the Shawangunk and Whiteface Mountains, New
York, Green Mountains, and White Mountains. July -Sept -
CARYOPHYLLACEJE.
(PINK FAMILY.) 61
Dwarf, not rigid like the foregoing, but the leaves rather fleshy.
Corolla wide ; the obovate petals slightly notched.
§ 2. Arenaria proper. — Valves of the capsule 2-cleft at the apex .
4. A. serpyllifolia, L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort.) Dif¬
fusely branched, roughish ; leaves ovate, acute (small) ; sepals lance¬
olate, pointed, 3-5-nerved, longer than the petals, equalling the ovate
6-toothed pod. (D — Sandy fields, introduced. June -Aug. _ An
inconspicuous weed.
§ 3. Mcehringia. Valves of the capsule 2-cleft , thus appearing" twice
as many as the styles : seeds minutely appendaged ( strophiolate ) at
the hilum. Peduncles often appearing lateral by the prolongation of
the stem.
5. A, lateriflora, L. (Side-flowering Sandwort ) Spar¬
ingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; leaves oval or oblong
obtuse; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, appearing lateral; se"
pals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the petals. — Shady gravelly banks
along streams, New England to Michigan, northward. May - June.
Leaves to V long : corolla broad.
HOJVK.EN1TA, Ehrhart. Sea-Sandwort.
Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous
and glandular, 10-notched. Petals 5, inserted under the edge of
the disk, obovate- wedge-shaped, tapering into a claw. Stamens
10, inserted on the notches or glands of the disk. Styles 3-5,
short, opposite as many of the sepals. Pod fleshy, opening by as
many valves as styles, few-seeded. — Very fleshy perennials of
sandy shores, forked, with solitary axillary flowers, more or less
polygamo-dicecious. Petals white. (Named in honor of Honc-
keny , a German botanist.)
1. H. peploides, Ehrhart. Leaves very thick and fleshy,
ovate, slightly pointed; sepals obtuse. — Sea-beach, Maine to New
Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts in the sands, 6'-10' high.
Leaves f ' long, partly clasping, or often minute on thickened sterile
branches.
? • STELLARIA, L. Chickweed. Starwort.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, or fewer, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none.
Stamens 10, or 3 — 8. Styles 3-4, opposite as many sepals.
Pod opening by as many or twice as many valves as styles, sev¬
eral-many-seeded. — Flowers (white) terminal, or appearing lat-
6
62
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)
eral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name
from stella , a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.)
* Stamens usually fewer than 10. Leaves broad.
1- S. media, Smith. (Common Chick weed.) Annual or bi¬
ennial ; stems spreading, marked with an alternate pubescent line ;
ea\es ovate, the lower on hairy petioles; petals 2-parted, shorter
t an the calyx. Fields and around dwellings ; a most common
weed, doubtless brought from Europe.
~ S. p ubera, Michx. (Great Chjckweed.) Perennial;
stems spreading, marked with 2 opposite hairy lines ; leaves all ses-
^° ‘°n* or ovate } petals deeply 2-cleft, longer than the calyx. —
Shaded rocks, Penn, and southward. May. — Leaves 2' long.
* * Stame™ mostly 10 ; styles often 4. Perennial
S. IbllgTipes, Goldie. (Long-stalked Stitchwort.) Shin¬
ing or somewhat glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, acute, broadest at the base , rather rigid; cyme
tew-flowered, the long pedicels strictly erect ; petals longer than the
yx; seeds smooth. — W. New York and Michigan, northward,
rare. Near No. 4.
• • longifolia, Muhl. (Stitchwort.) Stem branching
o\ e, w eak , leaves linear , acutish at both ends , spreading ; cymes
na^ei, an at length lateral , peduncled , many-flowered, the slender
pe ices spreading , petals 2-parted, soon longer than the calyx; seeds
smooth. -. Grassy places, common. June. — Stem often with rough
angles, 8; - 18' high.
5- S* borealis, Bigelow. (Northern Stitchwort.) Stems
naccid, many times forked, with a flower in each division, leafy to
* l°P’ leaves hroa<Uy lanceolate , acute, 1-nerved ; petals shorter than
le ca yx, or often wanting ; styles commonly 4 ; pods longer than
e calyx; seeds smooth. - Shaded swamps, Rhode Island ( Olney ) to
Michigan, northward. June - Aug. - Stems 5<- 10* high. Earlier
owera apetalous : latest leaves often reduced to bracts.
a<l**«&tica, Pollich. (Water Stitchwort.) Stems
ea , decumbent, prolonged, leaving the naked few-flowered sessile
cymes lateral; leaves oblong , acute, veined; petals and ripe pods about
the length of the calyx; styles 3 ; seeds roughened. - In swamps and
nils, Westchester, Penn., Darlington, &c , and doubtless elsewhere
northward.
p , crassif6lia, to which belongs Sagina fontinalis, Short 4*
, ccor ing to Fenzl, is to be sought in Ohio and Michigan.
8. CERisxilU, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
pa s , rare y 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed. Stamens twice
as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and op-
63
CARYOPHYLLACEjE. (pink family.)
posite them. Pod usually elongated, opening at the apex by
twice as many teeth as styles, many-seeded. — Flowers white, in
terminal cymes. (Name from k epas, a horn, alluding to the shape
of the pods.)
* Petals about the length of the calyx : pods long and curved.
1. C. vulgatum, L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed.) Very
hairy, seldom clammy, pale, in tufts; leaves obovate ; sepals lanceo¬
late, acute, in fruit as long as the peduncles. — Waste places; intro¬
duced, not so common as the next in the North. May-Sept.—
Biennial or perennial ? Flowers small, at first in close clusters.
2. O* viscdsum, L. (Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.)
Pubescent with somewhat clammy hairs; stems spreading; leaves
lanceolate-oblong or oblong-ovate ; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse , in fruit
shorter than the peduncles . — Dry fields and woods, possibly native,
as well as introduced. May- Aug. — Biennial? Taller, more dif¬
fuse, and greener than No. 1, with longer leaves and looser as well
as larger flowers. Stamens sometimes but 5, when it is probably the
C. semideedndrum of American authors.
* * Petals longer than the calyx.
3. C. nutans, Raf. (Clammy Wild Chickweed.) Pubes¬
cent with glutinous hairs; stems erect, slender, grooved, diffusely
branched, divaricately many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate , acute,
the lowest spatulate ; peduncles elongated ; petals longer than the
calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved upwards , thrice the length of
the calyx. — Moist places, from Vermont westward. May -July _
Biennial ? or annual, 6' -20' high.
4. c. oblongrifolinm, Torr. (Oblong-leaved Chick-
weed.) Stems ascending, villous, many flowered; leaves oblong-lan¬
ceolate and ovate ; peduncles clammy-hairy ; petals and ripe* pods
about twice the length of the calyx. If — Rocky places, New York
and Penn. May. — Stouter and larger-flowered than the following
species.
5. C. Rrvense, L. (Field Chickweed.) Stems ascending
or erect, tufted, downy, slender, naked and few-flowered at the sum¬
mit; leaves linear ; petals more than twice the length of the calyx;
pods scarcely longer than the calyx. If (Also C. tenuifolium,
Pursh .) — Dry or rocky places, Northeastern States, perhaps indige¬
nous. May, June. — A span high, large-flowered.
9* S AGIN A, L. Pearlwort.
Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, often obsolete or none.
Stamens as many as the sepals, rarely twice their number.
Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Pod
64
CARYOPHYLLACEjE. (PINK FAMILY.)
many-seeded, 4-5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. —
Small matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, and
minute flowers. (Name from sagina, fattening ; but it would
apparently take a long time to fatten any thing upon these minute
weeds.)
1- S* piocumbens, L. Perennial, depressed ; leaves thread-
form or narrowly linear; peduncles ascending in fruit; stamens 4-5;
petas shorter than the calyx , sometimes none. — Springy places, Maine
to Penn. May -Aug. V M V
apctala, L. Annual, erect, thread-like; leaves almost
mu e-form ; stamens 4 ; petals obsolete or none. — Sandy fields, New
York to Penn. Plant 2'- 4' high.
S. erecta, L., now considered to be Cerastium, is naturalized at
Baltimore.
Suborder III. ILLECEBRE^E. The Knotwort Family.
tO. SPERGtLA, L. Spurrey.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, large, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 5.
o many seeded, 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. — • An¬
nuals with narrow leaves in whorls, and cymose (white) flowers.
f1 arae 5ParS°i 1° scatter, alluding to its rapid dispersion by
its numerous seeds.)
1- S. arvensis, L. (Corn Spurrey.) Leaves awl-shaped-
mear, numerous in the whorls, with minute interposed stipules, often
c ustere in the axils; flowers in a compound cyme, slender-stalked.
Oram fields and waste places, introduced. — A foot high: the
black seeds thick, with a sharp edge.
II. SPEBGIILAbia, Pers. Sporrey-SandworT.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 3 - 10. Styles and valves
ot t e many-seeded pod 3, or if 5 the valves alternate with the se-
pa s ! — Low herbs, of brackish sandy soil, with fleshy opposite
leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils : stipules
scaly-membranous.
1.
smooths'll • i ra’ ”erS* ^ePressed and much branched, smootl
color- maA eaVe® narrow linear, rather fleshy; petals purple-r<
rubr*/ T \ °I Wlthout membranaceous margins. (Aren;
more flthT. / fie'ds’ "eM b‘a‘k*h water, and, Var. mar.
June Sprit a" A ar®e.r n al1 its Partsi on the sea-coast, comm
June -Sept. _ Annual ? Stamens 3 - 10, commonly 3 or 5.
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) 65
12. ANYCHIA, Michx. Forked Chickweed.
Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back,
greenish. Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Styles 2, very
short. Utricle 1-seeded. — Small, many times forked annuals,
with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same deri¬
vation as the next genus.)
1. A. dicliotoma, Michx. Erect or spreading, with capilla¬
ry branches ; leaves varying from lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat
petioled. (Queria Canadensis, L.) — Dry woods (10' high, delicate,
rather large-leaved) or in parched open ground, when it is more
stunted, crowded, and narrow-leaved. July - Aug.
13# I* AROIV YCJHI A 9 Toum. Whitlow-wort.
Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals
bristle-form or minute teeth. Stamens 5. Styles united. Utri¬
cle 1-seeded. — Tufted herbs, with dry silvery stipules and clus¬
tered flowers. (A Greek name for a whitlow , and for a plant
thought to cure it.)
1. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. (Silver Chickweed.) Densely
matted, much branched, spreading; leaves linear; flowers capitate,
surrounded by conspicuous silvery bracts; calyx hairy, short-awned ;
petals mere teeth between the stamens. 1J. — Slides in the Notch of
the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bare summits above :
a recent discovery. (Also on the Alleghanies from Virginia south¬
ward.) July.
P. dichotoma, Nutt., grows at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, and is to
be sought in the mountains of Pennsylvania.
Suborder IV. SCLERANTHEA2. The Knawel Family.
14. SCLERANTHUS, L. Knawel.
Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the 1-seed¬
ed utricle. Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct.
— Homely and inconspicuous little weeds, with obscure greenish
clustered flowers. (Name from ai&rjpos, hard , and avSos, flower ,
from the hardened calyx-tube.)
1- S. animus. L. Depressed, tufled and spreading,
annual ; leaves awl-shaped, somewhat united at the base ; flowers
nearly sessile - Waste places and sandy fields : introduced.
6*
66 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)
Suborder V. MOLLUGINEiE. Indian Chickweeds.
15. BIOLLtoO, L. Indian Chickweed.
Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 3 -5, hypogynous, opposite
the sepals. Styles 3, short. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, locnlicidal,
the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis. — Low
homely annuals, much branched ; the stipules obsolete. (An old
Latin name for some soft plant.)
1. M. verticellata, L. (Carpet-weed.) Prostrate, forming
patches ; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the
1-flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbels ; stamens usually 3.
— Sandy river-banks, and cultivated grounds. June - Sept.
Order 21. PORTULACACEiE. (Purslane Family.)
Herbs , with succulent leaves , and regular but unsymmetri -
cal flowers ; viz., sepals fewer than the petals ; the stamens
opposite the petals or more numerous : otherwise nearly as
Chickweeds. — Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens mostly 5-
20. Styles 3-6, united below, stigmatic along the inside.
Pod 1 -celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising
on slender stalks from the base, or on a central placenta.
Embryo curved around mealy albumen. — Insipid herbs,
with opposite or alternate entire leaves. Corolla opening
only in sunshine, ephemeral, then shrivelling.
Synopsis.
* Base of the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary : perigynous.
1. Portulaca. Stamens 10 — 20. Pod opening bv a lid.
* * Calyx free : petals hypogynous. Pod 3-valved.
2 Talinum. Stamens about 20. Sepals deciduous. Pod many-
seeded.
3. Claytonia. Stamens 5. Sepals persistent. Pod few-seeded.
!• PORTULACA, Toum. Purslane.
Sepals united and cohering with the ovary below. Stamens
8-20. Style mostly 5- cleft. Pod globular, many-seeded, open¬
ing transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx)
separating like a lid. — Fleshy annuals, with scattered leaves,
P0RTULACACE2E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 67
some species with brilliant flowers. (An old Latin name of un¬
known meaning.)
1- P* Oleracea, L. (Common Purslane.) Smooth, pros¬
trate; leaves wedge-form ; flowers sessile (pale yellow) ; stamens 10-
12. — Cultivated grounds, introduced into the United States.
2» TAliINl JI?I, Adans. Talinum.
Sepals free, deciduous. Stamens 10-30. Style 3-lobed at the
apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, with many
seeds on a globular stalked placenta. — Fleshy perennials. (Der¬
ivation of the name obscure.)
1. X. teretifolium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, from a short
rootstock ; leaves linear, cylindrical ; peduncle long and naked, bear¬
ing an open cyme of purple flowers. — Serpentine rocks, Westches¬
ter, Penn., and southward. June - Aug. — Corolla §' broad.
3. CliAYTOIVIA, L. Spring-beauty.
Sepals ovate, free, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering
to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod
3-valved, 2 - 5-seeded. — Our species are perennials, sending up
simple stems in early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a
pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Co¬
rolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one
day ! (Named in honor of Clayton , one of the earliest botanists
of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the
Flora Virginica.)
L C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated. —
Moist open woods, from Connecticut westward.
Y 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-
lanceolate. — Vermont, Northern New York, and southward along
the Alleghanies.
Order 22. MALVACEAE. (Mallow Family.)
Herbs or shrubs , with alternate stipulate leaves and reg¬
ular flowers, the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in
the bud , numerous stamens monadelphous in a column, 1-cell-
ed anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at
the base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of
bractlets outside, forming a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5,
68
MALVACEJE. ( MALLOW FAMILY. )
cohering by their short claws with the tube of filaments.
Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. Pistils sev¬
eral, with the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-
celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo curved,
the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilagi¬
nous plants, with tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves.
Flower-stalks with a joint.
Synopsis.
* Calyx naked (no involucel) : carpels separable in the fruit.
1. Abutilon. Pods each 3-6-seeded, not falling away when ripe.
2. Sida. Pods 1-seeded, separating. Flowers perfect.
3. Nap^a. Pods 1-seeded, separating. Flowers dioecious.
* * Calyx involucellate at the base.
Carpels numerous, separating whole when ripe, 1-seeded.
4. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets.
5. Althaea. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets.
Carpels permanently united into 3-5-ceIled loculicidal pod.
6. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod few -many-seeded.
1. ABl TILON, Tourn. Indian Mallow.
Calyx naked at the base. Styles 5 - 15. Pods 5 - 15, remain¬
ing coherent so as to form a sort of compound capsule, spreading
at the summit, where each splits open along the inner edge.
Seeds about 3 in each carpel. — Flowers in the axils of the heart-
shaped leaves. (Name of unknown origin.)
1. A. Avicenna*, Gsertn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Leaves round¬
ish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the
leaf-stalks; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked, the beaks
splitting in two. CD - Escaped from gardens, naturalized. Aug.-
Plant about 4° high. S
2. SIDA, L. Sida.
Calyx naked at the base. Styles 5 or more : the ripe fruit
separating into as many 1-seeded pods, each splitting open at the
top. Radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas terminal, minutely cap¬
itate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.)
1. S. Spifiosa, L. Annual, low, branched from the base;
leaves ovate-oblong, abrupt at the base, serrate ; stipules bristle-form ;
flower-stalks axillary, shorter than the petioles; fruit separating into
69
MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)
five 2-beaked pods, opening between the beaks. — Waste places, from
S. New York soutliwestward. — A homely weed, with small yellow
flowers. A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger
plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called spiny.
S. Nap&a, the Napaa Icevis , L., well known in gardens, which was
first raised by Hermann at Leyden from seeds said to have come from
Virginia, is not known to grow wild in the Northern States, and I
doubt if it really belongs to this country at all.
3. NAPiEA, Clayt. Glade Mallow.
Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Flowers dioecious; the
staminate flowers entirely destitute of pistils ; the fertile with a
short column of filaments but no anthers. Styles mostly 8, dis¬
tinct almost to the base, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depress¬
ed-globular, separating when ripe into as many 1-seeded pods as
styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and roughish per¬
ennial herb, with very large 9 - 11-parted lower leaves, the point¬
ed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flowers in
panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from vany, a
wooded valley, or mountain glade, or, poetically, the nymph of
the groves, alluding to the place where he discovered the plant.)
1. IV# dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys,
Penn., southward to Augusta Co., in the Valley of Virginia, where
Clayton discovered it, west to Ohio and Illinois ; rare. July. — Root-
leaves 1° - 2° broad.
4. MiLTA, L. Mallow.
Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx.
Styles numerous. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as
many 1-seeded and usually indehiscent kidney-shaped little pods
as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — Flowers
perfect. (An old Latin name, from MaXa^, alluding to the emol¬
lient leaves.)
1. MI. rotlllldifolia, L. (Dwarf Mallow.) Stems pros¬
trate or spreading from a deep root ; leaves rounded-heart- shaped, ob¬
tusely 5-lobed, crenate, long-petioled ; flowers solitary, axillary ; pet¬
als notched at the end, twice the length of the calyx. 1J. — Around
dwellings everywhere, introduced, troublesome. — Corolla small,
whitish, with purple veins.
2. in. sylvestris, L. (High Mallow.) Stems erect ; leaves
rather sharply 5 - 7-lobed ; flowers axillary, 3-4 together ; petals in-
70
MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)
versely heart-shaped, thrice the length of the calyx (rose-purple). 1J.
— Waste places, escaped from gardens, partially naturalized.
3. UI. trianglllata, Leavenworth. Roughish-hairy ; stems
nearly erect ; leaves deltoid-triangular , crenate , pointed , the lowest
mostly heart-shaped at the base, the upper variously 3 - 5-lobed or
cut; flowers numerous in a loose terminal panicle, on short pedicels;
petals wedge-obovate (purple) ; involucel as long as the downy (not
bristly) short calyx. 1J. (Nuttallia cordifolia, JYutt. N. cordata,
Lindl. Malva Houghtonii, Torr. Gr.) — Dry prairies, &c., from
Wisconsin southward. July. — Stems 2? high : flowers broad.
M. crispa, the Curled Mallow, and M. moschAta, the Musk
Mallow, are occasionally spontaneous around gardens.
5. ALTHEA, L. Marsh Mallow.
Calyx surrounded by a 6 -7-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in
Malva. (Name from oX&o, to cure.)
1- A* Officinalis, L. (Common Marsh Mallow.) Stem
68 ovfte* or sightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes
o ec , c othed with velvety down ; peduncles axillary, many-flower-
e , much shorter than the leaves, lj. — Salt marshes, naturalized in
jW E"§land and New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-
de °GuimauL aboundinS in mucilage, the basis of the Pates
A. rosea, and A. ficif6lia, are the garden Hollyhocks.
HIBISCUS, L. Hibiscus.
Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous braetlets
1 ^ ^Uniied; st*£mas 5, capitate. Anther-bearing column pro
onge . Fruit a 5-celled many - few-seeded pod, opening into 1
a ves w ich bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal)
s or s rubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An oh
Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning)
§ L Kosteletzkya, Presl. - CeUs 0f the depressed pod 1-seeded.
taoernoint L Roughish-hairy ; leaves ovate an«
podbLtlv^u11^^^’ Une(iua,1y toothed, the lower 3-lobed
° o la 2 wide, purple-rose-color.
§2. Hibiscus proper —Cells of the pod mony-seeded : calyx an
2 II «... ™n,J-Uar'd iacolucel persistent.
L- (S"A„p Rosc-Malcow.) Leate
te, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened with a fine soj
71
malvaceje. (mallow family.)
down underneath ; the 1-flowered peduncles often united at the base
with the petioles ; calyx not inflated ; seeds smooth. 1J. — Borders of
marshes along and near the coast. Salt springs, Salina, New York.
Aug., Sept. — Plant stout, 5° high. Corolla 5' in diameter, pale rose-
i purple, or white with a crimson eye, showy in cultivation.
3. II. militaris, Cav. (Halbert-leaved Mallow.) Smooth
throughout ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper
leaves halbert-form , the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the
\ ■ middle one prolonged and taper-pointed; peduncles slender; fruiting
i calyx inflated ; seeds hairy. 1J. — River-banks, Penn, to Ohio. Aug.
— As tall as, but more slender and smaller-flowered, than the last:
corolla pale rose-color.
4. H. T noil II lift, L. (Bladder Ketmia.) Somewhat hairy ;
upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle
one much the longest ; fruiting calyx inflated , membranaceous , with
bristly ribs, 5-winged at the summit ; seeds rough. (D — Escaped
from gardens, but scarcely naturalized. Corolla pale greenish-yel¬
low with a purple eye, ephemeral; hence the name Flower-of-
an-hour.
H. Syriacus, the Shrubby jjlthcea of the old gardeners, is cultivat¬
ed about houses.
H. esculentus (the Okra), belonging to the section Abelm<5s-
chus, Medic, (in which the leaves of the involucel are deciduous,
and the membranaceous inflated calyx splits open on one side),
■ is common in gardens, especially southward.
Order 23. TTLIACEiE. (Linden Family.)
Trees , with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, and
v ah ate calyx, fyc., of the Mallow Family ; but the petals
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous,
and the anthers 2- celled ; — represented in northern regions
only by the genus
1* TIliIA, L. Linden. Basswood.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatu late-oblong. Stamens numerous :
filaments cohering in 5 clusters writh each other (in European
species) , or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed op¬
posite the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary and 2 half-
anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma.
Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1-2-
seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle and a pair of leaf-like
72 TILIACE2E. (LINDEN FAMILY.)
somewhat heart-shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little
folded. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, obliquely heart-
shaped and serrate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of
flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf¬
like bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The
classical name of the genus.)
1. T. Americana, L. (Basswood.) Leaves green and
glabrous or nearly so. — Rich woods. June. — This familiar tree is
rarely called Lime-tree , oftener White-wood , commonly Basswood ;
the name (now obsolete in England) alluding to the use of the inner
bark for mats and cordage.
heterophylla, Vent. (White Basswood.) Leaves
smooth and bright green above, whitened with a woolly down under¬
neath. (T. alba, Michz.) — Mountains of Penn, and southward.
Leaves larger than in No. 1, often 8' broad.
T. EuropA:a, the European Linden, which is planted in and
near our cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from
any native species by the absence of the petal-like scales among the
stamens. This tree (the Lin ) gave the family name to Linnccus.
Order 24. LINACEiE. (Flax Family.)
Herbs , with regular hypogynous flowers 4 — 5-merous
throughout , strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals,
the 5 stamens monadelphous at the base, and an 8- 10-seed-
ed pod, with twice as many cells ( complete or incomplete) as
there are styles ; — consisting chiefly of the genus
*• L. Flax.
Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Pod of 5 united carpels
(into which it splits in dehiscence) and only 5-celled, with 2 seeds
hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is incompletely
or completely divided into two by a false partition which projects
trom the back of the carpels, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds
anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large embryo
wu pl,.no-convex cotyledons - Herbs, with a fibrous bark, sim¬
ple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite) without
stipules, and terminal, corymbose or panicled flowers. Corolla
usua y ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)
1 Ll v'rgini;\nnn., L. (Wild Flax ) Leaves oblong ■
73
LINACEAS. (flax family.)
lanceolate , the upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corym¬
bose or panicled branches, on very short peduncles turned to one
side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth ; petals yellow. — Dry woods
June -Aug.-© or U? Stem P-2 0 high. Corolla 3" broad,
rods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length through all the
partitions into 10 pieces.
2. E. rlgldum, Pursh. (Larger Yellow Flax.) Leaves
rigid, pointed, with rough margins ; flowers corymbose-pan-
icled; sepals ovate-lanceolate, rigid-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough-
ened glandular margins ; petals sulphur-yellow. — Rhode Island, Con¬
necticut, scarce. Michigan westward, (l)
3. L. usitatissiinuin, L. (Commoh Flax.) Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate, acute, 1 - 3-nerved, with membrana¬
ceous margins ; petals blue (large). - Fields, sparingly escaped from
cultivation. (J) — Pod globose, pointed, 10-celled.
Order 25. GERAJYIACEiE. (Geranium Family.)
Plants with mostly regular hypogynous 5-merous flowers,
imbricated sepals and convolute petals, 10 stamens slightly
monadelphous at the base , the alternate ones shorter, and 5
pistils cohering to a central prolonged axis, from which
they separate at maturity by the curling back of the styles
elastically, carrying with them the small 1 -seeded pods. —
Calyx persistent. Ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous,
anatropous, usually but one ripening. Pods small and
membranaceous, cohering to 5 shallow excavations in the
base of the prolonged axis, usually torn open on the inner
face, when they are carried away by the recurving styles.
Seed without albumen : cotyledons folded together. —
Strong-scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have
somewhat irregular flowers, mostly shrubby plants), with
opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and bitter astringent
roots. 8
1. GERANIUM, L. Cranesbill.
Stamens 10, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands
at their base. Styles recurved but not twisted in the ripe fruit,
smooth inside. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. (An
74
GERANIACEiE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)
old Greek name, from yepavos, a Crane; the long fruit-bearing beak
thought to resemble the bill of that bird.)
* Root perennial.
1. G. macillsitum, L. (Wild Cranesbill.) Stem erect,
hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and
cut at the end ; sepals awned ; petals entire, light purple. — Open
woods. April -July. — A well-known plant, with large and hand¬
some flowers. Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow
old.
* * Root biennial or annual.
2. G* Carolinianum, L. (Carolina Cranesbill.) Stems
diffusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the
divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; sepals
awned, as long as the emarginate (pale red-purplish) petals; seeds
very minutely reticulated (under a lens). — Barren soil and waste
places. May- July. — Biennial in the north, low, spreading when
old. Flowers small : the peduncles and pedicels short.
3. G* dissectum, L. (Cut-leaved Cranesbill.) Stems
spreading, hairy ; leaves 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions linear, 3-cleft or
cut ; sepals awned, nearly as long as the 2-lobed (bluish-purple) pe¬
tals ; seeds conspicuously reticulated. — Waste places, introduced, if
really in the country. Some states of No. 2 are often taken for it;
but we have seen none with so long lobes to the leaves or seeds so
much reticulated.
4. G* piisillum, L. (Small-flowered Cranesbill.) Stems
procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-
form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-clefi ; sepals awnless, about
as long as the 2-cleft (bluish-purple) petals ; seeds smooth. — * Waste
places, New York : introduced.
5. G* Rotoertianum, L. (Herb Robert.) Sparsely hairy,
diffuse; leaves 3- divided , the divisions 2-pinnatijid ; sepals awned,
shorter than the (purple) petals; pods wrinkled; seeds smooth.—
Moist woods and shaded ravines. June - Oct. — Plant strongly
odorous.
2* ERODIUilI, L’Her. Storksbill.
Stamens 5, perfect, the 5 shorter sterile. Styles in fruit at
length twisting spirally, bearded inside. Otherwise as Gera¬
nium. (Name from epodtov, a Heron , in allusion to the shape of
the beak.)
1. E. cicutarium, L’Her. Annual, hairy ; stems low, spread¬
ing ; leaves pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 - 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles
several-flowered ; petals (purplish) longer than the calyx. - Shore of
Oneida Lake, New York, Knieskem. Introduced.
OXALIDACEAS. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) 75
Order 26. OXALIDACEiE. (Wood-Sorrel Family.)
Plants with sour juice , compound leaves , and regular
flowers , taiVA the sepals , petals , and stamens nearly as in
Geranium ; m/A 5 separate styles and a 5- celled sev -
eral-seeded pod. — The principal genus is
OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. Pod
membranaceous, deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on
the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendulous from the axis, ana-
tropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo straight
in fleshy albumen. — Herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate
leaves, mostly of 3 inversely heart-shaped leaflets, which close
and droop at nightfall. (Name from d£us, sour.)
* Stemless : leaves and scapes from a root-stock or bulb.
h O* Acetosella, L. (Common Wood-Sorrel.) Root-stock
creeping and scaly-toothed; scape lflowered ; petals white with red¬
dish veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Maine to Michigan,
northward. June. — Plant 3; - 5r high, sparsely hairy : the flower
iP broad. Leaflets broadly obcordate.
o. violacca, L. (Violet W^ood-Sorrel.) Bulb scaly;
scapes several-flowered in an umbel, longer than the leaves ; petals
violet. — Rocky places, most common southward. May, June. _
Nearly smooth, 5'-9; high. Leaves very broadly obcordate. Sepals
tipped with a gland. Corolla V broad.
* * Stems leafy : peduncles axillary.
3. O. stricta, L. (Yellow Wood-Sorrel.) Perennial? by
running subterranean shoots ; stems at first erect, branching ; pedun¬
cles 2 -6-flowered, longer than the leaves; petals yellow; pods elon¬
gated, erect in fruit, the cells several-seeded. — Borders of woods,
fields, and cultivated grounds. May — Sept. — Probably we have but
one species of Yellow Wood-Sorrel, which varies greatly in appear¬
ance and in the size of its flowers according to season and situation.
Order 27. BAESAMINACEAD. (Balsam Family.)
Annuals , with succulent stems gorged with a hland watery
juice , and very irregular hypogynous flowers , the 5 stamens
somewhat united , and the pod bursting elastically. — Char¬
acters as in the principal genus.
76 BALSAMINACEJj. (BALSAM FAMILY.)
1. IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed.
Calyx and corolla colored alike and confounded, imbricated in
the bud. Sepals apparently only 4 ; the upper one, which is
notched at the apex, probably consisting of two combined ; the
lower one largest and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal¬
sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5,
short : anthers opening on the inner face, connivent over the stig¬
ma. Ovary 5-celled : stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent par¬
titions, and a thick axis bearing the several anatropous seeds, 5-
valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in
bursting. Embryo straight : albumen none. — Leaves simple,
alternate, without stipules. Flowers axillary or panicled ; often
of two sorts, viz. the larger ones, as described above, which sel¬
dom ripen seeds, and very small ones, which are fertilized early
in the bud, when the floral envelopes never expand, but are forced
off by the growing pod and carried upwards on its apex.
(Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched,
whence also the popular appellations Touch-me-not, or Snap-
weed.)
1 I. pallida, Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Flowers pale yd-
low, sparingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and obtusely
conical, broader than long, tipped with a very short recurved spur.—
Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil ; most common north¬
westward. July - Sept. — Larger and greener than the next, with
larger flowers. Leaves ovate, petioled, toothed.
I* fiilva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flotcers or¬
ange-color, thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad,
acutely conical, tapering into a recurved spur. — Rills and shady moist
places, common, especially southward. June - Sept. - Plant 2° - 4°
»gh : the flowers loosely panicled at the ends of the branches, hang-
nt> g^ce u ly on their slender nodding stalks, the open mouth of the
corn ucopiae-shaped sepal upward. Flowers smaller than in the last.
I Balsam'ina, the Garden Balsam or Ladies' Slippers , is becom¬
ing spontaneous about gardens.
T^°^eolum “ajus, the Nasturtium of gardens, is the type of a
family between this and the ensuing.
Order 28. LIMNANTHACEJI.
Annual low herbs , with pinnated alternate leaves mthout
stipules, and regular 3-5 -merous flowers: calyx v abate
LIMNANTHACEJE. (FALSE-MERMAID FAMILY.) 77
and petals convolute in the hud : stamens twice their number :
the one-seeded little fleshy fruits entire, hut their styles
united. — Consists of one 5-merous Californian plant (Lim-
nanthes), with handsome flowers, sometimes cultivated in
gardens, and the
1* FLQilRKEA, Willd. False Mermaid.
Flower 3-merous (rarely 4-merous) : the 3 petals shorter
than the calyx, lanceolate. Stamens 6, nearly hypogynous.
Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style
rising in the centre : stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) fleshy ache-
nia. Seed large, anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo
with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A small and incon¬
spicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary pedun¬
cles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.)
1. F. proscrptnacoidcs, Willd. — Marshes and river-
banks, W. N. Engl, to Ohio. April- June. — The rather succulent
stems and foliage slightly pungent. Leaflets 3-5, lanceolate.
Order 29. ZANTHOXYEACEAE.
Trees or shrubs , pungent and hitter-aromatic , with pellu¬
cid-dotted leaves , and dioecious or polygamous regular small
flowers : ovaries separate or 2-celled. — Sepals 3-5. Pe¬
tals as many, or wanting. Stamens equalling or double the
sepals in number. Pistils 2-5, distinct or united, 1-2-
seeded (ovules 2, collateral). Seed-coat crustaceous. Em¬
bryo in fleshy albumen. — Leaves alternate or opposite.
Stipules none.
1* ZAKTHOXYLUM, L. (Prickly Ash.)
Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5, petal-like when there are no pe¬
tals. Stamens 5. Pistils 3-5, raised on a short base or stalk,
distinct, the styles connivent. Pods thickish, 2-valved when ripe.
Seeds black and shining. — Stems and often the leaf-stalks prick¬
ly. Leaves mostly pinnate. (Name from £av66s, yellow , and £v-
\ov , wood.)
1- Z. A meric sum m, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash )
Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters ) leaflets 4—5 pairs and an odd
78 ZANTHOXYLACEjE. (prickly-ash family.)
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; petals wanting ; pistils 5, with
slender styles; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks,
common northward. April, May. — A low or tall prickly shrub,
with yellowish-green flowers appearing with the leaves. Bark and
pods very pungent to the taste.
2. PTELEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil.
Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5. Stamens
as many. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-
celled samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with
3-foliolate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound
terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, applied to a genus
which has a somewhat similar fruit.)
!• !*• tiifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when
young, the middle one wedge-form at the base. — Rocky places, from
Michigan and Penn, southward. June. — A tall shrub/ Fruit bitter,
or o the flowers disagreeable ; but not so much so as those of the
A^thc, glandul6scs, or Tree-of-Heaven, — a cultivated
e o t is mily , whose flowers, redolent of any thing but u airs
rom eaven, offer a serious objection to the planting of this orna¬
mental tree near dwellings.
Order 30. ANACARDIACEjE. (Cashew Family.)
Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice,
ess alternate leaves, and small, often polygamous, regu-
or penlandrous flowers, with a 1 -celled and 1 -ovuled ovary,
i i Q ^ sty/es or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the
e t, ii °rne °n a curved stalk that rises from the base
of the cell, without albumen. Stipules none.
Serial K D V I*. SlTMACH.
tween^ i ,P<!ta S 5‘ Stamen3 5> inserted into the edge or be-
Fruitam ll ° j6S T a ®attene<i disk in the bottom of the calyx,
in R r v “ indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. - Leaves (simple
Flowers srreen' h 6 ^.moke'Plant of gardens) usually compound.
name of th h'W.hlte 01 yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin
name ot the genus.)
§ ' ac, DC Flowers mostly polygamous , panicled.
ANACA RDIACEJS. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 79
* Not poisonous : fruit clothed with (acid) crimson hairs : panicle
compound , dense , terminal : leaves odd-pinnate.
1* J*. typliina, L. (Staghorn Sumach.) Branches and
stalks densely velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate. — Hill-sides. June. — A large shrub, or
a spreading tree. 20° -30° high, with orange-colored aromatic wood,
and copious milky-resinous juice.
2. R. glabra, L. (Smooth Sumach.) Smooth , someichat
glaucous; leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, point¬
ed, serrate. — Rocky or barren soil. July. — Smaller than No. 1.
3. R. copallina, L. (Dwarf Sumach.) Branches and
stalks downy ; petioles winged-margined between the 9-21 oblong or
ovate-lanceolate leaflets, which are oblique or unequal at the base,
smooth and shining above. — Rocky hills. July. — Shrub 2° -7° high,
with running roots. Leaflets variable, entire or sparingly toothed.
* * Poisonous to the touch : fruit smooth : panicles axillary.
4. R. venenata, DC. (Poison Sumach.) Smooth, or
nearly so ; leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 7 — 13, obovate-oblong, some¬
what pointed at both ends, entire. (R. Vernix, L., partly.) Swamps.
June —Shrub 10° -lf*> high, with thin light-green foliage and dun-
colored fruit. The most poisonous species, even the efiluvium affect¬
ing many persons. It is also called, inappropriately, Poison Elder
and Poison Dogwood.
5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.)
Climbing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; leaves with 3
leaflets , which are rhombic-ovate, mostly pointed, and rather downy
beneath, variously notched or cut-lobed, or entire. — When climbing
trees it is R. rad i cans, L. — Thickets, fence-rows, &c. June. Less
poisonous than No 4.
§ 2. LobIdium, Raf. — Flowers dioecious , in clustered scaly-bracted
spikes like catkins , preceding the leaves : disk 5-partcd. (, Not poi¬
sonous.)
6. R. aromdtica, Ait. (Fragrant Sumach.) Leaves pu¬
bescent when young, thickish when old; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate,
unequally cut-toothed, the middle one wedge-shaped at the base ;
flowers yellow ; fruit downy with acid hairs. — Dry rocky soil, Ver¬
mont to Michigan. April. — A jlow straggling bush, the crushed
leaves sweet-scented.
Order 31. ACERACEAS. (Maple Family.)
Trees , with opposite dotless leaves , without stipules , yield¬
ing a sweet sap , regular hut often apetalous or unsymmetri-
cal polygamo-dicecious small flowers, and a 2- winged fruit .
80
ACERACEJE. (MAPLE FAMILY.)
— Styles 2: ovary surrounded at the base by a glandular*
lobed disk into which the 5-12 stamens are inserted, 2-
celled, with 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each : from
the back of each carpel grows the wing, converting the fruit
into a pair of separable 1 -seeded samaras. Seed nearly
without albumen, variously coiled, and the leaf-like cotyle¬
dons crumpled.
ACER, L. Maple.
Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 sepals. Petals 5, or none. Stamens
6-8, rarely 5. — Flowers mostly polygamous. Leaves simple,
palmately lobed, mostly heart-shaped at the base. (The classical
name of the Maple, from the Celtic ac, hard.)
* Flowers in terminal racemes , later than the leaves : stamens 6-8.
L A. P ennsy lvunicuin, L. (Striped Maple ) Leaves
3-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate ; the short lobes
taper-pointed, and also serrate ; racemes drooping , loose ; petals obo-
vate ; fruit with large diverging wings. (A. striatum, Lam-) — Rkh
woods, Maine to Michigan. June. — A small slender tree, with
light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and
fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood1 and Moose - Wood .
2. A. spicatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) Leaves
downy underneath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes
taper-pointed ; racemes upright , dense , somewhat compound ; petals
lincar-spatulale ; fruit with small very divergent wings. (A. monti-
num, Ail.) Moist hill-sides in woods, Maine to Michigan north¬
ward. June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps.
* * Flmoers umbellate-corymbed , appearing with the leaves.
•L A. saccharimim, Wang. (Sugar Maple. Rock Ma¬
ple.) Leaves 3 -5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparing¬
ly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the
base, whitish and smooth or a little downy along the veins beneath ;
flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds, drooping
on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ;
wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Var. nIgrum. (Black
Sugxr-Mafle ) Leaves green both sides, minutely downy even
when old, the lobes rather wider, and the sinus at the base often
cose . (A. nigrum, Michx.) — Rich woods, most abundant north¬
ward or m mountain valleys. April.
* * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from lateral leafless buds ,
, JT^ding the leaves : stamens 3 -6.
. • aa.sycd.rpum, Ehrhart. (White or Silver Maple.)
81
ACERACEJE. (MAPLE FAMILY.)
Leaves deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white
(and when young downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed
and toothed; flowers (greenish yellow) on short pedicels; petals none;
fruit woolly when young , with large divergent wings. — River-banks,
most common southward. April. — A fine ornamental tree.
5. A. rubrum, L. (Red or Swamp Maple.) Leaves 3-5-
lobed with the sinuses acute, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregu¬
larly serrate and notched, acute, the middle one usually longest;
petals linear-oblong ; flowers on very short pedicels; but the fruit on
prolonged drooping pedicels, smooth. — Swamps and wet woods,
everywhere. March, April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs; the
leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crimson in early au¬
tumn ; the blossoms scarlet, or sometimes greenish-yellow.
WEOUNBO, Mcench. Ash-leaved Maple.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens mostly 5. — Flowers
dioecious, from lateral buds ; the sterile in clusters on capillary
pedicels ; the fertile in drooping racemes. Leaves pinnate, with
3 or 5 leaflets.
1. IV. aceroides, Moench. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets
smoothish when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed; fruit
smooth, with large rather incurved wings. — River-banks. Penn, to
iehigan. April. — A small but handsome tree, with light-green
twigs, and very delicate drooping clusters of small greenish flowers,
rather preceding the leaves. Also called Box-Elder.
Order 32. HIPPOCASTAJYACE^E.
Trees or shrubs , with opposite digitate leaves , no stip¬
ules, and showy hypogynous flowers which are both un -
symmetrical and irregular . Fruit a leathery round pod ,
2 - Z-valved, ripening 1 to 3 • very large bitter seeds like
chestnuts . — Consists essentially of the genus
AE S CTJETJS, L. Horse-chestnut.
Calyx regular, 5-lobed. Petals 4, sometimes 5, more or less
unequal, with claws. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8) ; filaments long
and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules
in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, ripens into a seed.
Seed with a thick and shining coat and a large and round pale
scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, some¬
what crumpled and united, remaining under ground in germina-
82 HIPPOCASTANACEiE. ( HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY.)
tion : plumule 2-leaved : radicle conical, curved. — Leaflets of the
5 - 7-foliolate leaves serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf.
Flowers in a terminal thyrsus or dense panicle, often polygamous,
the greater portion with imperfect pistils and sterile. Pedicels
jointed. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing
tree.)
§1. iEscuLus proper. — Fruit covered with prickles.
1* Hippocdstanum, L. (Common Horse-chestnut.)
Corrolla spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals;
stamens declined; leaflets 7. — This well-known introduced tree may
be said to be almost naturalized.
2. iE. glabra, Willd. (Ohio Buckeye.) Stamens curved,
much longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; fruit
prickly when young; leaflets 5. — River-banks, W. Penn, to Michi¬
gan. June. — A small tree, the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as
in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy.
§ 2. PXvia, Boerh. — Fruit smooth. (Buckeye.)
3. JE. flava, Ait. (Yellow Buckeye.) Stamens shorter than
the light yellow corolla of 4 very unequal petals ; filaments nearly
straight, woolly; leaflets 5-7, pubescent beneath. — Woods, Ohio,
May. Often a large tree : seeds very large.
P-^-VIA, L., the Buckeye with purple or reddish flowers, proba¬
bly grows in S. W. Pennsylvania.
Order 33. CELASTRACE.E. (Spindle-tree Fam.)
Shrubs or small trees , with small regular and symmetri¬
cal flowers , the sepals and the petals both imbricated in the
hud, the stamens as many as the petals and alternate with
them ( opposite the sepals), inserted on a disk which often
fills the bottom of the calyx. Fruit a 3- {rarely 4-5-)
celled pod, free from the calyx. — Seeds solitary or few, ana-
tropous, with a large embryo in fleshy albumen : cotyle¬
dons broad and leaf-like. — Stipules deciduous or incon¬
spicuous. Pedicels jointed.
Synopsis.
Tribe 1. S TAPHYLEiE. Seeds bony, with no aril. Ovary many*
ovuled, free from the cup-shaped disk. — Leaves compound.
1. Staphylea. Flowers in raceme-like clusters. Pods bladdery.
Tribe 2. EUONYME^. Seeds with pulpy arils. Ovules 2 in
83
CELASTRACEJE. (SPINDLE-TREE FAMILY.)
each cell. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed. Disk adhering to the
bottom of the calyx. — Leaves simple.
2. Celastrus. Stamens on the edge of the disk. Leaves alternate.
3. Euonymus. Stamens on the upper surface of the disk, in which
the ovary is immersed. Leaves opposite.
1. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut.
Sepals 5, erect. Petals 5, with short claws. Pistil of 3 car¬
pels united in the axis ; their long1 styles cohering, but separating
as the ovary enlarges into the membranaceous inflated 3-lobed and
# 3-celled pod. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell, naked, bony. — Upright
shrubs with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and
white flowers in drooping raceme-like clusters, terminating the
branchlets. (Name from o-ra^uAq, a cluster .)
1. S. trifolia., L. (American Bladder-nut.) Leaflets 3,
ovate, pointed. — Moist thickets. May. — Shrub 10° high, with
greenish striped branches. Flowers <p, pods 2', long.
CELASTRUS, L. Shrubby Bitter-sweet.
Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5, sessile. Stamens on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk. Pistil on the disk. Pod glo¬
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds
1 - 2 in each cell, erect, inclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves
alternate. Flowers small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters ter¬
minating the branches, polygamo-dicecious. (An ancient Greek
name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)
1. C* SCandens, L. (Wax-work. Climbing Bitter-sweet.)
Woody, climbing or twining ; leaves thin, ovate-oblong, finely serrate,
pointed. Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-
colored pods, displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very
ornamental in autumn.
Tourn. Spindle-tree.
Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat calyx.
Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted
on the upper face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which co¬
heres with the calyx and is stretched over the ovary. Style short
or none. Pod 3 — 5-lobed, 3 — 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1—2
in each cell, inclosed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branch-
lets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small green or
84 CELASTRACEJE. (sPINDLE-TREE FAMILY.)
dark-purple flowers on axillary peduncles. (Deriv. from cv,
good , and ovopa, name , because it has the bad reputation of poi¬
soning cattle. Toum.)
1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (Burning Bush.) Shrub tall
and upright ; leaves petioled , oval-oblong, pointed ; parts of the (dark
purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth , deeply lobed. — New
York and westward: also cultivated. June. — Ornamental at the
close of autumn, by its copious clusters of crimson fruit, drooping on
long peduncles.
2. E. America. mis, L. (Strawberry-bush.) Shrub low,
often spreading or trailing ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, varying
to obovate ; parts of the (purplish or green) flowers mostly in fives;
pods rough-warty , depressed. — Wet places, W. New York westward.
May- July. — Fruit not copious, crimson when ripe, the aril scarlet.
Order 34. RHAMNACEiE. (Buckthorn Family.)
Shrubs or small trees , with simple leaves , small and reg¬
ular flowers ( sometimes apelalous ), with the stamens as many
as the valvate sepals and alternate with them , and accord -
ingty opposite the petals ! Drupe or pod with only one
seed in each cell , not arilled. — Petals folded inwards in the
bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens
into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of
the calyx and often unites it to the lower part of the 2-5*
celled ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous, erect. Stigmas
2-5, distinct; the styles united. Embryo large, with
broad cotyledons, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves mostly alter*
nate : stipules minute. Branches often thorny.
L. Buckthorn.
Calyx 4 -5-cleft. Petals 4-5, shorter than the sepals, flat-
tish, or none. Filaments short. Ovary nearly free from the ca¬
lyx. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 3 or 4 cartilaginous
nuts. Flowers minute, in short axillary clusters, often polygu*
mous or dioecious. (CP dpvoS, the ancient name, from the numer¬
ous branchlets.)
} R- catlUirticus, L. (Common Buckthorn.) Leaves ovate,
minutely serrate; stamens , petals , and seeds mostly 4. — Naturalized
in some places, and especially near West Point, New York. Culti-
RHAMNACEiE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 85
rated for hedges. May. — A tall shrub, with gray branches and
thorny branchlets. Fruit black.
2. R. alnifolius, LTIer. (Alder-leaved Buckthorn.)
Leaves oval, pointed, serrate ; petals usually wanting ; stamens 5 ;
seeds 3. — Swarnps, Maine to Michigan northward. June. _ A
spreading shrub, 2°- 3° high.
2. CEANdTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea.
Calyx 5-lobed, the lower part cohering with the ovary, the up-
per separating across in fruit. Petals hood-form, on slender
claws. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting
into its 3 carpels when ripe. — Shrubby plants ; the flowers in
little umbel-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or
corymbs at the summit of naked flower-branches : calyx and pedi¬
cels colored like the petals. (A name of Theophrastus, of un¬
known meaning, applied to some very different plant.)
L C. A meric films, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovale
or oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped
at the base ; common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July.
An undershrub, 1°- 3P high from a dark red root, varying greatly ;
branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters. — The leaves
were used as a substitute for tea during the American Revolution.
2. C. ovalis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-
lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as
the short common peduncles. — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Michigan
northward. May. — A handsome low shrub, with the white flowers
larger than in No 1, more corymbed, and narrower smooth leaves,
mostly acute at both ends.
Order 35. \ITACEiE. (Vine Family.)
Shrubs climbing by tendrils , with small regular Jlowers ,
a minute truncated calyx , and the stamens as many as the
vale ate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-celled , 4-seeded.
Petals 4-5, very deciduous, inserted with the stamens on
the outside of the fleshy disk which fills the cup of the al¬
most obsolete calyx. Pistil with a short style or none, and
a slightly 2-lobed stigma : ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ana-
tropous ovules from the base of each. Seeds bony, with a
minute embryo at the base of the hard albumen. — Leaves
palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters
8
86
VITACE2E. (VINE FAMILY.)
opposite the leaves. Flowers small, greenish, polygamous
in all the American species.
1« VITIS, L. Grape-Vine.
Calyx with a nearly entire border. Petals separating at the
base sooner than at the apex, and so usually falling off together
without expanding. Base of the ovary girt with a 4-5-lobed
ring, or 4 - 5 glands alternate with the stamens. Flowers fra¬
grant in a compound thyrsus : pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered.
(The Latin name of the Vine.)
* Leaves clothed with rusty or whitish wool beneath , at least when young.
1. V. Labrusca, L. (Northern Fox Grape.) Branchlets
and young leaves very woolly ; leaves continuing woolly beneath, round
heart-shaped, variously angled and lobed, obtusely toothed ; fertile
panicles compact; berries large (£'-|'in diameter). — Moist thick¬
ets, common. June. — Berries ripe in Sept., dark purple or amber-
color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has giv¬
en rise to the Isabella Grape , &c.
^ • *®Stivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Young leaves
doicny icith loose cobwebby hairs beneath , smoothish when old , green
above, variously 3-5-lobed, with the sinuses rounded, coarsely tooth¬
ed ; fertile panicles compound ; berries small (£') black with a bloom.
— Thickets, common, climbing high. June. — Berries pleasant, ripe
in Oct.
* * Leaves green on both sides , thin.
3 v. Cordifblia, Michx. (Winter or Frost Grape.)
rounded heart-shaped , sharply and coarsely toothed, scarcely
lobed, smooth , as well as the stalks , or sparsely beset with hairs on
the veins beneath; berries small ($/) black-blue with a copious
bloom. Thickets, common. June. — Berries very acerb till frost,
then edible and spicy, but sour.
4. V* l ip alia, Michx. (River-side Frost Grape.) Leaves
heart-shaped, commonly 3-lobed, unequally and very sharply cut-
toot led, the larger teeth and lobes long-pointed, the veins beneath
and the young stalks more or less pubescent ; berries small, greenish-
amber color or purple. -W. New England to Penn, and Mich-
N’110 3 ^UDe well distinguished, and probably not distinct from
V. \ ulpina, L., the Fox Grape or Muscadine of the Southern
States (V. rotundifolia, Michx.), is a well-marked species, with a fruit
quite as large as m No. 1, with a musky flavor : it mav be expected
to occur in W. Pennsylvania.
vitacejE. (vine family.) 87
2, AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginian Creeper.
Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, spreading, deciduous
after expansion. No 5-lobed ring around the ovary. — Leaves
digitate, with 5 leaflets (turning crimson in autumn). Flower-
clusters cymose. (Name from a/wreXos, a vine , and oyjns, appear¬
ance.)
1. A. qiliuqucfolia, Michx. — A common and familiar shrub¬
by vine, climbing extensively, blossoming in July, ripening its small
blackish berries in Oct. Also called American Ivy.
Order 36. POLY GAL ACEiE. (Milkwort Family.)
Plants with a kind of irregular papilionaceous flowers ,
4-8 diadelphous stamens , their anthers opening at the top
by a pore or chink ; the fruit a 2- celled and 2-seeded pod ,
entirely free from the calyx. — Represented by the typical
genus
* ' p°1' GALA, Toum. Milkwort.
Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which
3 (the upper and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while
the two lateral or inner (called wings) are much larger and col¬
ored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogynous, connected with each
other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) one keel¬
shaped and often crested on the hack. Stamens 6 or 8 : their
filaments united below into a split sheath or into 2 sets, cohering
more or less with the petals, free above : anthers 1-celled, often
cup-shaped, opening by a hole or broad chink at the apex. Ovary
2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pendulous in each cell :
style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a small locu-
lieidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex,
much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with
a caruncle, or variously shaped appendage at the hilum. Embryo
large, with flat and broad cotyledons, surrounded by albumen. —
Bitter plants (low herbs in temperate regions) with simple entire
leaves, often dotted, and no stipules : sometimes bearing concealed
fertile flowers also next the ground. (An old name from no\vs,
much, and ydAn, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing
this secretion.)
88
POLYGALACEJS. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)
* Biennial : flowers yellow : crest of the keel small.
1. P. liltea, L. Flowers in solitary ovate or oblong heads , ter¬
minating the stem or simple branches ( bright orange-yellow ) ; leaves
obovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the
seed. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New Jersey and southward.
June -Sept. — Stems 6; -12' high, at first simple, bearing the showy
head of flowers in diameter. Leaves 1- 2' long.
2. P. cy Ill 6 Sit, Walt. Flowers in small heads disposed in a
compound level-topped cyme (i citron-yellow turning blackish- green in
drying ) ; leaves linear or oblong-spatulate ; caruncle short. (P. co¬
rymbose, Michx., ^*c.) — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey ? Delaware,
and southward. — Stems 8' -12' high, simple or branched from the
base.
* * Annual : flowers purple or white, in spikes ; no subterranean ones.
Leaves all alternate or scattered: flowers purple or flesh-color.
3. P* incarnata, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, simple or spar¬
ingly branched ; leaves small, linear-awl-shaped ; spike oblong or
cylindrical ; wings much shorter than the conspicuously crested corol¬
la ; claws of the petals united in a very long and slender cleft tube ;
caruncle longer than the stalk of the seed. — Dry soil, Ohio to W is-
consin and southward. July. — Plant 1° high.
4. P. sanguinea, L. Stem branched at the top ; leaves ob¬
long-linear ; spikes roundish or oblong, very obtuse ; icings broadly
ovate , very obtuse ; caruncle almost as long as the seed. (P. purpurea,
Mutt.) — Sandy and moist ground, common. July -Sept. — Stem
& - 12' high. . Spikes J' thick, reddish-purple : the rachis, as in No.
5 and 6, beset with the persistent awl-shaped scaly bracts after the
flowers have fallen.
5. P, fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length much branch¬
ed above ; leaves linear ; spikes short ; icings ovate-oblong , tapering
at the base into distinct claws ; caruncle as long as, and nearly envelop¬
ing, the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr.
Gr ., FI., excl. syn ; not of Mutt., nor L.) — Pine barrens of New
Jersey (Muttall) and southward. — Spikes looser, and the rose-purple
flowers much smaller, than in No. 4, brighter-colored than in the next,
which it most resembles. Crest of the corolla minute, as in the re¬
lated species.
6. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gr. (FI. 1, p. 670, excl. syn., & descr.).
Low ; stem branched above ; leaves linear ; spikes oblong, dense ,
wings elliptical, on very short claws ; caruncle small and applied to one
side of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, J^utt-j
not of L. P. Mariana, &c., Pluk., t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. 4'
FI., not of Mutt.) — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey
and southward near the coast. Aug. — Plant 4' -& high. Spikes
89
POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)
in diameter ; the flowers light purple and greenish, duller-colored
than in the last, with thicker wings on shorter claws ; and the nar¬
row caruncle not longer than the stalk-like base of the pear-shaped
seed.
■*“ ■*" Leaves, at least the lower , in whorls: floicers purple or whitish.
cruciata, L. Low, with spreading opposite branches ;
leaves nearly all in whorls of four (rarely of five), linear and some¬
what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearly so , dense, ob¬
long becoming cylindrical; bracts persistent; wings broadly deltoid-
ovate, slightly heart-shaped , tapering to a bristly point ; caruncle nearly
as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Michigan, but
rare northward, common southward near the coast. Aug. - Sept. —
Stems 4' - 10' high, with almost winged angles. Spikes fully £' in
diameter : flowers greenish-white, mostly tinged with purple.
brevifolia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ;
leaves in whorls of four, or scattered on the branches, narrowly spat-
ulate-oblong ; spikes peduncled , oblong, rather loose ; icings lanceolate-
ovate, pointless or barely mucronate. — Margin of sandy bogs, New
Jersey. Rhode Island, Olney. Sept. — Closely allied to the last, of
which it is possibly only a marked variety. Wings purple-rose-color
throughout.
9. P. verticillata, L. Slender, much branched ; stem-leaves
in whorls of four or five, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute ;
spikes peduncled, dense, acute, elongated ; bracts falling with the
flowers; wings round, clawed; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length
of the seed. — Dry soil, common. June - Oct. — Stems 6' -10' high,
with long erect branches. Spike slender ; the small flowers green¬
ish-white, or sometimes tinged with purple : crest rather large in
proportion.
10. P. a ill!) f glia, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched; low-
PSt' st™i-leaves in whorls of four, the rest scattered , narrowly linear;
spikes long-peduncled , very slender , the flowers often scattered ; wings
oval ; caruncle shorter ; otherwise nearly as in No. 9. — Dry woods,
New Jersey southward and westward. More slender in all its parts
than the last, with a looser spike.
* * * Perennial : flowers white, spiked ; no subterranean ones.
IL P* Senega, L. (Seneca Snake-root.) Stems several
from a thick and hard knotty root, simple ; leaves lanceolate, with
rough margins, alternate ; spike cylindrical, the flowers on extremely
short pedicels ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle
nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky woods, W. New England west¬
ward. May, June. — Stems nearly 1° high: spike l'-2' long. —
here is a variety in the Western States with nearly ovate taper-
pointed leaves.
8
90
polygalace.se. (milkwort family.)
* ♦ * * Biennial or 'perennial : jloicers purple ; also with whitish fer¬
tile ones on subterranean branches.
12. P. poly gam a, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial
root, mostly simple, ascending, very leafy ; leaves oblanceolate or ob¬
long, alternate; terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly o ovate
wings longer than the crested corolla ; radical flowers raceme on
short runners on or beneath the ground, with imperfect coro as ,
lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. (P- ru e a,
Muhl.) — Dry sandy soil, common. July. — Stems 6' - 1-' hig > t e
rose-purple flowers (£' long) very handsome, 8-androus, often ripen
ing seeds as well as the subterranean ones.
13. P. paucifolia, Willd. Perennial ; flowering stems short
(3; - 41), and leafy chiefly at the summit, rising from long ami s en er
prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed erti e
flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered ; the upper
crowded, ovate, petioled ; flowers 1-3, large, peduncled; w*nSs
ovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested kee ,
mens 6 ; caruncle of 2 - 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the see •
Woods in light soil. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very
handsome flowers, long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. k'onl
times called Flowering Wintergreen , but more appropriately FbisgeD
POLYGALA.
Order 37. LEGUMIN OSiE. (Pulse Family.)
Plants with papilionaceous flowers , 10 monadelphous , di
adelphous , or rarely distinct stamens , and a single sil1lP
pistil producing a legume in fruit. Leaves alternate , tcl
stipules , usually compound. — Calyx of 5 sepals, more or
less united. Corolla of 5 petals, papilionaceous,* or rare!)
almost symmetrical, inserted into the base of the cal)x^
Stamens inserted with the corolla. Ovary free, Feel e
(sometimes 2-celled by an infolding of the walls, or divide
across into joints), with a single lateral placenta : style sim
pie: ovules amphitropous, or rarely anatropous. See
without albumen, filled by the embryo. — Leaflets al mo
always entire. Flowers usually perfect. — These afe
* The upper, or odd, usually spreading petal is named the standard,
side ones, wings; the two lower, which commonly cohere by their lGWer =
form what is called, from their obvious shape, the keel , which usually
lh« stamens.
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 91
characters of the proper Pulse Family , viz. the suborder
PAPILIONACEiE.*
Synopsis,
I. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Radicle mostly incurved.
Tribe 1. VICIEiE. — Stamens diadelphous, 9 united by their fila¬
ments into a sheath split on the upper side (next the standard)
where the 10th is free. Pod continuous and 1-celled. Cotyle¬
dons very thick and fleshy (as in a pea), not rising to the sur¬
face, but remaining underground in germination. — Herbs,
with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common leaf-stalk produced
into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary.
1. Vicia. Style bearded round the apex, or down the anterior side.
2. Lathyrus. Style bearded on the posterior side, flattened.
Tribe 2. PHASEOLEiE. — Stamens more or less diadelphous
(9 and 1). Pod continuous, not jointed, nor more than 1-cell-
ed, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited between the
seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually rising to the sur¬
face, but remaining nearly unchanged (seldom foliaeeous) in
germination. — Twining or trailing plants, with odd-pinnate
leaves of 3- several leaflets, mostly stipellate, destitute of ten¬
drils. Flowers often clustered in the racemes.
* Keel twisted. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged in germination.
. Phaseolus. Keel spiral. Leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate.
4. Arios. Keel incurved, at length twisted. Leaves 5 - 7-foliolate.
* * Keel not twisted. Leaves 3-foliolate.
r 3. Galactia. Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduous, not striate.
6. Amphicarpjea. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered.
Bracts persistent, striate.
* 7. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2-bracteolate. Peduncles 1-3-
flowered. Standard spurless.
8- Centrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft, 2-bracteolate. Peduncles
few-flowered. Standard spurred on the back.
Tribe 3. HEDYSARE^E. — Stamens monadelphous or diadel¬
phous. Pod (a loment) separating transversely into 2 -several
1-seeded indehiscent joints, or rarely reduced to one such joint.
Cotyledons becoming green leaves in germination. Leaves
odd-pinnate: leaflets 3-many, mostly stipellate.
9. iEscHYNOMENE. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Pod
several-jointed. Flowers all perfect. Leaflets numerous.
taneousto ^ °the,r great division> or shorter MIMOSE JE, grow spon-
their Deculiarh Z* <aIthouSh there are several farther west and south),
ies have here, for greater simplicity, been left entirely out of view.
92 LEGUMINOSjE. (pulse family.)
10. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) sometimes monadel-
phous. Pod several-jointed. Flowers perfect. Leaflets 3.
11. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous: anthers uniform. Pod 1-
(rarely 2-) jointed. Flowers often polygamous. Leaflets 3.
12. Stylosanthes. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms.
Pod 1-2-jointed. Flowers polygamo-moncecious. Leaf¬
lets 3.
Tribe 4. LOTEiE. — Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9
and 1). Pod continuous, 1-celled, or else 2-celled lengthwise.
Cotyledons becoming green leaves in germination. — Not twin¬
ing, climbing, nor tendril-bearing.
Subtribe 1. Astragaleje. — Stamens diadelphous. Pod with one
or both the sutures tumid, or projecting inwards, so as often
to become partly or completely 2-celled lengthwise. Leaves
pinnate.
13. Astragalus. Pod partly or quite 2-celled by the projection of
the lower (dorsal) suture.
14. Phaca. Pod 1-celled, with the upper (seed-bearing) suture tumid
or projecting, turgid. Keel obtuse.
Subtribe 2. Galege;e. — Stamens often monadelphous. Sutures
of the pod not turned inwards. Leaves commonly pinnate or
pinnately 3-foliolate, the earliest ones opposite.
* Pods linear, flat, several-seeded.
15. Robinia. Stam. diadelphous. Shrubs or trees : leaflets stipellate-
16. Tephrosia. Stam. scarcely diadelphous. Stipelles none.
* * Pods 1 - 2-seeded, short, scarcely dehiscent.
\J 17. Amorpha. Stam. monadelphous merely at the base. Pe*a
one !
V 18. Psoralea. Stam. diadelphous. Corolla truly papilionaceous,
v/* 19. Petalostemon. Stam. monadelphous, only 5 ! Corolla scarctl)
papilionaceous.
Subtribe 3. Trifolie.e. — Stamens diadelphous. Leaves Pa^
mately (sometimes pinnately) 3 - 5-foliolate, the earliest ones
alternate.
20. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranous, small.
21. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled.
22. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled.
Subtribe 4. Geniste^. — Stamens monadelphous: anthers of 2
forms. Leaves simple or palmately 3 -15-foliolate.
23. Genista. Keel straight. Pod flattened. Leaves simple.
24. Crotalaria. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod inflated. Leaves simple-
25. Lupinus. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Pod flattish, knotty.
Leaves 1 - 15-foliolate.
LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
93
Stamens distinct. Corolla truly papil-
Tribe 5. SOPHORE^.
ionaceous.
26. Baptisia. Pod turgid. Herbs : leaves mostly palmate.
27. Cercis. Pod flat, wing-margined on one side. Trees : leaves
simple.
II. Corolla not really papilionaceous. Radicle straight.
Tribe 6 Cassiea:. — Stamens distinct, some of them often im¬
perfect. Corolla open, irregular, or almost regular.
28. Cassia. Flowers perfect : anthers opening by pores.
29. Gymnocladus. Flowers dioecious. Petals equal. Thornless.
30. Gleditschia. Flowers polygamous. Petals unequal. Trees
thorny.
Tribe I. \ICliLE. The Vetch or Pea Tribe.
1. VI CIA, Tourn. Vetch. Tare.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter.
Style thread-shaped, hairy all round the apex or down the outer
side (next the keel). Pod 2- several -seeded. Stipules usually
half arrow-shaped. (The old Latin name.)
* -Annual : flowers 1-2 in the axils , nearly sessile.
. V. saliva, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Somewhat
oblonTr 'r tem Ple, ! Jeafle'S iD 5 - 7 Paira- trying from obovate-
oblong to hnear, notched and mucronate at the apex; calyx-teeth
equal, pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and waste
places ; introduced ; both the common form and the Var. angustifo-
putplT'th 0n§er and “arr0W leaflet3' Corolla rather large, violet-
» * Annual : peduncles elongated. (Species of Ervum, L.)
J- V; L (Smooth Tare.) Peduncles l - 2-
iT Doiea„ 3 4,"6,rrs> lincar-°blong. obtuse ; calyx-teeth un-
New v t 7° S' 4'Seeded’ S7n0oth- ~ Naturalized around
flowers " lnS‘Smficant P,ant> 6' " 12' Wgb. with small whitish
* V Wrsftta, Koch. (Hairv Tare.) Peduncles 3-&-flow-
ererf; leaflet 6_8 pairSi truncate . ca|_yz.tceth equaI; porfs oW
■e-seeded, hairy. (Ervum hirsutum, L.) — Massachusetts to Penn.;
towem d _ASlender Stragsling Plant.with small purplish-blue
* * . Perennial •• peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth very unequal.
( Indigenous .)
leaflets 20 ^ (Tufted Vetch.) Downy-pubescent ;
’ ol^on lanceolate, strongly mucrtmate ; peduncles dense-
J many- flowered; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. — Border of
94
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
fields and thickets. July. — Flowers blue with purple, ^ long, one¬
sided in the spike, reflexed.
5. V. Caroliniaiia, Walt. (Straggling Vetch.) Near¬
ly smooth ; leaflets 8-12, oblong , obtuse , scarcely mucronate ; pedun¬
cles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. — River-banks, &c.
May. — Stem weak, 2° -4° high, climbing; the flowers more scat¬
tered than in No. 4, whitish, the keel tipped with blue.
6. V. Americana, Muhl. (American Vetch.) Glabrous;
leaflets 10 - 14, elliptical or ovate-oblong , very obtuse, many-veined ,
peduncles 4i-&-flowered. — Moist thickets, New York to Michigan.
June - Plant 1°-2P high : flowers purplish-blue, |' long.
2. lAtHYRIJS, L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea.
Calyx 5-cleft, the upper teeth shorter. Style flattish, not
grooved above, hairy along the inner side (next the free stamen).
Pods oblong, several-seeded. (AaBvpos, a leguminous plant of
Theophrastus.) — Our wild species are perennial and mostly
smooth plants.
1- 1*. maritimus, Bigelow. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout ,
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate ; stipules broadly halber
shaped , nearly as large as Ike leaflets; peduncles 6-10-fl°wer ’•
lower calyx-teeth longer than the tube. — Sea-coast, and shore of t e
Great Lakes. June- Aug. — Stems 1° high: flowers large, blue-pur
pie. Leaflets very veiny, as also are those of the other species.
2. L.. vendsus, Muhl. (Veiny Vetchling.) Stem climb¬
ing; leaflets 5-7 pairs, scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy
stipules very small and usually slender , half arrow-shaped ; pedunc ^
many-flowered. — Shady banks, Michigan and southward. Jun®‘
A large species : flowers purple.
3. Ij. oclirolciicus, Hook. (Pale Vetchling.) Stem
der; leaflets 3 - 4 pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous,
t ties half heart-shaped , about half as large as the leaflets ; pedunc
7- 10-flowered ; corolla yellowish-white. — Hill-sides from W
moot westward and northward. July. — Flowers smaller than m
foregoing, as large as in the following.
4. L. myrtilolius, Muhl. (Myrtle-leaved Vktchli^
Stem slender ; leaflets 2-3 ( rarely 4) pairs , ovate-elliptical , or 0
obtuse ; stipules half ovate-arrow-shaped , rather large ; pedunc e
6-flowered; corolla pale dull purple. — W. New England to * ^
igan. July — Aug. — Leaves sometimes narrow and verging to
next species.
5. palustris, L. (Marsh Vetchling.) Stem s^en^’
often wing-margined; leaflets 3-4 pairs, lanceolate , linear , or nar
LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 95
1y oblong , mucronate-pointed ; stipules small , lanceolate, half arrow-
shaped, sharp-pointed at both ends; peduncles 3- 5-flowered ; corolla
blue-purple. Moist places, common, especially northward.
L latifolius (Everlasting Pea) and L. odorAtus (Sweet
rEA) are commonly cultivated species.
PIsum satIvum, the Pea, FAba vulgAris, the Horse-Bean, Er-
vum Lens, the Lentil, and CIcer ariet'.ndm, the Chick-Pea, are
other cultivated representatives of this tribe.
Tribe n. PHASE6lEaE. The Bean Tribe.
®* ®*HASE01<IJS, L. Kidney Bean.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often higher unit-
e . Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style
spirally coiled or incurved. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several -
many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. — Leaf¬
lets 3, stipulate. Flowers in somewhat knotty or compound ra¬
cemes. ( The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.)
, „ * Pods scymetar-shaped : racemes loose, panicled.
l.p. perennis, Walt. (Perennial Wild Bean 1 Stem
flowers numerous, purple, handsome. 10 S =
* * P°dS Straif' UTr rat,her tereU: in a short clustered
raceme like a head. (Strophostyles, Ell.)
2 P. diverslfolins, Pers. (Lobed a 1
rrr
a * ':ns*d ”i,h ~d « rod .hi,ki,b 8
Lone Islnndl l NT6 ^ °f the *«**«•- Sandy fields
°ng Island and New Jersey southward Ana i j ,
the last : pods narrower : floors as 1^ and fl^ ^
• vulgAris is the common Kidney Bean or Haricot
1UNiTDS >8 ‘he Lima Bean of our gardens.
4. APIOS, Boerh. Ground-nut. Wild Bean.
letethe 72™^' ** 2 teeth bei"S "early obso¬
lete, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the
96
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
incurved scythe-shaped keel at length twisted. Pod straight or
slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A
perennial herb, bearing pleasant-lasted tubers on underground
shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-
lanceolate, not stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often
branching, racemes, clustered on the knotty peduncle. (Name
from amov, a pear , from the shape of the tubers.)
1- A* tllbcrbsa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios , L.) — Moist thick¬
ets, common. Aug. — Flowers brown-purple, fragrant.
5. GAIiACTIA, P. Browne. Milk Pea.
Calyx 4-cleft, equal, the upper lobe broadest. Keel scarcely
incurved. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded. — Low, mostly pros¬
trate or twining perennials. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate. Flow¬
ers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish. (Name
from yd\a -clktos, milk; some species being said to yield a milky
juice.)
1- G. glabella, Michx. (Smoothish Milk Pea.) Stem
nearly smooth ; leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse or notched,
sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowered ; pods
somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York and New Jersey
southward. July. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple.
G. mollis, Michx., may be expected to grow in S. Pennsylvania.
6. AMPHICARPAJA, Ell. Hog Pea-nut.
Flowers of 2 kinds, those of the racemes from the upper branch¬
es perfect, but seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on
creeping branches imperfect, with the corolla none or rudimentary,
and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about equally 4- (rarely
5-) toothed, with no bractlets. Keel and wing-petals similar,
nearly straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Pods of
the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, 3-^
seeded ; of the lower obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening
usually but one large seed, commonly subterranean, or conceale
by decaying leaves. — Low and slender perennials ; the twining
stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate,
stipellate. Flowers small, in clustered or compound race®es
Bracts persistent, round, partly clasping, striate, as well as the
stipules. (Name from apxfiiy at both ends , and tcapiros, fruit, in
lusion to the two kinds of flowers.)
LEGUMINOSjE. (pulse FAMILY.) 97
,, 1 Nutt- Racemes nodding; bracts shorter
than the pedicels; calyx-teeth short and broad. — Rich woodlands.
Aug., feept. — A delicate wood-vine, with pale purplish or whitish
blossoms, two or more from each bract, which evidently consists of a
pair of opposite bracts united. Underground pods hairy, often very
^ ' t'bITORIA, I i. Butterfly Pea.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest
of the flower, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the
back : keel small, shorter than the wings. Stamens monadel-
phous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded,
pointed with the base of the style, the valves nerveless. — Erect
or twining perennials, with mostly 3 stipulate leaflets, and very
large flowers. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : bractlets opposite
striate.
,C# ^a^na, L. Smooth ; leaves oblong-ovate : stipules
seeded^ Drv hSlTdi; ^T'08 8h°rt; P°da Bh°rt-stalked, 4-8-
-LotlseeL ’ L°nS.Island and Jersey southward. July.
2' long S °r *Wming: theshowy P^e blue-purple flowers
8. CENTROSiMA, DC. Spurred Butterfly Pea
Calyx short, S-deft. Corolla, &c„ much as in Clitoria, but
he standard with a spur-shaped projection on the hack. Pod
ong and linear, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style manv
see ed thlcke d at the edges> the vakes ^ ££
Sate 7T baatgin- Twining perennials: leaflets 3, sti-
Late the llttge i 7 1°"'™' StipuleS’ braC,S> and bractle‘s
striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from «Wpop o
spur, and ai\\xa, the standard.) P ’
1- c. Virglniana, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs
leaflets varying ftom oblong-ovate to linear, very veiny “nv n ’
W()u-l' S N 4'dowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped. — Sandy dry
vio°etS’nnhW ^ ? 8°",hward- JulJ- - Corolla scarcely 1- long
"olet, pubescent externally. Pods straight and narrow, 4' -5< long
hardy5, ^cuhiv11,"^01^’ & ShrUbby cIimber °f the South. which is
Pennsylvania. 38 D°rth “ Boston» is t0 be sought in W.
9
98 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
Tribe 3. HEDYSAREiE. The Saintfoin Tribe.
0. JESCHYNOUIENE, L. Sensitive Joint Vetch.
Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens
diadelphous in 2 sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, composed of sev¬
eral square easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with
several pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from
the touch (whence the name, from alaxwopevr j, being ashamed f).
1. AE. hispid a, Willd. Annual, erect, rough-bristly ; leaflets
20 - 25 pairs, linear, obtuse ; racemes 3-5-flowered ; pod stalked, 6-
10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn, southward. Aug. — Flowers
yellow tinged with red externally.
lO. BE SM ODIUM, DC. Tick-Trefoil.
Calyx mostly 2-lipped. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or
monadelphous below the middle. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the
lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints
(mostly hoary, with minute hooked hairs by which they adhere to
the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial herbs, with pm-
nately 3-foliolate leaves, stipellate. Flowers in axillary or terminal
racemes, often panicled, purple or purplish, often turning green in
withering. (Name from Scorpios, a chain , from the appearance of
the jointed pods. )
* Stem erect or ascending : pods of 1-4 large joints ( which are semx~
obovate and concave on the back ), raised on a stalk {stipe) many tin**
longer than the slightly toothed calyx and nearly as long as the p 1
cel : stamens wholly or partly monadelphous : raceme terminal, para¬
ded, or the pedicels often clustered: stipules bristle form , deciduous.
1. D* ll mli flora in, DC. (Naked-flowered T.) Leaves oi
crowded at the summit of the sterile stems; leaflets broadly ovate, blunt
ish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated , on a prolonged ascending W"
less stalk or scape from the root. — Dry woods, Aug. — Nearly snaoot j
the naked flower-stems 2P long. Pod-stalks J# long.
2. D. aeuminatnm, DC. (Pointed-leaved T.)
all crowded at the summit of the stem , from which arises the elong ^
naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper-pointed, gree
both sides. — Rich woods. July. — Slightly hairy. Leaflets, ^
cially the end one, which is more rounded, 4'- 5' long. Pedicels an
pod-stalks shorter than in No. 1 : the joints of the pod long.
3. D. paucifidrum, DC. (Few-flowered T.) Lcal ***
scattered along the low ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-o *
99
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few-flowered, terminal. — Woods, W.
New York and Penn, to Ohio. Aug. — Slender, smoothish, 8'-15'
high : leaflets much as in No. 1.
* * Stems prostrate : stipules ovate , pointed , persistent : pods short-
stalked. , of 3-5 joints.
4. D. hlimifusura, Beck. (Running T.) Smoothish; leaf¬
lets ovate or oval ; stipules ovate- lanceolate ; racemes axillary and ter¬
minal ; pods slightly sinuate along the upper margin, the joints ob¬
tusely triangular. — Woods, near Boston (Waltham, Greene ), and
Penn., rare. Aug. — Resembles the next.
5. I>. lotlindifoliiim, DC. (Round-leaved Running T.)
Hairy all over ; leaflets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ;
stipules large , broadly ovate; racemes axillary and terminal (few-
flowered); pods almost equally sinuate on both edges; the joints
rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods. Aug. — Stems extensively trail¬
ing, usually very hairy.
* * * Stems (tall) erect : stipules and ( deciduous ) bracts large and con¬
spicuous , scale-like , finely striate : pods of 4-7 inequilateral joints
which are longer than broad. (Flowers large.)
6. I>. €anadcnsey DC. (Canadian T.) Stem straight and
wand-like, bristly-hairy ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate , bluntish , many
times longer than the petwles ; stipules lanceolate or awl-shaped, about
the length of the petiole; racemes dense, erect, in a terminal panicle;
joints of the pod half oval and triangular.— Woods, most common
northward. Aug. — Stem 3P- 6° high, usually simple. Petioles re¬
markably short (i'-i'). The stipules are much narrower than in the
two following, and not very persistent; but the ovate pointed bracts,
as in those, are large and very conspicuous in the bud.
7. I>. canescens, DC. (Rough-hoary T.) Stem loosely
branched, hairy; leaflets ovate , bluntish , about the length of the petioles
whitish and reticulated beneath , both sides roughish with a close-press-
e fine pubescence; stipules broadly ovate, persistent ; joints of the
P<HJ »!?1VneqUal,y rhomboidal. — Moist grounds, Vefmont to Penn,
and Michigan. Aug. — Branches clothed with minute and hooked,
and long spreading rather glutinous hairs, and the fine, partly hooked
pubescence of the leaves causes them to adhere to cloth, &c.
®USpid4tunij Torr. & Gr. (Sharp-pointed T.) Very
smooth ; stem straight ; leaflets, as well as the large bracts and persist¬
ent stipules, lanceolate- ovale and taper-pointed ; racemes loosely pani-
cled ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong. — Thickets. July. — Stem
rather simple. Leaflets green both sides, 3' -5' long. Bracts and
stipules j|^ long.
* * Stems erect : stipules and bracts small and inconspicuous ,
deciduous : racemes panicled .
100
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
Jo™*8 of the pod large , half-rhombic, or unequal-sided rhomboidal.
9. IK laevigatum, DC. (Smoothish Large T.) Smooth or
nearly so throughout ; stem straight ; leaflets orate , bluntish, pale be¬
neath ; panicles minutely rough-pubescent. — Pine woods, S. New
Jersey and southward. — Stem tall, sometimes glaucous. Leaflets 2'-
3; long.
10. D. viridiflonim, Beck. (Velvet-leaved T.) Stem
very downy , rough at the summit; leaflets broadly ovate , very obtuse,
rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath. — S. New
York and southward. Aug. — Leaflets 21 -3' long, sometimes less
downy. Flowers turning blue-green in withering, like the others
after No. 5.
11. I>. Dillenii, Darlingt. (Dillenius’s T.) Stem pubes¬
cent, leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate , commonly bluntish, pale beneath,
softly and finely pubescent . — Open woodlands, common. Aug. — A
variable species, 2° -4° high. Leaflets mostly thin, 2' -31 long.
1-3. IK paniculatum, DC. (Panicled or Long-leaved T.)
.V early smooth throughout ; stem slender ; leaflets narrowly oblong -
lanceolate , tapering to a blunt point, thin ; racemes much panicled. —
Copses, common. July. — Stems 2° -4° high: leaflets 3' -5' long,
J' - I' wide.
13. IK Strictum, DC. (Narrow-leaved T.) Smooth; stem
very straight and slender, simple ; leaflets linear, blunt, strongly retic¬
ulated, tluckish ; panicle wand-like. — Pine woods of New Jersey.
Aug. Stems 3° - 4° long, weak : leaflets 1' -2r long, wide.
Joints of the pod small , semi-orbicular or obliquely rounded.
14. IK sessilifolium, Torr. & Gr. (Sessile-leaved T.)
Stem straight and wand-like, rather woolly; leaves sessile; leaflets lin¬
ear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, rough above, downy
beneath ; branches of the panicle long. — Copses. Ohio and Michi¬
gan. Aug. — Pods small.
15. IK rigidum, DC. (Rigid T.) Stem branching, some¬
what hoary , like the lower surface of the leaves, with a close rough-
ish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong , blunt, thickish, reticulated-
veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than the petiole . —
Dry hill-sides, Mass, to Penn, and Michigan. ° Aug. — Intermediate,
as it were, between No. 16 and No. 11.
16. IK cilia re, DC. (Hairy Small-leaved T.) Stem slen¬
der, hairy or rough-pubescent ; leaves crowded, on very short hairy p&"
i°les ; leaflets round-ovate or oval , thickish, more or less hairy on the
margins and underneath. — Dry hills and sandy fields ; common, es¬
pecially southward. Aug. — Leaflets £' - 1' long, sometimes smooth-
ish and very like No. 17, except the short petioles, which are not
longer below than above the lateral leaflets.
101
LEGUMINOSjE. (pulse family.)
Maiildndicum, Boott. (Smooth Small-leaved T.)
Nearly smooth throughout, slender; leaflets ovate or roundish, very
obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole .
(D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses, common. Aug., Sept. — Stems 1° - 2°
high, ascending. Leaflets 1' or smaller. Joints of the small nods
2 or 3. r
11. LESPEOEZA, Michx. Bush Clover.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens dia-
delphous (9 and 1) : anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded
joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk¬
like) oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. — Perennials with pin-
nately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts mi¬
nute. Flowers often polygamous. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the
Spanish governor of Florida when Michaux visited it.)
* Flowers of 2 sorts, the larger ( violet-purple ) perfect, but seldom fruit¬
ful, paraded or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but most¬
ly apetalous ones intermixed or in subsessile little clusters
* Michl' (Trai“™ Downy Bush Clo-
JS T^’ ?ICept the UPPer surface of ‘he leaves, trailing,
flw t ' a r"' °r eUiptical 5 P^ncles ^-der, mostl^ simplf
few-flowered. - Sandy soil, commonest southward. Aug - The
apetalous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles.
2 Torr & Gr (Tra’lisg Slender Bush Clo¬
ver.) Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered hairs, prostrate
sprea mg, very slender ; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical ; peduncles1
Sei:;?fftWered; ^ -"dish - Dry sandy soU,1n?w
4Mong 7 southward- Much like the last. Leaflets
Prs- (,CoMMON Bush Clover.) Stems up-
hf bT 'I5 168116,8 Varyi"S oval-oblong to
Z ' ^ r eneath W,th c^ose‘Pressed pubescence ; pedun-
te 7 r:SfeW-JTred; POdS principal varieties
flowers IhTEN,’ o °r °blonS leaflets a"d loosely panicled
on n ed t rUnS I",! 2‘ SES?IL,Fl6ra> wi‘h the flowers principally
on peduncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered; and a
re distinct form is, 3. angustifolia, with closely clustered flow-
em le^fl^8 h hnCheS’nr°Wded ’eaVeS’ and narroi oblong or lin-
a5’:,Ch r fen “My- -Dry copses, common; The w.
of flowers Aug. - Sept. - Pods ripening from both sorts
rigAt.LL?Vti,.NU,Jt- (Ct-^TEREt, Bush Clover.) Stems up¬
right spreading, bushy, downy; leaflets oval or roundish, longer than
102 LEGTJMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and sometimes above) ;
clusters many-flowered , crowded ; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills, and
sand, Plymouth, Mass., to New Jersey and southward. Also Michi¬
gan- — Appearing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5.
* * Flowers all alike and perfect , in close spikes or heads : corolla whit¬
ish or cream-color , with a purple spot on the banner , about the length
of the downy calyx : stems upright , wand-like.
5. It* hirta, Ell. (Hairy Bush Clover.) Peduncles longer
than the leaves ; petioles slender; leaflets roundish or oval, hairy;
spikes cylindrical , rather loose; pods nearly as long as the calyx.
(L. polystXchia, Michx.) — Dry hill-sides. Aug., Sept. — Stem 2° -4°
high.
6. Ii, capital a, Michx. (Headed Bush Clover.) Pedun¬
cles and petioles short ; leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulat¬
ed and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; spikes short and headed;
pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of all in
Var. angustif6lia : slender; leaflets linear; peduncles sometimes
elongated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found
near the coast and southward. Sept. — Stems woolly, 2° -4° high?
rigid.
12. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. Pencil Flower.
Flowers of two kinds intermixed in the clusters ; one sort com¬
plete but unfruitful, the other fertile and consisting only of a pis¬
til between 2 bractlets. — Calyx with a slender tube like a stalk,
2-lipped at the summit ; upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Sta¬
mens monadelphous : 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate ones
ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Pod reticulated,
1— 2-jointed; the lower joint, when present, empty and stalk-
like, the upper ovate, 1- (2-) seeded. - Low perennials, branched
from the base, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves; the stipules
united with the petiole. (Name composed of arvXos, ct column i
and avOos , a flower , from the stalk-like calyx-tube on which the
flower is raised.)
1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufled ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly
straight-veined; upper stipules sheathing; heads or clusters small
and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island and New Jersey south¬
ward. July - Oct — Stems 6' - 12' long, wiry, often bristly.
ers small, yellow.
J Arachis Iivpocii, the Pea-nit, (cultivated southward) belongs
to this tribe.
103
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
Tribe IV. LOTEiE. The Melilot Tribe.
13. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk Vetch.
Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens diadelphous. Pod usually turgid,
many-seeded, partly or completely 2-celled lengthwise by the pro¬
jection of the outer suture (the one next the keel) into or across
the cavity. — Chiefly herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and spiked
or racemed flowers. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous
plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connection between the
two is past all guess.)
1- A. € cliiadciisis, L. Tall and erect; stem downy; leaf¬
lets 21 - 27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in
close spikes; pods ovoid-oblong, 2-celled. 1J. — River-banks, N.
New York to Wisconsin, common. July, Aug.
PHACA, L. Bladder Vetch.
Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Stamens diadelphous. Keel obtuse.
Pod turgid or inflated, 1-celled ; the inner or seed-bearing su¬
ture a little tumid or inflexed (sometimes the lower also) , many-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and spiked
or close-racemed flowers. (The ancient Greek name for a sort
of Lentil.)
!• !*• neglecta, Torr. & Gr. Nearly smooth, erect ; leaf¬
lets 13 -21 pairs, elliptical or oblong, somewhat notched at the end,
minutely hoary underneath ; peduncles about the length of the leaves )
pods not stalked in the calyx , globose-ovoid , inflated , grooved at the two
sutures, which are both turned inwards, but especially the inner —
Gravelly banks of rivers, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin. June,
July. — Plant l°-2° high, greener and less coarse than Astragalus
Canadensis, with pure white flowers in less prolonged spikes. Pod
rather papery than coriaceous when ripe, f ' broad.
Robbmsii, Oakes. Nearly smooth, slender; leaflets
^“*llj elliptical, often notched; peduncles much longer than the leaves ;
raceme loose and prolonged and nearly 1-sided in fruit; the pods hang-
ing, stalked in the calyx , oblong , boat-shaped , the seed-bearing suture
convex, the other straight. — Rocky ledges of the Onion River, near
Burlington, Vermont, Dr. Robbins (1829). — Stems nearly 1° high,
slender. Flowers 5" long, white. Pods scarcely 1' long, turgid,
papery and veiny, nearly smooth (at first minutely black-haired), the
inner suture not tumid when ripe, but the outer slightly projecting
inwards.
104
LEGUMINOSAL (PULSE FAMILY.)
15, ROB INI A 9 L. Locust-tree.
Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and
rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined
on the seed-bearing edge. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly
spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaf¬
lets stipellate. Flowers showy in hanging axillary racemes.
Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
(Named in honor of John Robin , herbalist to Henry IV. of
France, and his son Vespasian Robin , who first cultivated the
Locust-tree in Europe.)
B* Psetldacacia, L. (Common Locust, or False Aca¬
cia.) Racemes slender, loose; flowers white, fragrant. — S. Penn,
southward along the mountains : commonly cultivated as an orna¬
mental tree, and for its invaluable timber. June. — Branches with
spines, smooth.
2. R. viscosa. Vent. (Clammy Locust.) Brancblets,
clammy; flowers crowded in the racemes, tinged with rose-color,
nearly inodorous. — Cultivated like the last, a smaller tree, native of
the Southern Alleghanies. June.
R. hi'spida, the Bristly Rose-Acacia, with very large and hand¬
some deep rose-color blossoms, is a common ornamental shrub in
gardens.
16. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea.
Calyx about equally 5-clefl. Standard roundish, usually silky
outside, turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and
keel. Stamens monadelphous or nearly diadelphous. P°d ha*
ear, flat, several-seeded. — Silky-hoary perennial herbs (except
in the tropics) , with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish ra-
cemed flowers. (Name from Tempos, ash-colored or hoary.)
1. T. Virgtniana, Pers. Stem erect; flowers in a terminal
pamcled raceme; leaflets 17-29, crowded, linear-oblong, mucro-
nate. - Dry sandy woods. June. — A foot high, white-haired and
silky all over, but smoother with age, with large and handsome blos¬
soms yellowish-white marked with red-purple.
17# AM6RPHA, L. False Indigo.
Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard con¬
cave, erect: the other petals entirely wanting! Stamens Kb
105
LEGUMINOSjE. (pulse family.)
longer than the petal, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise
distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded, rough¬
ened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves ; the
leaflets marked with minute pellucid at length brownish dots, usu¬
ally stipellate. Flowers violet, crowded in clustered terminal
spikes. (Name from a privative and p^peftrj^form, referring to the
deformed flower from the absence of 4 of the petals.)
h -A.# fill tic OSa, L. (Common False Indigo.) Rather pu¬
bescent ; leaflets 8 - 12 pairs, oval, scattered ; pods 2-seeded. — River-
banks, S. Penn, southward. June. — A tall shrub. Leaflets about 1'
long.
2. A. cancscens, Nutt. (Lead Plant.) Low, barely
shrubby at the base, whitened with hoary wool ; leaflets 15 -25 pairs,
elliptical, crowded, small, the upper surface smoothish with age ; pods
1-seeded. — Prairies and rocks, Michigan to Wisconsin. July. —
Supposed to indicate the presence of lead-ore.
18. PSORALEA, L. Scurfy Pea.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens
mostly diadelphous. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Pod seldom
longer than the calyx, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. —
Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (espe¬
cially the calyx and pods, &c.) with glandular dots or points.
Leaves pinnately or palmately 3 — 5-foliolate. Stipules cohering
with the petiole. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or blue-pur¬
plish. (Name from yj/upaXeos, scurfy , from the scurfy glands or
dots.)
Onobrfcllis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from
glands, erect; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate-ovate,
taper-pointed (3r long) ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; racemes ax-
iHary, elongated ; pods ovate, roughened and wrinkled. — River-
banks, Ohio and southwestward. July. — Stem 3° -5* high: flow¬
ers small.
2. Stipulata, Torr. & Gr. Nearly smooth and glandless ;
stems diffuse ; leaves pinnately 3-fbliolate ; leaflets ovate-elliptical,
reticulated; stipules ovate; flowers in heads on axillary peduncles;
bracts broadly ovate , sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls of the Ohio. June.
Perhaps not within the limits of this work. (Char, amended.)
19. XEXAEOSTEUION, Michx. Prairie Clover.
Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papiliona¬
ceous : petals all on thread-shaped clawrs, 4 of them nearly similar
106 LEGUMIN OSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
and spreading, with their claws united to the top of the sheath of
filaments, alternate with the anthers ; the fifth (standard) inserted
on the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong, folded. Sta¬
mens 5, monadelphous, the tube cleft. Pod membranaceous, in¬
closed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Chiefly perennial
herbs, upright, dotted with glands, with odd-pinnate leaves, mi¬
nute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and pedun-
cled heads or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words
for petal and stamen, alluding to their peculiar union in this ge¬
nus.)
1. I*, violaceiim, Michx. Smoothish ; leaflets 5, linear;
heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed,
not longer than the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla violet-purple or red-
purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin. July. — Leaves
crowded or clustered, small.
2. P. candid inn, Michx. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, lanceo¬
late or linear-oblong ; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts
awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — Wifl"
consin, with No. 1. — Leaflets 1' long.
20. TBIFOLIUM, L. Clover. Trefoil.
Calyx persistent, 5-clefl, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla wither¬
ing or persistent, the petals all somewhat coherent below : stand¬
ard longer than the wings, these mostly longer than the keel.
Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1-6"
seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted
or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate : leaflets
often toothed. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers chief¬
ly in heads or spikes. (Name from tres , three, and folium, a
leaf.)
* Corolla purple or purplish , deciduous or withering : flowers sessile in
compact heads.
1‘ WVeuSe, L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.) Silky, branching >
leaflets obovate-linear or narrowly wedge-form, minutely 3-toothed at
the apex ; calyx-teeth longer than the corolla , plumose-woolly ; heads ob¬
long and cylindrical. ©—Old fields, naturalized. — Plant
high ; the corolla whitish with a purple spot; the heads becoming
grayish and very softly woolly. 41so called Stone Clover.
^ prat^nse, L. (Red Clover.) Stems ascending, some¬
what hairy ; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and
marked with a pale spot; stipules broad , bristle-pointed ; heads ovate.
107
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
sessile ; lowest calyx-tooth much the longest, all shorter than the
(rose-red) corolla. (2) 1J. — Meadows, largely cultivated, and natu¬
ralized. Flowers fragrant.
3. X. medium, L. (Zigzag Clover.) Stems ascending,
zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets oblong or elliptical ; stipules narrowly
lanceolate , taper-pointed ; heads roundish , often stalked. 1J. — Dry
hills, naturalized in Essex County, Massachusetts. — Near No. 2 :
flowers larger and more purple. Leaves spotless.
* * Corolla white or rose-purple , withering-persistent and turning
brownish in fading : flowers in umbel-like round heads on a naked
peduncle , their short stalks reflexed when old.
4- X* reflexiim, L. (Buffalo Clover.) Stems ascending,
downy ; leaflets obovate-oblong , finely toothed ; stipules leaf-like ;
caljx-teeth hairy ; pods 3 - 5-seeded. (5) © — W. New York (rare)
and Western States. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2:
standard rose-red ; wings and keel whitish.
5. X. Stolonifenim, Muhl. (Running Buffalo Clover.)
Smooth ; stems with long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obo-
vate or obcordate , minutely toothed; stipules membranaceous , ovate-
lanceolate; heads loose; pods 2-seeded. lj. — Open woodlands, &c.,
Ohio, westward. — Flowering stems 6' — 8' high: blossoms white,
tinged with purple, as large as in No. 4.
a X. repens, L. (White Clover.) Smooth ; the slender
stems spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely
notched, obscurely toothed ; stipules scale-like , narrow ; petioles and
especially the peduncles very long; heads small and loose; pods about
4-seeded. Tf. — Pastures, waste places, and even in woodlands. Indi¬
genous ? — Blossoms white, rarely purplish, turning tawny with age.
* * * Corolla yellow , persistent and turning chestnut-brown with age ,
at length reflexcd : low annuals.
'* agrarium, L. (Hop Clover.) Smoothish, somewhat
upright; leaflets wedge-shaped, all three from the same point (palmate)
and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow , cohering with the petiole for more
than half its length. — Sandy fields, &c., introduced. — Slender, 6' -
12' high.
8- X. procumbcns, L. (Low Hop Clover.) Stems
spreading or ascending, pubescent; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at
the end ; the lower pair at a small distance from the other (pinnately
3-fbIiolate) ; stipules ovate , short — Dry fields, naturalized, 31 - 67
high ; flowers small.
21. MEHLOXUS, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet Clover.
Flowers much as in Clover, but in spiked racemes, small :
corolla deciduous. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than
108
LEGTJMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Herbs, fragrant in
drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name
from /xcXt, honey , and Autos, some leguminous plant.)
1. HI. officinalis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.) Upright;
leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse ; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of
equal length. @ — Waste or cultivated grounds, introduced. — Plant
2° -4° high; with nearly the odor of the Sweet-scented Vernal
Grass.
2. IH. leucdntha, Koch. (White Melilot.) Upright;
leaflets truncate ; corolla white, the standard longer than the other
petals. (2) — With No. 1.
22. MEDICAGO, L. Medick.
Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe¬
shaped, curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-folio¬
late. Stipules often cut. (Deriv. from firjbLKrj , the name ap¬
plied to Lucerne because it came from Media.)
1. HI. sativa, L. (Lucerne.) Upright, smooth; leaflets
obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally
twisted. 2J. — Cultivated for green fodder, beginning to be natural¬
ized. June - August.
2. m. lupulina, L. (Black Medick. Nonesuch.) Pro¬
cumbent, pubescent; leaflets wedge -obovate, toothed at the apex,
flowers in short spikes (yellow) ; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded. @
Waste places, naturalized.
2 3. GENISTA, L. Woad- Waxen. Whin.
Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading ; keel oblong*
straight, scarcely including the stamens and style. Stamens mon-
adelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers shorter. P°^
flattened, several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple leaves,
and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)
1. G. tinctoria, L. (Dyer’s Green-weed.) Low, not
thorny, with striate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers
in spiked racemes ; pods smooth. — Slightly naturalized in New York
and E. Massachusetts; — thoroughly established on sterile hills in
Essex County, Massachusetts. June.
24. CROTALARIA, L. Rattle-box.
Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shap¬
ed : keel scythe-shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens
LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109
cleft on the upper side : 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish.
Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. —Herbs in the U. S., with
simple leaves. Flowers racemed, yellow. (Name from tpirdkov,
a rattle; the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)
1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy, low ; leaves oval or ob¬
long-lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on
the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-flower¬
ed ; corolla not longer than the calyx. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to
Penn. July. — Plant 4'- 6' high.
25. LUPIMIIS, Tourn. Lupine.
Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel
scythe-shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens
entire : anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Pod coriaceous,
oblong, flattened, often knotty by constrictions between the seeds.
Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately 3-7- (1-
15-) foholate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or
sptkes (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were
thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)
erect n' ^ L™) Somewhat hairy; stem
lon ( leaflets 7-11, narrowly obovate-oblong ; flowers in a
n and loose terminal raceme ; pods linear-oblong, very hairy. -
Sandy soil, common. — Flowers showy, purplish-blue, rarely pale or
oth ' f ' ,V>Rra S- EuroPean Lupines are common in gardens, and
"‘ “slr°m °regon have recently been introduced, especially L. poly
Tribe V. SOPHOREiE. The Sophora Teibe.
26. BAPTisiA, Vent. False Indigo.
Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings:
keel-petals somewhat united. Stamens distinct. Pod stalked in
the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, manv-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely sim-
P e) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flow¬
ers. (Named from /Sarmfcc, to dye, from the economical use of
some species, which yield a sort of indigo.)
* tmctoria, R. Brown. (Yellow-flowered Wild In-
°'J , fem°oth» rather glaucous ; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets
to we ge-obovate ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous;
C€mes Jcw-floicered terminating the numerous branches ; pods oval-
110
LEGTTMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. — Sandy dry soil, common.
June- Aug. — Plant 2P -3° high, bushy, slender. Leaflets $' long.
Corolla yellow, 47 long.
2. B. australis, R. Brown. (Blue False Indigo.) Smooth,
tall and stout (4° -5°); leaflets oblong- wedge-form, obtuse; stipules
lanceolate , as long as the petioles , rather persistent ; raceme elongated ,
many-flowered , erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods
about the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Penn, and westward:
often cultivated. June. — Raceme 1° long. Flowers 1' long, indigo-
blue. Pods 2f - 3' long.
3. B. lcucautlia, Torr. & Gr. (Tall White False In¬
digo.) Smooth ; leaves and racemes as in No. 2 ; stipules early de¬
ciduous ; pods oval-oblong , raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the
calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio and Michigan. July. — Flowers white ,
the standard short. Pods 2f long.
4. B. leucoph&a, Nutt. (Pale False Indigo.) Hairy, low,
with divergent branches; leaves almost sessile; leaflets narrowly ob-
long-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and bracts large and leafy , persist¬
ent; racemes long and reclined; the flowers on elongated pedicels; pods
ovoid, hoary. — Michigan and southward. April. — Stout, 1° high •
the reclining raceme often 1° long : pedicels 1; - 2', the cream-colored
corolla 1', in length.
2 7 • €£R€IS, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree.
Calyx 5-toothed. Standard smaller than the wings : the keel-
petals larger and not united. Stamens distinct, rather unequal.
Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded,, the upper suture with a winged
margin. — Trees, with rounded heart-shaped simple leaves, de¬
ciduous stipules, and red-purple flowers in little umbel-like clusters
along the branches, appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste.
(The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)
1. C. Canadensis, L. (Red-bud.) Leaves rounded heart-
shaped, pointed, downy at the origin of the veins underneath. —
Jersey and Penn, to Ohio. March -May. — A small ornamental
tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller than in the European
species.
Tribe VI. CASSlfciE. The Senna Tribe.
28. CASSIA, L. Senna.
Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 5 -
unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading : anthers
LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) Ill
mostly opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-
seeded, often with cross partitions. — Herbs (in the United States),
with simply abrupt-pinnate leaves and mostly yellow flowers.
(An ancient name, of obscure derivation.)
♦ Perennial : lower anthers fertile , 7; the 3 upper ones deformed and
imperfect.
1. C. Maril&mlica, L. (Wild Senna.) Leaflets 6-9
pairs, lanceolate-oblong ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the
base ; stipules deciduous ; flowers crowded in short axillary racemes,
panicled at the summit of the branches ; pods linear, slightly curved’
flat, at first hairy. — Alluvial soil, common. July _ Stem 3°-4°
high : leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna.
* * Annual, low: anthers all fertile : stipules striate, persistent : gland
beneath the loioest pair of leaflets cup-shaped : leaves sensitive to the
touch : floicers in small clusters above the axils : pods flat.
2. c. Chamaecrista, L. (Partridge Pea.) Leaflets 10-
pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers {large) on slender
pedicels; anthers 10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others
fnUrPioV st?le slender* —Sandy fields, common. Aug.— Stems spread-
rn^l °nf : °f the showr briSht yellow petals often with a
purple spot at the base.
£ C- L. (Wild Sensitive Plant.) Leaflets 10
-.iO pairs, oblong-linear; flowers {small) on very short pedicels; an-
thers 5, nearly equal; style very short. — Sandy fields, especially
southward. Aug. _ Corolla yellow, inconspicuous. 7
29. GYM NO Cl, A DUS, Lam. Coffee-tree.
Flowers dioecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Pe-
tols 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube
Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong
flattened, very large, pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds verJ
large flatUsh._A rather large tree, with rough bark, stout
ranchlets, not thorny, and very large unequally 2-pinnate leaves,
r lowers whitish, in axillary racemes. (Name from yvpvis, naked,
and K\abos, a branch, alluding to the stout branches destitute of
spray.)
Rioh G' fa"ad,‘“sis' Lam- (Kentucky Coffee-bean Tree )
Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and westward. June. - Cub
nvated as an ornamental tree ; timber valuable. Leaves 2° - lone
lets^We >arge parhal leaf-stalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaf-
112 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
30. OliEDITSCHIA, L. Honey Locust.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 - 5 spreading sepals, united
at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them,
the 2 lower sometimes united. Stamens as many, distinct;
„ inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, 1 -
many-seeded, a sweet pulp usually surrounding the flat seeds. —
Thorny trees, with abruptly 1 - 2-pinnate leaves, and inconspicu¬
ous greenish flowers in small spikes. (Named in honor of Pro¬
fessor Gleditsch , a botanist contemporary with Linnaeus.)
1- C. triacautlios, L. (Three-thorned Acacia, or Hon*
ey Locust.) Thorns stout, usually triple or compound ; leaflets
lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate ; pods linear, much elongated,
often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich
woods, Penn, and south westward. July. — Common in cultivation as
an^ ornamental tree, and for hedges. The long and curved flat pods
(1 “ li *n length) appear in autumn like large apple-parings, pen¬
dent from the branches.
Order 38. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.)
Plants with regular flowers , numerous {rarely few ) dis •
tinct stamens inserted on the calyx , and 1 — many pistils ,
which are quite distinct , or {in the Pear tribe) united and
combined with the calyx-tube . Seeds ( anatropous ) l -few
in each ovary , without albumen . Leaves alternate , with
stipules. Calyx of 5 (rarely 3-4-8) sepals, united at
the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets out¬
side. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely wanting), imbri¬
cated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge
of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs.
This important family comprises three principal suborders.
Synopsis.
Suborder I. AMYGDAlE^E. (Almond Family.)
Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Stylo ter¬
minal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple
eav es, t e bark exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yield¬
ing the peculiar flavor of prussic acid.
1. Prunus. Drupe with a flattish 2-edged smooth stone.
2. Cerasus. Drupe globular, with a rounded smooth stone.
113
R0SACE2E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
Suborder II. ROSACE AS proper.
Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes inclosing them in its
tube. Pistils few -many (occasionally single).
Tribe 1. SPIR^E^E. — Pistils mostly 5, forming few-seeded folli¬
cles in fruit : styles terminal.
3. Spir^a. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal.
4. Gillenia. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal.
Tribe 2. DR YADEA2. — Pistils numerous (rarely 1 - 2), forming
seed-like achenia or little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in
fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate in the bud.
Subtribe 1. Sanguisorbea:. — Calyx-tube constricted at the throat.
Petals often wanting. Stamens 4-15. Pistils 1-4, dry in
fruit, inclosed in the calyx.
5. Agrimonia. Petals 5. Stamens 12- 15. Pistils 2.
6. Sanguisorba. Petals none. Stamens 4. Pistil 1 : style terminal.
7. Alchemilla. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1-4 : style lateral.
Subtribe 2. Chamarhodea. — Calyx open. Stamens and pistils
5 - 10 : styles lateral. Fruit dry achenia.
8. Sibbaldia. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals.
Subtribe 3. Eudryadea.— Calyx open. Stamens and pistils nu¬
merous. Fruit of dry achenia, tipped with terminal styles.
Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.)
9. Dryas. Calyx 8 - 9-parted. Petals 8-9. Styles persistent.
10. Geum. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia numerous : styles persistent.
11. Waldsteinia. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few : styles deciduous.
Subtnbe 4. Fragarieje. — Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate.
Stamens and pistils numerous : styles often lateral, deciduous.
Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascending, inserted
next the base of the style. (Radicle always superior.)
12. Potentilla. Receptacle flattish, dry. Petals deciduous, obo¬
vate or obcordate.
13. Comarum. Receptacle convex, spongy. Petals acute, somewhat
persistent.
14. Fragaria. Receptacle enlarged and juicy in fruit, edible.
Subtribe 5. DALiBARDEiE. — Calyx open, not bracteolate. Sta¬
mens and usually the pistils numerous : styles terminal, decid¬
uous. Achenia mostly fleshy or becoming little drupes. Seed
suspended (ovules 2, collateral : radicle superior).
15. Dalibarda. Fruit of 5- 10 almost dry cartilaginous achenia.
16. Rubus. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous ache-
nia, aggregated on a conical or elongated receptacle.
10*
114
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
Tribe 3. ROSE^E. — Pistils numerous, forming long achenia, which
are inserted on the hollow receptacle that lines the urn-shaped
and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated.
17. Rosa. Leaves pinnate : stipules cohering with the petiole.
Suborder III. POME-dE.
Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming a pome), including
and cohering with the 2-5 ovaries.
18. Crataegus. Carpels bony in fruit, 1 -seeded.
19. Pyrus. Carpels thin or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded.
20. Amelanchier. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells
by a partition : cells 1-seeded.
Suborder I. AMYGDALEiE. Almond Family.
1. PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 - 30. Ovary
with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe ovoid or oblong, usually covered
with a bloom ; the stone smooth, sharp-edged and pointed, and the
margins mostly grooved. — Small trees or shrubs ; the leaves ser¬
rate, rolled up in the bud. Flowers white, usually preceding the
leaves, from lateral buds, the pedicels in simple umbel-like clus¬
ters. (The ancient classical name of the Plum.)
L P« Iliaritima, Wang. (Beach Plum) Low and straggling
(2° - 5°) j leaves ovate or oval , finely serrate , softly pubescent under¬
neath ; pedicels short, pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson
with a bloom (4; — F in diameter). (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — ^ a‘
ries, when at some distance from the coast, with the leaves smoother
and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmaea, Willd.) — Sea-beach
and the vicinity, Massachusetts to New Jersey. April, May. — FrU,t
pleasant-tasted when fully ripe.
2. P. Americana, Marsh. (Wild Yellow Plum.) Leaves
ovate or obovate , conspicuously pointed , sharply and often doubly ser¬
rate, very veiny, smooth when mature; fruit roundish-oval (£*-* F 10
diameter), nearly destitute of bloom. — River-banks, common : also
cultivated, when the juicy fruit becomes pleasant-tasted, though with
a tough acerb skin. It is yellow or orange, often tinged with red.
Tree or bush thorny, 8°- 15° high.
3*P* spinosa, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Branches thorny >
leaves obovate-elliptical, downy beneath, sharply doubly-toothed
pedicels solitary ; fruit (small) globular. — Sparingly naturalized : so
also is
4. P. instltia, L. (Bullace Plum.) Branches thorny i
115
R0SACE2E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
leaves ovate and lanceolate, downy underneath ; pedicels in pairs ;
fruit globular, black with a bloom. — Near Boston and Cambridge.
P. domestica, L., is the common Cultivated Plum.
2. CEKASUS, Tourn., Juss. Cherry.
Flowers, &c., as in the Plum. Drupe globular, without a
bloom; the stone also almost globular, smooth. — Leaves folded in
the bud. (The ancient name, from a town on the Black Sea.)
§ 1. Cerasus proper. — Flowers in clusters from lateral buds , appear¬
ing before or with the leaves , as in the Plums.
1. C. pumila, Michx. (Dwarf Cherry.) Smooth, depress¬
ed and trailing ; leaves obovate-lanceolatey tapering to the base , some¬
what toothed near the apex, whitish underneath; flowers 2-4 togeth¬
er; fruit ovoid, dark red. — Blue hills of Milton, Massachusetts,
Greene , Rhode Island, Olney , and from Vermont northward to Michi¬
gan. May. — Trailing over rocks or sandy banks ; branches & - 18'
high.
2. C. Pennsylvdnica, Loisel. (Wild Red Cherry.)
Leaves oblong-lanceolate , pointed , finely and shaiply serrate , shining ,
green and smooth both sides ; flowers many in a cluster, on long ped¬
icels ; fruit globose, light red. — Rocky woods, common northward.
May. — Tree 20° -30° high, with light red-brown bark, and small
fruit with thin and very sour flesh.
§ 2. Pad us — Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches.
3. C. Virginiana, DC. (Choke Cherry.) Leaves oval or
obovate , abruptly pointed , very sharply {often doubly ) serrate with slen¬
der teeth , thin ; racemes short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red
turning to dark crimson. — River-banks, common. May. — A tall
overhanging shrub, seldom a tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very
austere and astringent till perfectly ripe. (P. obov&ta, Bigelow. P.
serotina, of many authors.)
4. CL serotilia, DC. (W^ld Black Cherry.) Leaves lan¬
ceolate-oblong , taper-pointed , serrate with incurved short and callous
teeth , thickish, shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ;
fruit purplish-black. — Woods, common. — A fine large tree, with
reddish-brown branches, furnishing valuable timber to the cabinet¬
maker. Fruit slightly bitter, but w ith a pleasant vinous flavor.
C. vulgAris and C. sylvestris are the parents of the various cul¬
tivated Cherries.
ArmenIaca vulgAris, the Apricot, Persica vulgAris, the
Peach, and P. lA:vis, the Nectarine, are the principal remaining
cultivated representatives of this suborder.
116 ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
Suborder II. ROSACEJE proper.
Tribe I. SPIR^LE. The Meadow-Sweet Tribe.
3* SPIRAEA, L. Meadow-Sweet.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal. Stamens
10 - 50. Pods (follicles) 3— 12, several- (2 — 15-) seeded. — Flow¬
ers white or rose-color, rarely dioecious. (Name probably from
(nmpdco, to wind , alluding to the fitness of the plants to be formed
into garlands.)
§ 1. Physocarpos, Camb. — Shrubs , with simple lobed leaves and
umbel-like corymbs : pods inflated and diverging when grown , 2-4-
seeded.
1. S. opullfolia, L. (Nine-Bark.) Leaves roundish, some¬
what 3-lobed and heart-shaped ; pedicels very slender ; pods 3-5,
membranaceous. — Rocky river-banks, Maine to Wisconsin. June.
— Shrub 4° -10° high, much branched, with white flowers, succeed¬
ed by membranaceous pods tinged with purple : the old bark loose
and separating in thin layers.
§ 2. Spiraea proper. — Shrubs , with simple leaves , the stipules obso¬
lete: pods ( mostly 5) not inflated , several-seeded .
2. S. corymbosa, Raf. (Flat-clustered Meadow-Sweet.)
Nearly smooth ; leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ;
corymbs large and flat, several times compound. — Alleghanies, Penn,
and southward. June. — Stems little branched, 1° — 2° high. Flow¬
ers white.
3. S. salicifolia, L. (Willow-leaved Meadow-Sweet.)
Nearly smooth; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate,
floicers in a crowded panicle ; pods smooth. (S. alba, Bigel.) — Bushy
meadows along streams: also cultivated. July. — Shrub 2°-5° high-
flowers white or tinged with purple.
4. S. toinentbsa, L. (Hardback. Steeple-bush.) Stems
and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly >
flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle; pods woolly-*
Low grounds and meadows, commonest in New England. July.
Shrub 3P high, the thickish leaves deep green above, and white or
tawny beneath. Flowers rose-color.
§ 3. UlmAria, Mcench. — Perennial herbs , with pinnate leaves and
panided cymose flowers : pods 6-8, 1 - 2 -seeded.
5. S. lob at a, Murr. (Queen of the Prairie.) Leaves in¬
terruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, the
lobes incised and toothed ; stipules kidney-form ; panicle compound-
117
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
clustered on a long naked peduncle, calyx reflexed. — Meadows and
prairies, Penn, to Ohio and Michigan. June. — Stem 4° -8° high,
smooth, angled. Flowers deep peach-blossom color. Very hand¬
some in cultivation.
§ 4. Aruncus, Seringe. — Perennial herbs , with dioecious flowers, in
slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle ; leaves 3 -pin¬
nate; the stipules obsolete; pods 3-5, several-seeded; pedicels re¬
flexed in fruit.
6. S. Aruncus, L. (Goat’s-beard.) Smooth ; leaflets thin,
lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-point¬
ed, sharply cut and serrate ; flowers very numerous (small, white,
the fertile greenish). — Rich damp woods, Catskill Mountains and
southwestward. June. — A widely branched herb, 3° high.
S. Filipendula, the Dropwort, S. UlmAria, the Meadow-
Sweet of Europe, S. hypericif6lia (Italian May), and one or
two others, are common in gardens.
©IJjIjENIAj Mcench. Indian Physic.
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ;
teeth erect. Petals 5, somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, elon¬
gated, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 10 — 20, in¬
cluded. Pods 5, included in the calyx, 2 — 4-seeded. — Perennial
herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets
doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed,
pale rose-color or white. (Derivation of the name unknown.)
1. O. trifoliuta, Moench. (Bowman’s Root.) Leaflets ovate-
oblong, pointed, irregularly cut-serrate; stipules small, awl-shaped,
entire. — Rich woods, from W. New York southward, and sparingly
in the Western States. Also cultivated. June - Aug.
2. ©. stipulacea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lan¬
ceolate, deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. —
W. Pennsylvania and New York : common throughout the Western
States. June.
Tribe II. DRYADE^E. The Bramble Tribe.
5. AORHHONIA, Tourn. Agrimony.
Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with
hooked bristles above, indurated and inclosing the fruit ; the
limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12 - 15.
Achenia 2 : styles terminal. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs,
with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender
118
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
spiked racemes : bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Arge~
monia , of the same derivation as Argemone.)
1‘ Ewpatoiia, L. (Common Agrimony.) Stem and
stalks hairy ; leaflets 5-7 with minute ones intermixed , oblong-obovate ,
coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Borders of
woods, common. July - Sept. — Root sweet-scented.
2. A. parvi flora, Ait. (Small-flowered Agrimony.) Stem
and stalks bristly with brownish spreading hairs; leaflets crowded ,
1 - 19, with smaller ones intermixed , lanceolate , acute, deeply and
regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ; petals small. — Woods
and glades, Pennsylvania and southwestward. July. — Plant 4° -5°
high.
6. SANOUISORBA, L. Great Burnet.
Calyx petal-like, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angular, constricted ;
the lobes 4, spreading. Petals none. Stamens 4 ; the filaments
usually enlarging upwards. Pistils 1, rarely 2 : style slender,
terminal : stigma pencil-form, tufted. Achenium included in the
indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Perennial
(rarely annual) herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and small
flow ers, sometimes polygamous, in close spikes or heads. (Name
from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; the plants having
been esteemed as vulneraries.)
1. S. Canadensis, L. (Canadian Burnet.) Stamens much
onger than the calyx; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical and
e ongated in fruit ; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, ser¬
rate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipellate ; stipules serrate, ad-
t u° Pet*°*e’ — ®°gs a°d wet meadows. Aug. - Oct. — A
ta 1 herb ; flowers white, sometimes purple.
Poterium Sanguis6rba, the Common Burnet of the gardens, has
monmcious polyandrous flowers.
Tourn. Lady’s Mantle.
Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top ; lhub 4-
parted, with as many alternate bractlets. Petals none. Sta¬
mens 1-4. Pistils 1 - 4 ; the slender style arising from near the
base of the ovary ; the achenia included in the persistent calyx*
Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, aud
small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh , the Arabic
name.)
119
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
1. A. Ulpina, L. Perennial; leaves all from the rootstock,
5-7-divided; leaflets wedge-lanceolate, satiny beneath, serrate to¬
wards the apex. — White Mountains of New Hampshire and Green
Mountains, Vermont, according to Pursh ; but no one else has found
the plant in the country.
8. SIBBALDIA, L. Sibbaldia.
Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong,
minute. Stamens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the
margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx.
Achenia 5 - 10 ; styles lateral. — Low and depressed mountain
perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Sibbald , Prof, at Edinburgh at the
close of the 17th century.)
1 8. procuillbdlS, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-tooth¬
ed at the apex ; petals yellow, shorter than the calyx. — Mountains
of Vermont, according to Pursh (?). White Mts. of New Hampshire,
Oakes , 1846. A dwarf, truly alpine plant, resembling a Potentilla.
9. DRIAS, L. Dryas.
Calyx flattish, 8 - 9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Stamens
numerous. Achenia many, heaped on the dry receptacle ; the
persistent styles forming very long plumose tails. Seed erect. —
Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed
leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades , the
nymphs of the Oaks, the leaves resembling oak-leaves in minia¬
ture.)
1. I>. integrrifolia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly
heart-shaped, with revolute margins, nearly entire, whitened with
down beneath, concealing the veins; flowers white. — White Moun¬
tains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck , according to Pursh; but not since
met with.
10. GEUM, L. Avens.
Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5
small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Ache¬
nia numerous, heaped on a conical or cylindrical dry receptacle,
the long persistent styles forming hairy or jointed tails. Seed
erect. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (Name
from yevat, to give an agreeable flavor , the roots being rather aro¬
matic.)
§ l. Geum proper. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle , the
120
ROSACE2E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
loiccr portion smooth and persistent , hooked at the end after the defin¬
ed and mostly hairy upper joint falls away : head of fruit sessile :
calyx-lobes reflexed.
1- Virginfanum, L. (White Avens.) Stem rather
hairy below; root-leaves pinnate, lyrate, or simple and rounded;
those of the stem 3 — 5-lobed or divided, softly pubescent ; petals
white, about the length of the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit hairy. Also
G. album, IVilld. — Woods and meadows, very common. June-
Aug- Leaves very variable. Flowers many, quite small.
2. G, Iliac l’opliy Hum, Willd. (Rough Yellow Avens.)
Bristly-haired, stout ; root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate,
with the terminal leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped ; lateral
leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-
cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded ; petals yellow , longer than
the calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked. — Around the base of the
White Mountains, N. Hampshire. June. — Stems 2°- 3° high, leafy.
Flowers smaller than in No. 3.
3. G. Strictum, Ait. (Tall Yellow Avens.) Somewhat
airy , root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ;
eaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5, rhombic-ovate or oblong , acute ; petals
yellow, longer than the calyx; receptacle downy. — Moist meadows,
common northward. July. - Stem 3-5 feet high, with rather large
loosely pamcled flowers.
§ 2. St^lipus, Raf. — Styles smooth : head of fruit conspicuously
stalked . bractlets of the calyx none : otherwise as § 1.
v£riram, Torr. & Gr. (Western Early Avens.)
Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender; root-
leaves roundish heart-shaped and 3 -5-lobed, or some of them pin¬
nate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx;
receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio and westward. April -June.
Flowers small. Head of carpels soon protruded beyond the calyx on
its slender stalk.
§ 3. CaryophyllAta, Toum. — Style jointed and bent in the middle ,
- ^ UM,er j°*nt plumose : flowers large.
*. G. rivale, L. (Water or Purple Avens.) Stems near¬
ly simple, several-flowered, reversely hairy ; root-leaves lyrate and
interruptedly pinnate ; those of the stem 1-2, and 3-foliolate or 3-
obed , petals inversely heart-shaped, contracted into a claw, purplish-
orange , head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows, especially
nort ward. May. Stems 2° high ; the blossoms nodding, but the
feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple.
§ . ^ieversia, Willd. — Style not jointed , wholly persistent and
~ „ straight : head of fruit sessile : flowers large.
• trlfloruna, Pursh. (Rock Avens.) Low, softly hairy ;
flowering stems nearly leafless ; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the
121
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut¬
toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear , longer
than the calyx , as long as the oblong purplish petals ; styles very long
(2;), strongly plumose in fruit. — Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New
York (Hr. Craice) northward to Wisconsin, rare. May, June. —
Stems 6' - 12' high. Calyx purple.
7. G. Peckii, Pursh. (Peck’s Mountain Avens.) Some¬
what smooth; leaves from the rootstock, large, roundish-kidney-form,
crenately cut-toothed, with a set of minute lateral leaflets down the
petiole ; flowering stem nearly leafless, 3- 5-flowered ; bractlets mi¬
nute ; petals round-obovate , spreading , yellow ; styles hairy towards the
base , naked above. — Alpine summits of the White Mts. of New
Hampshire. Aug. — Stems 6' - 20' high ; the golden flowers hand¬
some.
11. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (Comaropsis, DC.)
Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often
minute and deciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, in¬
serted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, minutely
hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a
joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical
3 - 5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted
scapes. (Named in honor of Francis von Waldstein , a German
botanist.)
1. w. fragarioides, Tratt. (Barren Strawberry.) Low;
leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, crenately cut-toothed ; scapes several-
flowered ; petals longer than the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides,
Michx.) — Wooded hill-sides, common northward. May. _ Leaf¬
stalks and scapes 4' -8' high.
12. POTENTILLA, L. Cinque-foil. Five-finger.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus
appearing 10-cleft. Petals 4-5, roundish or inversely heart-
shaped, deciduous. Stamens many. Achenia many, collected in
a head on the dry hairy receptacle : styles lateral or terminal, de¬
ciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and
solitary or cymose flowers. Perennials, except No. 1. (Name a
kind of diminutive from potens , powerful, alluding to the reputed
medicinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little,
being mild astringents merely, like the rest of the tribe.)
§ 1. Style terminal , or attached above the middle of the ovary.
11
122
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
* Leaves 'palmate : leaflets 3 - 5 : flowers yellow.
1. p. Norvegica, L. (Norway Cinque-foil.) Hairy,
erect, forked above, many-flowered ; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, coarsely
cut-serrate ; calyx longer than the pale yellow petals ; achenia wrinkle
or ribbed. — A coarse and homely annual or biennial weed, in fields
and cultivated grounds, certainly native northward. July - Sept.
2. P. minima, Haller. (Dwarf Mountain Cinque-foil.)
Dwarf. tufted, pubescent ; stems mostly 1 -flowered; leaflets 3, obovate,
very obtuse, cut-toothed near the apex ; petals longer than the calyx*
(P. Robbinsiana, Oakes.) — Alpine summits of the White Mts., New
Hampshire. July. — Plant V — 3f high : flowers small.
3. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Cinque-foil or Five-
Finger.) Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending , producing
runners ; peduncles axillary , elongated , 1 -flowered; leaflets 5, oblong or
obovate- wedge-form, cut-toothed towards the apex ; petals longer t lan
the calyx. (P. sarmentbsa, Muhl.) — Var. 1. pumila is a dwa ,
early-flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. simplex is a taller an^
greener state, with slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.)
Abounds among grass in dry fields, &c. April - Oct.
4. P. argentea, L. (Silvery Cinque-foil.) Low; stems
ascending, cymose at the summit , many-flowered , white-woolly ,
5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, 'V1
revolute margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath , pe a
longer than the calyx. — Dry barren fields, &c. June - Sept.
* * Leaves odd-pinnate : flowers yellow.
5. P. Pennsylvania, L. (Hoary Cinque-foil.) ^
erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at the summit, many-flowere » ^
lets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky-woolly with w U.t0 carce!
especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded ; peta s
ly longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania ? New Hampshire, fl *■
and northward. July. — Plant 1° -2° high.
§ 2. Style deeply lateral , attached near or below the middle of t e ^
6. P. argilta, Pursh. (Crowded Cinque-foil.) ^ ^
erect, tall and stout, brownish-hairy, clammy towards the
leaves pinnate , the lowest 7 -9-, the upper 3 - 7-foliolate , lea e ^
or ovate, incised or doubly serrate, downy underneath , ^fWCTS^s .
mose-clustered ; petals dull yellowish-white , longer than tie
disk glandular, thickened, somewhat 5-lobed ; achenia g a t0
thickened style spindle-shaped. — Rocky hills and banks,
Michigan. July. — Stem mostly simple, 2° - 4° high.
7. P. Alisei'ina, L. (Silver Weed.) Creeping by
rooting runners ; ascending stems none; leaves all radical, p
leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs interposed, oblong, pinnati
green and nearly smooth above, silvery-white with silky down u
neath ; stipules many-cleft; flowers solitary (yellow), on »cape
123
ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.)
peduncles as long as the leaves ; achenia very hairy at the insertion,
otherwise smooth. — Brackish marshes and borders of rivers and
lakes, especially northward. June - Sept. — Leaves & - 1 2r long.
8. P. frilticdsa, L. (Shrubby Cinque-foil.) Stem erect,
very much branched, bvshy ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, crowded,
oblong-lanceolate, entire , silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale¬
like ; flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets ; achenia
and receptacle thickly clothed with very long hairs. (P. floribunda,
Pursh.) — Bog-meadows, more common northward. June -Sept.
— Shrub 2° -4° high, with many handsome flowers.
9. P. tridentata, Ait. (Mountain Cinque-foil.) Stems
low, rather woody and creeping at the base, ascending, several-flow¬
ered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, 3-
toothed at the apex; petals white ; achenia and receptacle very hairy.
— Rocks, on mountains (Catskill, &c.), and in Maine near the level
of the sea. June. — Stems 4#- 6' high : leaves thickish.
13. COmARVM, L. Marsh Cinque-foil.
Calyx as in Potentilla, but dark-purplish inside. Petals 5, much
shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, somewhat per¬
sistent. Stamens numerous, inserted on the thickened hairy
disk : filaments persistent. Achenia many, heaped on the con¬
vex at length enlarged and spongy hairy receptacle : styles lateral,
deciduous. — A stout perennial herb, ascending from the creeping
base, with odd-pinnate leaves of 5 - 7 crowded lanceolate-oblong
leaflets, minutely silky, and large purplish flowers. (Name arbi¬
trarily borrowed from that applied by Theophrastus to an Arbutus.)
1. C. palustre, L. (Potentilla palustris, Scop., ^c.) — Bogs,
common northward. June. — Stems 1° -2° high : root astringent.
14. FRAOARIA) Tourn. Strawberry.
Flowers as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in
fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bear¬
ing the minute dry achenia scattered over its surface. — Low
perennials, with runners, and white cymose flowers on scapes.
Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate.
Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which with the
scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.)
— The two species are indiscriminately called Wild Straw¬
berry.
L Virginiiina, Ehrh. .Ichenia imbedded in the deeply pit-
124
R0SACE2E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
ted receptacle. — Fields and rocky places, common northward. April
-June. — Scapes commonly shorter than the leaves, which are of a
firm texture. Fruit roundish-ovoid.
2. F. vesca, L. Achenia superficial on the conical or hemispher¬
ical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits). — Fields and rocks, common
and indigenous. — Leaves thinner ; the wild fruit often long and
slender.
15. DALIBARDA, L. Dalibarda.
Calyx deeply 5 - 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed.
Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5- 10, be¬
coming nearly dry seed-like drupes : styles terminal, deciduous.
— Low perennials, with creeping and tufted stems, and roundish
heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1-2,
white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Dalibarda a
French botanist.)
1- O. re pens, L. Depressed, in tufts, downy ; petals spreading
in the flower, converging and inclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks,
common northward. June -Aug. — Leaves much like those of a
stemless Violet.
16. RUBITS, L. Bramble.
Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Sta¬
mens numerous. Achenia usually many, collected on a conical or
oblong spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming small drupes .
styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (Name
from the Celtic rub , red, from the color of the fruit of many spe¬
cies.)
§ 1. Fruity or collective mass of drupesy somewhat hemispherical , and
falling off whole from the dry receptacle when ripe , or rarely of few
grains which fall separately. (Raspberry.)
* Leaves simple : flowers large : prickles none.
1. R. odoratus, L. (Purple Flowering Raspberry ) Stem
shrubby; branches , stalksy and calyx bristly with glandular clammy
hairs; leaves 3— 5-lobed, the lobes all pointed and minutely toothed,
the middle one prolonged j peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-l°beS
tipped with a narrow appendage as long as themselves j petals round
edy purple rose-color ; fruit flat, reddish. — Rocky banks, common :
often cultivated. June - Aug. — Stem 4° high. Leaves 4 ' - 8' broad.
Flowers very showy, 2' broad.
125
ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.)
2. R. Nutkanus, Mo<jino. (White Flowering Raspber¬
ry.) Glandular , but scarcely bristly ; leaves almost equally 5-lobed,
coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals broadly oval , white .
(R. parviflorus, Nutt.) — Upper Michigan, and northwestward along
the Lakes. Resembles closely No. 1 ; but usually a smaller plant.
3. R. C llama* llldrus, L. (Cloudberry.) Nearly herba¬
ceous r, low , dioecious; stem simple , 2 -3-leaved, 1-Jlowered; leaves
roundish kidney-form, somewhat 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-
lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ; fruit of few grains, amber-
color. — White Mountains of N. Hampshire near the limit of trees:
also Lubeck, Maine, Oakes. July.
* * Leaflets ( pinnately ) 3-5 : 'petals small , erect , white.
Stems annual , herbaceous , not prickly : fruit of few grains.
4. R. f rill o i'll S, Richards. (Dwarf Raspberry.) Stems as¬
cending or trailing, slender ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin,
nearly smooth ; peduncle 1 -3-flowered. (R. saxatilis, Bigelmc.) —
Wooded hill-sides, common northward. June. — Flowering stems
Sl - 12r high. Sepals and petals often 6-7.
■*- Stems biennial , somewhat shrubby, prickly : fruit hemispherical.
5. R. strigdsus, Michx. (Wild Red Raspberry.) Stems
upright, and with the stalks, &c., beset loith stiff" straight bristles (some
of them becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young,
somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate,
whitish-downy underneath ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light
red. — Thickets and hills, common northward. May. — Fruit ripening
from June to Aug., finely flavored, but more tender and watery than
the Garden or European Raspberry ( R . Idoeus ) which it closely resem¬
bles. End leaflet often heart-shaped ; the lateral sessile.
6. R. occidentals, L. (Black Raspberry. Thimble-
berry.) Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks,
&c., with hooked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5) ovate, point¬
ed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-downy underneath ; the lateral
ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the reflexed sepals ; fruit
nearly black. — Thickets and fields, especially where the ground has
been burned over. May. — Fruit ripe early in July, pleasant.
§ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes , not separating from the juicy recepta¬
cle, mostly ovate or oblong , blackish. (Blackberry.)
7. R. villostis, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrub¬
by, armed, upright or reclining , with stout curved prickles ; branchlets,
stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3
(or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate ; the terminal one
somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; flowers racemed, nu¬
merous, bracts short ; sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obo-
vate-oblong spreading petals. — Var. 1. frond6sus : smoother and
11*
126
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
much less glandular; flowers more corymbose, with leafy bracts;
petals roundish. Var. 2. humifItsus: trailing, smaller; peduncles
few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c., common. May, June : the
pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in
size and aspect ; the stems usually tall and furrowed.
8. R. Canadensis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.)
Shrubby , extensively trailing , slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately
5-7), oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth ,
sharply cut-serrate ; flowers racemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. tri-
viklis, Pursh , Bigel., fyc. ; not of Michx , which is a Southern species.)
Bare rocky or gravelly soil, common. May ; ripening its very large
and sweet fruit earlier than No. 7.
9. R. hispidtis, L. (Running Swamp Blackberry.) Stems
slender , somewhat shrubby , extensively procumbent , beset with small
prickles turned backward; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth ,
thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire
towards the base ; peduncles leafless , several-flowered , often bristly ;
flowers small. (R. obovalis, Michx., R. sempervirens and R. setosus,
Bigelow.) — Wet woods, common. June. — Flowering stems or
branches short, ascending, the sterile forming long runners. Fruit of
a few large grains, red or purple, sour.
10. B. cuneifolius, Pursh. (Sand Blackberry.) Shrub¬
by, low, upright , armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and
lower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obo-
vate, thickish, serrate towards the apex; peduncles 2-4-flowered;
petals large. — Sandy woods, New York and southward near the
coast. May -July, ripening its well-flavored black fruit in Aug.
Stems 1° — 3P high.
Tribe m. ROSEiE. The Rose Tribe.
17. BOS A, Tourn. Rose.
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy
in fruit ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, inserted, with
the numerous stamens, into the edge of the hollow thin disk that
lines the calyx-tube and bears the numerous pistils over its whole
inner surface. Styles nearly included : ovaries hairy, becoming
bony achenia in fruit. — Shrubby and prickly, with odd-pinnate
leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole : stalks, foliage,
&c., often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name,
from the Celtic rhos , red.)
* Truly wild Roses. Leaflets smooth, at least the upper surface, not
clothed with fragrant glands.
127
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
1. R. sctigcra, Michx. (Climbing or Prairie Rose.) Stems
climbing , armed icith stout nearly straight prickles , not bristly ; leaflets
3-5, ovate , acute, sharply serrate, smoothish or downy beneath;
stalks and calyx glandular; flowers corymbed ; sepals pointed; pe¬
tals deep rose-color changing to white ; styles cohering in a column as
long as the stamens; fruit (hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and
thickets, Ohio to Wisconsin. July. — A fine species, the only Amer¬
ican climbing Rose ; the strong shoots growing 15° -20° in a season.
Several varieties and hybrid forms are in cultivation.
2. R. Carolina, L. (Swamp Rose.) Armed with stout hook¬
ed prickles, not bristly; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull above
and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flotcers in corymbs ; calyx and pe¬
duncles glandular-bristly, the former with leaf-like appendages ; fruit
(hip) depressed-globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds, common.
July - Sept. — Bushes 6° high, many-flowered ; the deep rose-colored
petals inversely heart-shaped, as in the others.
3. R. lucida, Ehrh. (Low Wild Rose.) Armed with une¬
qual bristly prickles , which are mostly deciduous, the stouter persistent
prickles nearly straight, slender; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, shining above ,
sharply serrate ; stipules broad ; peduncles 1 - 3 -flowered, and w ith the
appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular,
smooth when ripe. — Common in dry soil or borders of swamps.
May- July. — Stems 2? high ; the flowers large in proportion.
4. R. Ilstida, Willd. (Shining Dwarf Rose.) Stems and
stalks thickly clothed with very slender and straight bristly prickles ;
leaflets 5 — 9, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, very smooth and shining ,
serrate ; stipules broadish, reaching to the lowest pair of leaflets ;
flowers solitary , the peduncle and calyx bristly ; fruit globose. — Low
grounds, from Massachusetts northward, near the coast. June. _
Stems 1° high ; petals deep rose-color.
5. R. bluilda, Ait. (Early Wild Rose.) Nearly unarmed,
or with scattered straight deciduous prickles ; leaflets 5-7, oval or ob-
long, obtuse , pale on both sides and minutely downy or hoary beneath,
serrate; stipules large; flowers 1-3, the peduncles and calyx-tube
smooth and glaucous ; fruit globose, crowned with the persistent erect
and connivent entire calyx-lobes. — Rocks and banks, Vermont to
Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May, June. — Stems l°-3° high,
prickly only towards the base ; the branches reddish, like the Cinna¬
mon Rose. Petals longer than the calyx, light rose-color.
* * Naturalized species. Leaflets downy and beset with russet glands
underneath , fragrant.
6. R. riibigindsa, L. (True Sweet-Brier.) Prickles nu¬
merous, the larger hooked, and the smaller aicl-shaped; leaflets doubly
serrate, rounded at the base ; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, crowned
with the persistent calyx-lobes. — Road-sides and thickets, extensively
naturalized. June - Aug.
128
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
7. It. micrautlia, Smith. (Small-flowered Sweet-Bri¬
er.) Prickles all uniform and hooked ; branchlets sparingly bristly ;
fruit (small) elliptical and ovate , the calyx-lobes deciduous. — Road¬
sides, &c., in E. New England, with No. 6, which it too closely re¬
sembles, but is regarded as distinct by most British Botanists.
Suborder III. POMEiE. The Pear Family.
18. CRATi«V$, L. Hawthorn. White Thorn.
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish.
Stamens many, or only 10 - 5. Styles 1-5. Fruit (calyx-tube)
fleshy, containing 1 - 5 bony 1-seeded carpels. — Thorny shrubs
or trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves, and white (rarely
rose-color) blossoms. (Name from Kpdros, strength , on account
of the hardness of the wood.)
* Corymbs many-flowered.
■*“ Fruit small ( deep red). Introduced.
1. C. Oxyacuntha, L. (English Hawthorn.) Smooth;
leaves obovate, cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base; styles
1 ~ ^ i fruit globose-ovoid. — More or less naturalized in the Atlantic
States. May.
2. C. cordata, Ait. (Washington Thorn.) Smooth; leaves
broadly ovate, often heart-shaped, pointed, variously cut and serrate,
mostly 3-lobed near the base ; styles 5 ; fruit depressed-globose (not
larger than peas). — Employed for hedges, especially in the Middle
Slates ; probably wild in W. Penn. Common farther south.
■*--*- Fruit larger , globular or pear-shaped , often eatable ; calyx , with
the edges of the leaves , often glandular.
3. C. coccinea, L. (Scarlet-fruited Thorn.) Smooth
or downy ; leaves roundish-ovate , thin, sharply cut and toothed, 5 - A-
lobed, abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, on slender petioles ; spines
stout ; styles 3 - 5 ; fruit bright red, globose . — Rocky banks, com¬
mon. May. — A low, round-headed tree, with many varieties.
4- C. tomentosa, L. (Black or Pear Thorn.) Leases
oval or ovate-oblong , narrowed abruptly at the base into a short mar¬
gined petiole , cut-toothed towards the apex, smooth and furrowed
above, woolly beneath when young, like the corymbs ; styles 3 ; fruit
orange-color, or yellow marked with red, pear-shaped. (C. pyrifolkh
Hit.) — Thickets, common. May, June. — A tall shrub rather than
a tree, with fragrant flowers and large leaves.
5. C. punctata, Jacq. (Dotted Thorn.) Leaves wedge-
obovate , cut-serrate towards the apex, tapering into a slender petiole ,
129
KOSACEjE. (rose family.)
furrowed by the impressed straight veins, downy beneath with close-
pressed hairs when young ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit globose , dull red and
yellowish , dotted. — Thickets, common everywhere. May. — A low,
round-headed tree, KP-20° high, with small dull leaves and ash-col¬
ored branches.
6. C. C'rus-galli, L. (Cockspur Thorn.) Smooth ; leaxes
shining , thickish , wedge-obovate, toothed towards the apex, with scarce¬
ly any petiole; styles 1-3; fruit bright red , round-pear-shaped. _
Thickets. May, June. — Shrub or tree l(P-20° high; with firm
dark green leaves very shining above, and slender sharp thorns often
2' long. — The best species for hedges in this country.
* * Flowers solitary or nearly so at the end of the branches.
7. C. parvifolia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.) Leaves thick and
firm, oblong-wedge-form or spatulate, rounded at the apex, crenate,
nearly sessile, roughish-downy, the upper surfiice shining when old ;
flowers short-stalked ; calyx-lobes cut-toothed, as long as the petals ;
fruit roundish pear-shaped, greenish-yellow, somewhat hairy. — Dry
or sandysoil, New Jersey and southward. May. — A rugged shrub,
ftult5 WUh a fCW l0ng th0niS* CalyX half “ lon§ as the ripe
19. PYRUS, L. Pear. Apple.
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or
obovate Stamens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit (pome)
fl shy or berry-hke, the 2 - 5 carpels of a parchment-like or car¬
tilaginous texture, each 2-seeded— Trees or shrubs, with hand-
-rr ln C0Tymbed CymeS‘ (The ClaSSiCa‘ "ame 0f the
orate, often rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lei, j \ Uaxes
S’.S.T,;”'"”' ^ *-£- stss
Uar J^/a"SUSflmia’ Ait- (N*™°w-leaved Crab-Apple 1
130
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
§ 2. AdenorXchis, DC. — Leaves simple , the midrib beset with glands
along the upper side : cymes compound : styles united at the bast .
fruit berry-like.
3. P. arbutifdlia, L. (Choke-berry.) Leaves oblong or
obovate, finely serrate with callous teeth ; fruit pear-shaped, or when
ripe globular. — Var. 1. erythrocarpa has the flower-clusters and
lower surface of the leaves woolly, at least when young, and red or
purple fruit. Var. 2. melanocarpa is nearly smooth, with purplish-
black fruit. — Damp thickets, common. May, June. — Shrub 2° -3°
high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple. Fruit small, mawkish.
§ 3. Sorbus, Tourn. — Leaves odd-pinnate : cymes compound : styles
separate : fruit berry-like .
4. P. Americana, DC. (American Mountain-Ash.) Leaf¬
lets 13 - 15, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate with pointed
teeth, smooth when full-grown ; cymes large and flat. — Swamps and
mountain woods, common northward : also a low, smaller-fruited va¬
riety on the Alleghanies southward. June. — A slender shrub or
low tree, with white blossoms ; greatly prized in cultivation for
its ornamental clusters of scarlet fruit in autumn, remaining through
the winter. — Very much like the European Rowan-tree (P-
aucuparia).
20. AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-berry.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous,
short. Styles 5, united below. Fruit (pome) berry-like, the 5
cartilaginous carpels each imperfectly divided into 2 cells by a par*
tition from the back ; the divisions 1-seeded. — Small trees or
shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves and white flowers m
racemes. ( Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris m
Savoy.)
1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gr. (Shad-bush. Service-ber¬
ry.) Woolly when young, at length smooth : calyx-lobes triangular-
lance-form; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe in June). —
Varies exceedingly ; the leading forms are, Var. 1. BotryA.pi^m • a
tree, with the leaves soon smooth, ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-
shaped at the base, pointed, very sharply serrate ; flowers in l°nS
drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the ca yx*
(Pyrus Botryapium, Willd .) Var. 2. oblongif6lia : a shrub, wit
oblong leaves, usually woolly during flowering, the racemes and p€
tals shorter. Var. 3. rotcndif6lia : a shrub or tree, with broader
leaves, 6 - 10-flowered racemes, and smaller petals than in var. L
Var. 4. alnif6lia : shrub, with the roundish leaves very obtuse or
notched at both ends, and serrate above the middle only, the racemes
MELASTOMACEJE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 131
dense and many-flowered; stamens very short. Var. 5. oligocarpa:
the most distinct of all, a shrub, growing in deep mountain swamps,
with thin narrowly oval or oblong leaves, nearly smooth from the
first, 2-4-flowered racemes, and broader petals scarcely thrice the
length of the calyx. — River-banks, rocks, and low grounds. April,
May.
Cydonia vulgAris, the Quince, differs from the rest of the fam¬
ily in having several seeds in each carpel.
Calycanthus, the Carolina Allspice, common in cultivation,
represents a family near Rosaceae, with fruit much like a rose-hip,
although dry, but with opposite leaves, and coiled cotyledons.
Order 39. MELASTOMACEJE. (Melastoma Fam.)
Myrtle-like plants , with opposite ribbed leaves , and an¬
thers opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in
the Evening Primrose Family. — All tropical, except the
genus
1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow Beauty.
Calyx-tube um-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, at least
at its angles, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the
apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted, along with
the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long,
curved, 1 -celled, mostly with a little spur on the back just at the
attachment of the filament near the base, inverted in the bud.
Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the permanent calyx, 4-
celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the central
axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low
perennial herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 -5-nerved and bristle-
edged leaves, and showy cymose flowers ; the petals falling early.
(Name from prj£is, a I'upture , applied to this genus for no obvious
reason.)
1. R. Virgin! C a, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles;
leaves oval-lanceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps,
Massachusetts southward, along the coast. July. — Flowers IV broad.
2. R. Mariana, L. Stem cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong,
narrowed towards the base ; petals pale purple. — Sandy swamps,
N. Jersey southward.
132
LYTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)
Order 40. LYTHRACEJ3. (Loosestrife Family.)
Herbs , with mostly opposite entire leaves , no stipules , the
calyx inclosing, but free from, the 1 - 4 -celled many-seeded
ovary and membranous pod, and bearing the 4-7 decidu¬
ous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat ; the latter low¬
er down . Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely %-lobed.
Flowers rarely irregular, axillary or whorled. Petals some¬
times wanting. Pod often 1 -celled by the early breaking
away of the thin partitions : placentae in the axis. Seeds
anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.
Synopsis.
* Flowers regular, or very nearly so.
1. Ammannia. Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Stamens 4.
2. Lythrum. Calyx cylindrical, striate. Stamens 5-14, nearly equa
3. Decodon. Calyx short, bell-form. Stamens 10, the 5 opposite
the petals shorter or later.
* * Flowers irregular : petals unequal.
4. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or gibbous at the base. Stamens 12.
1. AMMANNIA, Houston. Ammannia.
Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, with a little
horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small
and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, short. P°d
globular, 4-celled. — Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with
opposite narrow leaves, and small greenish flowers in their axils*
(Named after Ammann , a Russian botanist anterior to Linn a? us.)
1. A. tftlimilis, Michx. Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblonj,
tapering into a slight petiole, or the base somewhat arrow-shape ,
flowers solitary or 3 together in the axils of the leaves, sessile , sty 1 ®
very short. (Also A. ramosior, Michx. Isnardia adscendens, H •
in Eat.) — Wet places near the coast, Connecticut southward, an *
Michigan. Aug. — Stems 3' - 8' high.
2. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife.
Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, with as many little pio
cesses in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as
petals or twice the number, inserted low down on the calyx, near
ly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled. — Slender herbs, with opposi*e
LYTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 133
or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flow¬
ers. (Name from Xvdpov, blood ; perhaps from the crimson blos¬
soms of some species.)
* Stamens and petals 5 - 7 : flmcers solitary and nearly sessile in the
axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teeth often
shorter than the intermediate processes : smooth.
1. Li. Hyssopifolla, L. (Low Loosestrife.) Leaves ob¬
long-linear , obtuse , longer than the inconspicuous flowers ; petals (pale
purple) 5-6. (D — Marshes, coast of Massachusetts (and New
York ?), perhaps introduced. — Pale, 6' - 10r high.
2. Li. alalum, Pursh. (Slender Loosestrife.) Tall and
wand-like ; branches with margined angles ; leaves varying from ob¬
long-ovate to lanceolate , mostly acute, the upper not longer than the
flowers ; petals (deep purple) 6. 1J. — Michigan and southward.
3. Li. lineare, L. (Narrow-leaved Loosestrife.) Stem
slender and tall, bushy at the top, two of the angles margined ; leaves
linear , short , chiefly opposite , obtuse, or the upper acute and scarcely
longer than the flowers ; calyx obscurely striate ; petals (whitish) 6.
U — Brackish marshes, N. Jersey. Aug. — Stem 3? -4° high.
* * Stamens 12-14 ^ twice the number of the petals : flowers crowded
and whorled in an interrupted wand-like spike.
4. Li. Salic aria, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) Leaves lance¬
olate, heart-shaped at the base. — Wet meadows, Maine, E. Massa¬
chusetts, and Orange County, New York : also commonly cultivated.
July. — Plant more or less downy, tall : flowers large, purple.
3. DECODON, Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife.
Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped, with 5 erect teeth and 5
longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5,
wedge-lanceolate. Stamens 10, five very long, the alternate five
shorter and later. Pod globose, 3-celled. — A perennial herb,
with recurved or reclining stems, and opposite or whorled lanceo¬
late almost sessile leaves, with clustered pedicelled flowers in their
axils. (Name from bUa, ten , and 68ovs, a tooth , from the 10-tooth¬
ed calyx.)
1. D. verticillatum, Ell. (Lythrum verticiilatum, L.) —
Marshes, common. July-Sept. — Smooth at the North, or downy :
stems 2P-&3 long, 4 - 6-sided ; the flowers purple, rather large.
4. CtlPHEA, Jacq. ClJPHEA.
Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or
spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and
12
134 LYTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)
usually as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very un¬
equal. Stamens mostly 12, approximate in two sets, included,
unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of
the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Pod ob¬
long, few-seeded, early opening through one side. — Flowers
solitary, stalked. (Name from Kv<pos , curved , from the shape of
the calyx, &c.)
1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (Clammy Cuphea.) Annual, very
viscid-hairy, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-stalked, rough )
petals ovate, short-clawed, purple. — Dry fields, New York to Penn.,
common southward. Aug. — Seeds rather large, borne on one sk e
of the placenta (the partitions early vanishing), which is forced out
the pod and the investing calyx through a longitudinal rupture, be ore
the seeds are ripe.
Order 41. ON AGRACEiE. (Evening Primrose Fam.)
Herbs , with 4 -merous ( sometimes 2 - S-merous) flowers ,
the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2 — 4- celled ovary ,
its lobes valvate in the bud , or obsolete , the petals convolute
in the bud , and the stamens as many or twice as many as
the petals or calyx-lobes . — There are two suborders, viz.
Suborder I. ONAGRACEjE proper.
Calyx- tube often prolonged beyond the ovary ; the petals (rarel)
wanting) and stamens inserted on its summit. Pollen-grains connec
ed by cobwebby threads. Style single, slender : stigma 2 - 4- o e
or capitate. Pod loculicidally 4-celled and 4-valved, or indehiscent .
placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, no albumen.
1. Epilobium. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a downy tuft at
the apex. ,
2. GEnothera. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. bee 3
naked, numerous. ,
3. Gaura. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube much prolonged. 01
1 - 4-seeded, indehiscent.
4. Ludwigia. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Calyx-tube not pr
longed. Pod many-seeded.
5. Circjea. Stamens 2. Petals 2. Pod 2-seeded.
Suborder II. HALORAGEjE.
Calyx-tube not at all prolonged, the lobes obsolete or none.
often none. Stamens 1-8. Pod or nut indehiscent, 1-4-ce e i
ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 135
with a solitary suspended seed in each cell. Albumen thin. — Marsh
or water plants, with very small axillary sessile flowers, often monoe¬
cious or dioecious.
6. Proserpinaca. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled.
7. Myriophyllum. Stamens 4-8. Fruit 4-angled, 4-celled.
8. Hippuris. Stamen 1. Fruit 1-celled. Style slender.
Suborder I. ONAGRACEA2 proper.
I- EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-herb.
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft, de¬
ciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod long and
linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end.
— Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or
white flowers. (Name composed of «ri Xo^oO top, viz., a violet
on a pod.)
* Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading ,
clawed : stamens and style turned to one side : stigma with 4 long
lobes : leaves scattered.
1. E. anglistifdlium, L. (Great Willow-herb.) Stem
simple, tall (4° -7°); leaves lanceolate; style at length deflexed.
— Fields, and especially in newly cleared land. July. — Flowers
pink-purple, very showy. Pods hoary.
* * Flowers small , corymbed or panicled : petals (white or rose-color ),
stamens , and style erect : stigma club-shaped : lower leaves opposite ,
entire or denticulate. —
2. E. alpilllim, L. (Alpine Willow-herb.) Low ; smooth
or nearly so, simple ; leaves ovate or oblong ; flowers solitary or few.
— High mountains of New Hampshire and N. New York.
3. E. coloratum, Muhl. (Purple-veined Willow-herb.)
Nearly smooth; stem roundish, much branched , many-flowered; leaves
chiefly opposite, lanceolate, acute, purple-veined or turning reddish ;
petals 2-cleft at the apex. — Ditches, &c. July -Sept. — Plant l°-3 9
high.
4. E. Ill olio, Torr. (Downy Willow-herb.) Soft-downy all
over , strait, at length branching ; leaves crowded , linear-oblong or
lanceolate , blunt ; petals notched. — Bogs, Rhode Island to Michigan.
Sept. — Flowers larger than in No. 3.
5. E* palustre, L. (Swamp Willow-herb.) Minutely hoary
with a crisped pubescence ; stem slender, roundish, at length much
branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear , acutish at both ends ; pods
hoary. — Bogs, chiefly northward, principally the narrow-leaved va¬
riety with white flowers. (E. rosmarinifblium, Pursh. E. squama-
tum, Nutt.)
136 ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
2 • CE NOTH ERA, L. Evening Primrose.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes
4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear. Pod
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name
from olvos, wine , and 6f]pa, a chase : application uncertain.)
§ 1. OnJLgra, Tourn. — Annuals or biennials: flotcers nocturnal,
odorous , opening but once , often fading pink or rose-color : pods cy¬
lindrical, closely sessile.
1. CE. biennis, L. (Common Evening Primrose.) Erect,
mostly hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flow¬
ers in a terminal rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; pe¬
tals inversely heart-shaped (light yellow) ; pods oblong , somewhat
tapering above. — Varies greatly ; as Var. 1. muricata, with rough-
bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer than the stamens.
Var. 2. grandiflora, with larger and more show y petals. Var. 3.
parviflora, with petals about the length of the stamens. "V ar. 4.
crcciXta, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals,
shorter than the stamens, and smooth pods. — Common everywhere*
June - Sept.
2. CE. simmta, L. (Small Evening Primrose.) Hairy, low,
ascending, or at length procumbent ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, sm-
uate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flowers (small)
axillary ; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow fading rose-
color); pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jerseyan
southward, principally a dwarf state. June.
§2. CEnotherium, Seringe. — Biennials or perennials : flowers diur¬
nal ( yellow ) : pods club-shaped , with 4 strong or winged angles an
4 intermediate ribs.
3. CE. fruticbsa, L. (Sundrops.) Hairy or nearly smooth ,
leaves lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ,
tals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; poa s
oblong-club-shaped , 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. U ^30
places, common, especially westward. June - Aug. — Plant 1° -
high, with several varieties. Corolla 1^' broad.
4. CE. riparia, Nutt. (River Sundrops.) Scarcely pubes
cent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, tapering below and some
what stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at length
raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club -shaped , slcn cr
pedicelled , scarcely 4-winged. (2) — River-banks and swamps, una
ker-bridge, New Jersey, and southward.
5. CE. linearis, Michx. (Narrow-leaved Evening Pri^
rose.) Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves linear; fl0VN
ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 137
(rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches ; pods
obovate , hoary, scarcely 4-winged at the summit , tapering into a slender
pedicel. — Montauk Point, Long Island. June. — Plant 1° high,
bushy-branched : flowers 1' wide.
6. CE. clirysautlia, Michx. (Low Golden Evening Prim¬
rose.) Slender, smooth or pubescent; leaves lanceolate, rather
blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate , notched at
the end ( orange-yellow ), longer than the stamens ; pods all pedicelled ,
oblong-club-shaped , scarcely wing-angled (g) ? — Banks, Oswego, New
York, to Michigan. July. — Stem 12'- 15' high; flowers larger than
in No. 7.
7. <E. piimila, L. (Dwarf Evening Primrose.) Almost
smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse ;
flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate ( pale
yellow) scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile , oblong-
club-shaped, scarcely wing-angled, (g) or IJ. ? — Dry fields, common
northward. June. — Stems mostly simple, 5' -12' high: the corolla
4' broad.
3. C AIT It A, L. Gaura.
Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the
lobes 4 (rarely 3) reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to
the upper side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as also the
long style. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3 -4-rib-
bed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled
and nearly 1 - 4-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, ses¬
sile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish, in wand¬
like spikes or racemes ; in our species quite small, so that the
name, from yavpos, superb , does not appear very appropriate.
1* O* bieilllis, L. Soft-hairy or downy ; leaves oblong-lanceo¬
late , acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile , ribbed.
@ — Dry banks, New York and westward. Aug. — Stem 3? -8°
high, the flowers crowded.
2. O. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender; leaves
linear , mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle
very slender, naked; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the sum¬
mit, slender-pedicelled. — Open places, Ohio and westward. Aug. —
Stem 2P - 4° high : flowers loose.
4. Ll DWKil i, L. False Loosestrife.
Calyx-tube not prolonged at all beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4,
usually persistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens
12*
138 ONAGRACEiE. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
4. Pod short or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked.
— Perennial : flowers axillary. (Named in honor of Ludwig ,
Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.)
* Leaves alternate , sessile : flowers peduncled : petals large , yellow.
1. L • altcmifdlia, L. (Seed-box.) Smooth or nearly so,
branched ; leaves lanceolate , acute or pointed at both ends ; petals
scarcely as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed calyx-lobes ; pods
cubical, rounded at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps, chiefly south¬
ward or near the coast. Aug. — Plant 3? high. Pods opening first
by a hole at the end where the style falls off, afterwards splitting in
pieces.
2. 1*. hirtella, Raf. (Hairy Seed-box ) Hairy all over ;
stems nearly simple ; leaves ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate,
blunt at both ends ; petals rather longer than the lance-ovate calyx-
lobes ; pods slightly wing-angled, shaped nearly as in the last. — Moist
pine barrens. New Jersey and southward: not common. June-
September.
* * Leaves alternate , sessile : flowers sessile : petals minute or none.
3. 1.. spliaerocarpa, Ell. Nearly smooth, much branched;
leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base ; flowers solitary, tcithout
bractlets ; petals mostly wanting ; pods globular , not longer than the
calyx-lobes, very small. — Wet swamps, Massachusetts (Tewksbury,
Greene ), New York (Peekskill, R. I. Brovme), and New Jersey;
thence southward.
4. L. polycurpa, Short & Peter. Smooth, much branched ,
leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends; flowers often clustered
in the axils, without petals ; bractlets on the base of the 4-sided top¬
shaped pod, which is longer than the calyx-lobes. — Swamps from
Michigan southward. Aug. — Stem l°-3? high, sometimes with
runners.
5. I j. linearis, Walt. Smooth, low and slender, often branch¬
ed, with narrow lanceolate or linear leaves ; bearing short runners
with obovate leaves ; flowers solitary, usually with {greenish-yellow )
petals ; bractlets minute ; pods elongated top-shaped, 4-sided , much lon¬
ger than the calyx. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and south¬
ward. Aug.
* * * Leaves opposite, petioled : flowers sessile, solitary : petals none
or small. (Isn&rdia, L.)
6. li. pal list ris. Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth, low;
stems procumbent at the base, rooting or floating ; leaves ovate or
oval, tapering into a slender petiole; calyx-lobes very short; pod®
oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at the base. (Isnardia palustris, L )
Ditches, common, July — Oct. — Petals rarely present, small and red
dish when the plant grows out of water.
ONAGRACEjE. (evening primrose family.) 139
5* CIRCLE A, Tourn. Enchanter’s Nightshade.
Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped
disk, deciduous : lobes 2. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Sta¬
mens 2. Pod reflexed, obovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded, bristly with
hooked hairs. — Low inconspicuous perennials, with opposite thin
leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes.
(Named from Circe , the enchantress.)
1. C. Lutetiana, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves ovate ,
slightly heart-shaped , pointed, slightly toothed ; bracts none ; hairs of
the fruit bristly. — Moist woodlands. July. — Stem l°-2° high.
2. C. alpina, L. Low , smooth and weak ; leaves heart-shaped ,
shining , coarsely toothed ; bracts minute ; hairs of the fruit soft and
slender. — Cold woods among mosses, common northward. July. —
Plant 3' -8' high, with very thin leaves on longer stalks than in No. 1.
Suborder II. HALORAGEjE. The Water-Milfoils.
6. PROSERPINACA, L. Mermaid-weed.
Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens
3. Stigmas 3. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like.
— Low' perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base
(whence the name, from proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and
small perfect flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 - 4 together.
1. p. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate , sharply serrate , the
lower pectinately-cut when immersed in water ; fruit sharply 3-angled.
— Wet swamps. June - Aug. — Stigmas purple, cylindrical.
2. P. pectinsicea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate , the divisions
linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps,
chiefly eastward. Smaller than the last.
7. MTBIOPHtLLrM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil.
Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers
4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens
4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurv¬
ed. — Mostly immersed aquatics, perennial. Leaves crowded,
often whorled ; those under water pinnately parted into capillary
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves ; the
uppermost staminate. (Name from pvpios, a thousand , and <f>v\\ov ,
a leaf.)
140 ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
* Stamens 8 : petals deciduous : carpels even : leaves whorled in threes.
X. Iff. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capil¬
lary, except the floral ones or bracts , which are ovate and entire or
toothed , chiefly shorter than the flowers , which thus appear to form an
interrupted leafless spike. — Deep water, common. July, Aug.—
Stems long, slender.
2. IH. verticillatum, L. Lower leaves as in No. 1; the
floral ones much longer than the flowers , pectinate-pinnatifid. Ponds,
New York and westward. Stouter than the last.
* * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels 1-2 -ridged and rough¬
ened on the back : leaves whorled in fours and fives , the lower w
very slender capillary divisions.
3. HI. lieteropliyllum, Michx. Stem rather stout ; flora
leaves ovate and lanceolate , thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the low
est pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely roughened. — N. New York and west
ward along the Great Lakes. — Stouter than the foregoing.
4. HI. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves
pinnately parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear
(rarely scattered) pectinate-toothed or cut-serrate ; carpels strong y '
ridged and roughened on the back. — Shallow ponds, Ohio and sout l
ward. Block Island, Rhode Island, Robbins.
* * * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels even on the back .
leaves chiefly scattered or wanting.
5. HI. aillbiglllllll, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parte
into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pec
tinate , or the upper floral linear and sparingly toothed or entire , flow
ers mostly perfect; fruit (minute) smooth. — Var. 1. nAtans . stems
floating, prolonged. Var. 2. capillaceum : stems floating, long an
very slender; leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. 3. limoscm .
small, rooting in the mud ; leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or en
tire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey and I enn.,
near the coast.
6. M. tenellum, Bigelow. Stems nearly leafless and scape
like, tufted and rooting at the base, upright, simple ; bracts small, en
tire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. — Border of pon s>
Maine to New York, chiefly near the coast. July. — A pecu iar
plant, 4' - KF high, with shorter sterile shoots.
8. HIPPLBIS, L. MareVtail.
Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on the edge
of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one
side, received in the groove between the lobes of the anther.
Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, I-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with sim
141
CACTACEJE. (CACTUS FAMILY.)
pie entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the
axils, perfect or polygamous. (Name from Imros , a horse , and
ovpa , a tail.)
1. H. viilgariSj L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear,
acute. — Ponds and springs, New York, &c., northward, rare. — Plant
1° high, fleshy.
Order 42. CACTACEiE. (Cactus Family.)
Fleshy and thickened leafless plants of peculiar aspect,
globular or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and
jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile ;
the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows,
adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with
long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the
tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals.
Style 1: stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, with
numerous seeds on several parietal placentae. Albumen
none.
1. OPtntfTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pear.
Sepals and petals not prolonged into a tube, spreading, the
inner roundish. Berry often prickly. — Stem composed of flat
and usually broad joints, bearing clusters of bristles often with
spines intermixed, arranged in a spiral order. (A name of The¬
ophrastus, originally applied to some very different plant.)
1. O* vulgaris, Mill. Stems low, prostrate-spreading, of ob-
ovate joints, armed with short barbed bristles, rarely with a few
spines; flowers sulphur-yellow; fruit nearly smooth, eatable. —
Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to New Jersey and southward,
usually near the coast. June.
Order 43. GROSSUGACE.E. (Currant Family.)
Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate palmately
lobed leaves, a 5-lobed calyx cohering with the \-celled
ovary, and bearing 5 small petals and 5 stamens. Fruit
a \-celled berry, with 2-parietal placenta, crowned with the
shrivelled remains of the calyx. Seeds anatropous, with a
minute embryo at the base of hard albumen.
142
GROSSULACEJE. (CURRANT FAMILY.)
1. KIBES, L. Currant. Gooseeerry.
Stamens mostly short and included, inserted alternately with
the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 2, distinct or united.
Ripe seeds (numerous) enveloped in a gelatinous coat. — Leaves
often clustered in the axils, with the flowers from the same clus¬
ters or from separate buds. (Name of Arabic origin.)
§ 1. GrossulXria, Tourn. (Gooseberry.) — Stems mostly bearing
thorns at the base of the leafstalks or clusters , and often with scat¬
tered bristly prickles : berries prickly or smooth.
* Peduncles 1 - & flowered : leaves roundish , heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed.
1. It. Cyn6sbati, L. (Prickly Gooseberry.) Leaves pu¬
bescent; peduncles slender, 2- 3-flowered ; stamens and undivided
style not longer than the broad calyx. — Rocky woods, very common
northward. May. — Spines various, strong. Berry large, armed
with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth.
2. It. hirtellum, Michx. (Short-stalked Wild Goose¬
berry.) Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short,
1 - 2-flowered, deflexed ; stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than
the bell-shaped ( purplish ) calyx ; fruit smooth. — N. England to Mich¬
igan, common. May. — Stems either smooth or prickly, and with
very short thorns, or none. Berry purple, pleasant. — This is the
commonest smooth gooseberry of N. England, &c., and usually
passes for R. triflorum, Willd ., which name belongs to the next.
3. It. rotundilblium, Michx. (Slender-stalked Smooth
Gooseberry.) Leaves nearly smooth ; peduncles slender , 1 - 2-flow
ered ; stamens and 2-parted style slender , longer than the narrow cyhn
drical calyx; fruit smooth. Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Penn, an
Michigan. June. — Leaves rounded, with very short and blunt
lobes, often rather wedge-form at the base. Thorns short. Berries
sweet and pleasant.
* * Racemes 5 -^-flowered, loose, slender, nodding.
4. It. lacustre, Poir. (Swamp Gooseberry.) Young stems
clothed with bristly prickles, and with several weak thorns ; leaves
heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut ; calyx broa
and flat ; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bris )
(small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, common northwar
June.
§ 2. Ribesia, Berl. (Currant.) — Neither prickly nor thorny : floW
ers in racemes : berries never prickly. (Flowers greenish )
5. R. prostratum, L’Her. (Fetid Currant.) ®temf ^
dined ; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; the 0
ovate, acute, doubly serrate ; racemes erect, slender; calyx Ha 1 '
pedicels and the (pale-red) fruit glandular -bristly. (R- rigens, Mic •
GROSSULACEJE. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 143
— Cold damp woods and rocks, common northward. May. — The
bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor.
6. R. florid uni, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Leaves
sprinkled with resinous dots , slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3-5-lobed,
doubly serrate ; racemes drooping , downy ; bracts longer than the ped¬
icels ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped (yellowish-green) smooth ; fruit
round-ovoid , blackt smooth. — Woods, common. May. — Much like
the Garden Black Currant , which the berries resemble in smell and
flavor. Flowers large.
7. R, rubriim, L. (Red Currant.) Stems straggling or re¬
clined ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, serrate,
downy beneath when young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from
the leaves , drooping ; calyx flat ; fruit globose , smooth , red. — Cold
damp woods and bogs, N. Hampshire to Wisconsin, exclusively
northward. Same as the common Red Currant of the gardens.
R. aureum, Pursh, the Yellow-flowered or Missouri Currant,
now a very common ornamental shrub in cultivation, is remarkable
for the spicy fragrance of its early blossoms.
Order 44. PASSIFLORACEJE.
Vines , climbing by tendrils , with perfect flowers , 5 mon -
adelphous stamens , and a stalked l-celled ovary free from
the calyx , with 3 or 4 parietal placentae , and as many club-
shaped styles ; represented by the typical genus,
1. PASSIFEORA, L. Passion-flower.
Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base, imbricated in the bud,
the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, aris¬
ing from the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 : their filaments
united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, sep¬
arate and spreading above : anthers large, fixed by the middle.
Fruit a large fleshy berry, many-seeded ; the anatropous albumi¬
nous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, groov¬
ed. — Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, generally with stipules.
Peduncles axillary, mostly 1-flowered, jointed. (Name, from
passio , passion, and flos , a flower, given by the early missionaries
in S. America to these flowers, in which they fancied a repre¬
sentation of the implements of the crucifixion.)
1- P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-Iobed at
the summit, the lobes entire ; petiole glandless ; stipules minute ;
144 PASSIFLORACEJE. ( PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.)
flowers greenish-yellow (small) ; petals narrow. — Damp thickets,
Ohio, and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers 1/, the fruit £' in di¬
ameter. — The handsome P. incarnA.ta of the South is to be sought
in W. Pennsylvania.
Order 45. CUCURBIT ACEJE, (Gourd Family.)
Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils , dioecious
or monoecious ( often monopetalous) flowers , the calyx-tube
cohering with the 1-3 -celled ovary, and the 5 ( rarely 3)
stamens more or less united by their tortuous anthers as
well as by the filaments. Fniit (pepo) fleshy, sometimes
membranaceous . — Ovary more or less perfectly 3- (rarely
2-) celled by the approximation or meeting of the partitions
which bear the placentse, these diverging and revolute so as
commonly to bring the apex of the seeds back nearly into
contact with the walls of the ovary ; sometimes strictly 1-
celled : stigmas 2 -3. Fruit often 1-celled by obliteration.
Seeds large and flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Co¬
tyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or
veined.
1. SICYOS, L. One-seeded Star-Cucumber.
Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped
or flattish corolla. Stamens 5, all cohering in a tube, or at length
separating into 2 parcels of two each and an odd one. Ovary
1-celled, with a single suspended ovule : style slender : stigmas 3.
Fruit ovate, membranaceous, filled by the single seed, covered
with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. — Climb¬
ing annuals, with whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly
from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate
cluster, long-peduncled. (The Greek name for the Cucumber.)
1. S. anglllatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped and 5
angled-lobed, the lobes minutely toothed, pointed ; stem, stalks, an
fruit beset with clammy hairs. — River-banks. July -Sept.
2.ECHINOCTSTIS, Torr. & Gr. Wild Balsam-apple*
Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base
into an open spreading corolla. Stamens 3, separable into 2 sets.
CUCTTRBITACEJE. (GOURD FAMILY.) 145
Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell : stigma broad.
Fruit a large globose-ovoid membranaceous pod, clothed with
weak prickles, dry when ripe, bursting at the end, 2-celled,
4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, obovate-
oblong. — An annual rank and tall-climbing plant, nearly smooth,
with sharply 5-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous and small
greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound racemes often
1° long, the fruitful in small clusters or solitary, from the same
axils. (Name composed of i^ivos, a hedgehog , and kvotls , a
bladder , from the prickly covering of the bladdery fruit.)
1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gr. (Sicyos, Michx . Momordica echi-
nkta, Muhl ) — Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to Wisconsin.
July - Oct. — Lobes of the leaves triangular, pointed. Fruit 1^'
long.
Cucumis satIvus, the Cucumber; C. Melo, the Musk-melon, C.
Citrullus, the Water-melon ; CuctjRBiTA Pepo, the Pumpkin, C.
Melopepo, the Round Squash, C. Verrucosa, the Long Squash ;
C. aurantia, the Orange Gourd ; LagenIria vulgaris, the Bot¬
tle Gourd, and Momordica Balsamina, the Balsam Apple, are
the most familiar cultivated representatives of this family.
Order 46. CRASSUEACEiE. (Orpine Family.)
Succulent herbs , with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz.
the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3-20),
and the stamens the same or double their number. — Sepals
persistent, more or less united at the base. Petals imbri¬
cated in the bud (rarely wanting), inserted, with the distinct
stamens, on the base of the calyx. Pistils distinct (united
below in Penthorum), usually with a little scale at the base
of each. Pods (follicles) opening along the inner suture.
Seeds anatropous ; the embryo surrounded by thin albumen.
Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves chiefly sessile.
Synopsis.
* Pistils entirely separate. (True Crassulaceae.)
1. Tilljea. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, distinct.
2. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 5 - 4, distinct. Stamens 10- S.
* * Pistils united below into a 5-celled pod.
3. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10.
13
146
CRASSTJLACEiE. (ORPINE FAMILY.)
1. TILLiE A, L. Till^a.
Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3-4. Pods 2 - many-seeded.
— Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and
axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Tilli , an early Italian
botanist.)
1. X. simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base; leaves linear-
oblong, their bases somewhat confluent; flowers solitary, nearly
sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish- white) petals and
narrow 8 - 10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of
each. (T. ascendens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nantucket
( Oakes ), and New Haven, Connecticut, to Philadelphia. July -Sept.
— Plant 1' - 2' high.
2. SEDUM, L. Stone-crop. Orpine.
Sepals and petals 5, or rarely 4. Stamens 10, or rarely 8.
Pods many-seeded ; a little scale at the base of each. — Chiefly
perennial, smooth and thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cy-
mose or one-sided. (Name from sedeo , to sit, alluding to the man¬
ner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)
1. S* torn a tu 111, Michx. (Three-leaved Stone-crop.) L°"
and spreading, creeping at the base ; lower leaves whorled in threes,
wedge-obovate ; the uppermost scattered, oblong ; cyme 3-spike ,
spreading, with the 1-sided flowers octandrous, the solitary centra
flower 10-androus; stamens shorter than the linear-lanceolate (white)
petals. Rocky woods, Pennsylvania and Ohio : also common in gar
dens. May, June.
2. S. telcpluoides, Michx. (American Orpine.) Stems
stout, erect (6' - 12' high), leafy to the top ; leaves scattered, lance
olate or obovate, sparingly toothed or entire, tapering to the base,
flowers in a terminal capitate cyme, 10-androus ; petals ovate- a
ceolate, purplish-white. — Rocks throughout the Alleghanies from
Maryland southward, and probably in Pennsylvania : but in e'
York naturalized specimens of the following nearly allied species
have probably been mistaken for it.
3. S. Telepllilllll, L. (Garden Orpine, or Live-for-e' er0
Stems erect, leafy to the top, tall ; leaves scattered, oval, ° tu ’
serrate, somewhat tapering at the base ; cymes dense, compoun^
petals purple. — Straying from gardens, and naturalized in a t
places.
S. pulchellum, Michx., a handsome species with linear leaves
and rose-purple flowers, is to be sought in S. W. Pennsylvania.
CRASSULACEJE. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 147
3. PENTHOBUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop.
Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united
below, so as to form a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled pod, which
opens by the separation of the beaks, many-seeded. — Upright
weed-like perennials, not fleshy like the rest of the family, with
scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along
the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme, which are coil¬
ed at the end as in a Heliotrope. (Name from 7 revrc, five , and oposy
a rule or mode , probably from the quinary order of the flower.)
1. P# sedoidcs, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. —
Ditches by road-sides and wet places everywhere. July -Oct. —
About 1° high, homely.
Order 47. SAXIFRAgAcEAE. (Saxifrage Family.)
Herbs or shrubs , with the pistils fewer than the petals or
divisions of the calyx ( usually 2, united below and separate
or separating at the top) ; and the petals with the ( mostly
5-10) stamens inserted on the calyx , which is either free
or more or less adherent to the ovary. — Calyx withering-
persistent. Petals rarely none. Pods several - many-seed-
ed. Seeds small, anatropous, with a slender embryo in
the albumen.
Synopsis.
Suborder 1. SAXIFRAGE AE. The True Saxifrage Fam.
Herbs j the petals imbricated (very rarely convolute) in the bud.
Pod 2-beaked. Calyx free or partly adherent.
* Petals 5 (or rarely 4-6).
1. Saxifraga. Stamens 10. Pod 2-celled, or 2 nearly separate pods.
2. Sullivantia. Stamens 5. Pod 2-celled. Seeds wing-margined.
3. Heuchera. Stamens 5. Pod 1-eelled. Seeds oval, marginless.
4. Mitella. Stamens 10. Pod 1-celled. Petals pinnatifid.
5. Tiarella. Stamens 10. Pod 1-celled. Petals entire.
* * Petals wanting.
6. Chrysosplenium. Stamens 8 — 10. Pod 1-celled, obcordate.
Suborder 2. ESCALLONIEA5 ?
Shrubs : leaves alternate. Petals valvate in the bud.
7. Itea. Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Petals and stamens 5.
148
SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
Suborder 3. HYDRANGEAS. The Hydrangea Family.
Shrubs : leaves opposite. Petals valvate in the bud. Calyx-tube
coherent with the ovary.
8. Hydrangea. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Stamens 8-10. Pod2-beaked.
The Suborder 4. Philadelphia.® consists of the genus Philadel¬
phia (Mock Orange, also wrongly named Syringa ), of which two
or three species are commonly cultivated as ornamental shrubs.
Suborder I. SAXIFRAGES. The True Saxifrage Fam.
1* SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage.
Calyx free from, or cohering with, the base of the ovary, deeply
5-cleft. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 2-beak-
ed, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2
almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. —
Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of
the stem alternate. (Name from sarum , a rock, and frango, to
break ; most species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)
* Stems leafy : calyx coherent with the lower part of the pod.
^ * I ivului'is, L. (Alpine Brook Saxifrage.) Small J
stems weak, ascending, 3-5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded , 3-o*
o erf, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate ; petals white , ovate. —
Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, Oakes. Very
rare. r
— S. aizoides, L. (Yellow Mountain Saxifrage.) Low,
in tufts; stems ascending, very leafy below, with few or several co¬
rymbose flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate , fleshy, more or less ciliate ;
petate yellow , spotted with orange , oblong. — Rocky moist banks of
Fish Creek at Taberg, Oneida County, New York, Knieskem and
Vasey , 1846. J
* * Leaves all clustered at the root : flowers on a scape; the panicle
clammy-pubescent.
3. S. Aizoon, Jacq. Leaves persistent , spatulate , with while
cartilaginous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate,
cream-color, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michi¬
gan, Pitcher. Scapes 5^- 10/ high, sometimes few-leaved below.
4. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (Early Saxifrage.) Low ,
leaves obovate or oval-spatulate , narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-
toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme which is at length
open and loosely panicled ; lobes of the slightly adherent calyx ered ,
not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals ; pods 2, united
SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 149
merely at the base, divergent. — Exposed rocks, common. April -
June. — A well-known and pretty species: tips of the calyx and fruit
purplish.
5. S. Pennsylvdllica, L. (Swamp Saxifrage.) Large;
leaves oblanceolate , obscurely toothed , narrowed at the base into a short
and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ;
lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved , about the length of the linear -
lanceolate ( greenish ) small petals; filaments awl-shaped ; pods at length
divergent. — Bogs, common. May, June. — Leaves 4' - 8;, the scape
at length 2? long. A homely species.
6. S. erosa, Pursh. (Lettuce Saxifrage.) Leaves oblong or
oblanceolate , obtuse , sharply toothed , tapering into a margined petiole ;
scape slender ; panicle elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender ;
calyx reflexed , entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse {white) pe¬
tals ; filaments club-shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. (S.
Wolle&na, Torr. Gr .) Cold mountain brooks, Penn, (near Beth¬
lehem, Mr. IVolle), and throughout the Alleghanies southward. June.
— Leaves 8'-12f, the upright scape high.
2. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gr. Sullivantia.
Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below with the base of the ovary,
5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, acutish. Stamens 5, shorter than the
petals. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between
the beaks : the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A
low and reclined-spreading perennial herb, with rounded and cut¬
toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and
small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle on a
nearly leafless slender scape. Peduncles and calyx glandular :
pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bota¬
nist who discovered it.)
1. S. Ollionis, Torr. & Gr. ( Gray , Chloris Bor. -Jim ., tab. 6.)
— Limestone cliffs, Highland County, Ohio. June. Scapes 8'- 12'
long. Leaves 2' across.
3. HE U CHER A, L. Alum-root.
Calyx bell-shaped, cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, spatulate, small, entire, erect. Stamens 5. Styles 2.
Pod 1 -celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked,
opening between the beaks. — Perennials, with the round heart-
shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes,
if any, alternate. Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolong-
13*
150
SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
ed mostly loose panicle, greenish- white, tinged with purple.
(Named in honor of Heucher , an early German botanist.)
1. II. Amcricstna, L. Hairy-pubescent, the scape with some¬
what clammy hairs ; lobes of the leaves short and rounded ; panicle
loose ; stamens at length muck longer than the regular calyx. — Rocky
woodlands, Connecticut to Ohio southward. June. — Scape 2° -4°
high : flowers quite small.
II. pilbescens, Pursh. Scape minutely granular-pubescent ,
or smooth below, often 2 -4-leaved; lobes of the leaves rounded,
sharply toothed with broad pointed teeth, ciliate with bristly hairs,
otherwise almost smooth; panicle contracted ; stamens shorter than the
somewhat unequal erect lobes of the calyx. — Mountains of Penn, and
southward. June. — Flowers thrice the size of No. 1.
4. MITE EE A, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop’s-cap.
Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Pe¬
tals o, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very
short. Pod short, 2-beaked, 1-celled with 2 parietal or rather ba¬
sal several-seeded placentae, 2 -valved at the summit. — Low and
slender perennials, with round heart-shaped leaves from the root-
stock or runners, on slender petioles; those on the scapes oppo-
sitt, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike,
(i ame a diminutive from pirpa, a mitre, or cap , from the form of
the young pod.)
k. (Common Mitre-wort.) Leaves hear t-
ed-scai)^^6' 8°mewhat 3-5-lobed, toothed, those on the many -flower •
woods w 7Te\n7ly Se*sUe O2'-20' high). -Hill-sides in rich
rsceme & ^ ^ * *
/earMr!L„^!!**a; (s*au. Mitre-wort.) Small and slender;
ally leafless feu: n“ nty'J°rm' deeP*y and doubly crenate ; scape usu-
¥ ' Ter^ 9lender (4'-6' high). (M. cordifilia,
to Wisconsin il* M ^ ^~I)eeP IIIOist woods with mosses, Maine
shooU^Zb’ D°rthward- - July. _ A delicate little plant,
fonh rUnnere *" ^mtner. Blossoms greenish.
p L. False Mitre-wort.
5 with i-l **aPed> nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petal
Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2
1 -ceiled, 2-valved, the valves very unequal
** tbW> St the base each placenta, globular. - Perennial.
SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 151
flowers white. (Name a diminutive from riapa , a tiara , or Orien¬
tal head-dress, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pis¬
til, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort
properly belongs.)
1. T* cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer
runners heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy
above, downy beneath; scape leafless; raceme simple; petals oblong.
— Rich rocky woods, Maine to Wisconsin, chiefly northward. April,
May. — A handsome plant in flower, 6' -12' high.
6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage.
Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yel¬
low within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted
on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or
2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae,
2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs
growing in brooks and springy places, with fleshy leaves, and
small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of
Xpvaos, golden , and cm\r]u, the spleen , probably from some reputed
medicinal qualities. )
1. C. Americantim, Schwein. (American Golden Saxi¬
frage.) Stems slender, diffusely spreading, forking ; leaves princi¬
pally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate-
lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged
with yellow or purple). JJ. — Common, April, May. — An incon¬
spicuous plant, smaller than the European C. oppositifolium. An¬
thers orange.
Suborder II. ESCALLONIEiE ?
7. ITEA, L. Itea.
Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate, much
longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod ob¬
long, 2-grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2 part¬
ed (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded. — Shrub, with sim¬
ple alternate and minutely serrate oblong pointed leaves, and white
flowers in simple spike-like racemes. (The Greek name of the
Willow.)
1. I. Virginica, L. — Wet places, New Jersey and south¬
ward. June. — Shrub 3? - 6? high.
152 SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
Suborder III. HYDRANGEA. The Hydrangea Family.
8. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Hydrangea.
Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8- 10-ribbed, coherent with the ova¬
ry ; the limb 4 -5-toothed. Petals ovate. Stamens 8- 10, slen¬
der. Pod crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below,
many-seeded, opening by a hole between the styles. — Shrubs,
with opposite petioled leaves, and numerous flowers in compound
cymes. The marginal flowers are usually sterile and radiant,
consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and dilated
calyx, showy. (Name from vbcap, water, and ayyos, a vase, prob¬
ably in allusion to the vase-like shape of the pods.)
1. H. arborescens, L. (Wild Hydrangea.) Smooth, or
nearly so; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green
both sides ; cymes flat. — Rocky banks, N. Penn, (on the Susque-
hannah, Carey) and southward. July. — Flowers often all fertile,
rarely all radiant, like the Garden Hydrangea.
Order 48. HAMAMELACEA1. (Witch-Hazel Fam.)
Shrubs , with alternate simple leaves , the calyx cohering
with the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils
united at the base , and forms a 2-beaked woody pod
opening at the summit , 2- celled below , with a single pendu¬
lous bony ( anatropous ) seed in each cell. — Petals 4-5,
and stamens 4-24, inserted on the calyx. Embryo sur¬
rounded by albumen. Flowers clustered, often polyga¬
mous.
1. II A HA ME LI S, L. Witch-Hazel.
flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded
y a SCiale~Uke 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or
ctlets at its base. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow.
^ mens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-
earing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short,
pening loculicidally from the top ; the outer coat separating
e inner, which incloses the seeds, but soon bursts elastically
ito two pieces. Tall shrubs, with short-petioled straight-veined
leaves, and yellow flowers. (From tike to, and «
HAMAMELACE2E. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 153
apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar or some other
tree resembling the Apple, which the Witch-Hazel does not.)
1. H. Virginica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, with wavy-
toothed margins, somewhat downy when young. — Damp woods,
common : blossoming in Oct. and Nov., when the leaves are falling,
and maturing its seeds the next summer.
Order 49. UMBELLIFERtE. (Parsley Family.)
Herbs , with the flowers in umbels , the calyx entirely ad¬
herent to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on
the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of
the 2 styles . Fruit consisting of 2 sefid-like dry carpels. —
Limb of the calyx obsolete or a mere 5-toothed border.
Petals mostly with the point indexed. Fruit of 2 carpels
(called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the com¬
missure ), when ripe separating from each other and usually
suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the
axis ( carpophore ) : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5
primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate ( secondary )
ones ; in the interstices or intervals between them are com¬
monly lodged the oil-tubes ( vittce ) which are longitudinal
canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil.*
Seeds solitary and suspended from the summit of each cell,
anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard horn-like albu¬
men. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly
compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base.
Umbels usually compound, when the secondary ones are
termed umbellets : both often subtended by a whorl of
bracts ( involucre and involucels).
Synopsis*
I. Inner face of the seed flat or nearly so (not excavated).
* Umbels simple or imperfect, sometimes proliferous.
1. Hydrocotyle. Fruit orbicular, flattened. Leaves roundish.
2. Crantzia. Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy.
* These are brought into view in a cross-section of the fruit.
154
TJMBELLlFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
* * Umbels or umbel lets capitate, imperfect. Calyx-lobes large.
3. Sanicula. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles.
4. Eryngium. Fruit clothed with scales. Flowers in thick heads.
* * * Umbels compound and perfect.
Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat.
5. Daucus. Fruit with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs.
Fruit smooth: the carpels strongly flattened on the back and
winged at the edge (next to the commmissure).
**■ Margin of the fruit single-winged.
6. Polytsnia. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky
margin, nearly ribless on the back.
7. Heracleum. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minute¬
ly 5-ribbed on the back : lateral ribs close to the margin.
Flowers white, the marginal somewhat radiant.
8. Pastihaca. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No.
7. Flowers yellow, not radiant.
9. Archemora. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back ap¬
proximate and equidistant. Flowers white.
Margin of the fruit double-winged.
10. Archangelica. Carpels merely 3-ridged on the back. Seed
coated with oil-tubes.
11. Conioselincm. Carpels narrowly 3-winged on the back.
**""*“"*“ Frnit smooth, not flattened, the cross-section nearly orbicular J
the carpels each with 5 equal wings or strongly projecting ribs.
12. iETHusA. Fruit ovate-globose: carpels with 5 sharply keeled
ridges, and single oil-tubes in the interstices.
13. Ligusticum. Fruit elliptical : carpels with 5 sharp almost wing-
r e(* ridges, and several oil-tubes in each interstice.
Thaspium. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels 5-winged. Flowers
yellow or dark-purple.
Fnnt smooth, compressed laterally or contracted at the sides,
wingless.
15. Zizia. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval or somewhat twin, 5-ribbed.
Leaves dissected.
36. Bupleurum. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong : the carpels
somewhat 5-ribbed. Leaves simple.
17. Discopleura. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid: the lateral ribs
united with a corky margin. Leaves very finely cut.
1«. Ciccta. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin. Leaves 2-
3-teraate.
19. Sidm. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose. Leaves all simply
pinnate.
20. Cryptot^nia. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted.
UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 155
II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the
margins involute. (Umbels compound.)
21. Chjerophyllum. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex.
22. Osmorrhiza. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below.
23. Conium. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides : ribs wavy.
24. Eulophus. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly ribless.
III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or the
margins curved inwards at the top and bottom.
25. Erigenia. Fruit twin ; carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets
few-flowered.
I. HYDROCOTTLE, Tourn. Marsh Pennywort.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or
shield-shaped ; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs (the lateral)
enlarged and often forming a thickened margin : oil-tubes none.
— Low and smooth marsh perennials, with slender stems creeping
or rooting in the mud, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form
leaves. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which
are either single or proliferous. (Name from v8<op, water , and
KOTikr), a bowl or flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species be¬
ing somewhat cup-shaped.)
* Stems spreading and branching : umbels and flowers nearly sessile.
1. H. American^ L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly
crenate, somewhat lobed; flowers 3-5 together in sessile clusters;
fruit orbicular. — Shady springy places. June - Aug. — Branches pro¬
longed and slender, runner-like. Leaves very thin.
* * Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles arising , with the leaves, from
the joints of the prolonged creeping and rooting stems.
2. H. ranuncnloldes, L. Leaves round-reniform, 3-5-
deft, the lobes crenate ; peduncles much shorter than the petioles ;
umbel 5 -10-flowered ; pedicels very short; fruit orbicular, scarcely
ribbed. — Penn, and southward.
3. BL ilftterrapta, Muhl. Leaves peltate in the middle, or-
bicular-crenate ; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing
dusters of few and sessile floicers interruptedly along its length ;
fruit broader than long, and notched at the base. — New Bedford,
Massachusetts : common in the S. States.
4. H. umbellata, L. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicu¬
lar, notched at the base, doubly crenate ; peduncle elongated, bearing a
single many-flowered umbd (sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 um-
156 UMBELL1FERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
bels) ; pedicels slender ; fruit notched at the base and apex. Massa¬
chusetts and Albany, New York, thence southward near the coast.
Scapes 3* - 9* high.
2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Crantzia.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels hollowed
on the inner face, 5-ribbed, three of the ribs on the back, narrow,
the lateral ones thickened and corky : an oil-tube in each inter¬
stice. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, with
the aspect of Hydrocotyle, but with fleshy nearly terete leaves,
marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple.
(Named in honor of Prof. Crantz , an Austrian botanist of the
18th century.)
1. C. liucata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) Uea'ves
somewhat club-shaped, very obtuse. — Brackish marshes, Massachu¬
setts to N. Jersey. July. — Leaves and scapes U- 2' long: flowers
white, pedicelled.
3. SANICUIiA, Tourn. Sanicle. Black Snake-root.
Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular, the carpels
not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked
prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately
lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. I
irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) cap¬
itate in the umbellets, perfect, with staminate ones intermixed.
Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.)
1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-)
parted ; sterile flowers few, scarcely pedicelled , shorter than the ter
tile ones ; styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit. — Copies.
June- Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin leaves; their division*
wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the lateral m06 }
2-lobed. Fruits about 3 in each umbellet.
2. §. jVIarildntlica, L. Leaves all 5- 7-parted; sterile fl**
ers numerous , on slender pedicels , about the length of the fer 1 ;
styles elongated and conspicuous , recurred. — Woods and copses, c0 ^
mon. — Stem 2P - 2P high ; the leaves more rigid and with narrow ^
divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous teeth. r
several in each umbellet.
ERltlHOIUMj Toum. Button Snake-root.
Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-
157
UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
shaped, covered with little scales or tubercles, without ribs or
oil-tubes. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or
prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile
in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain
origin.)
1. E. aquatiCllHl, L. Leaves linear, taper-pointed, grass¬
like , nerved , bristly-fringed ; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire
and shorter than the heads. 1J. — Moist barrens, &c., New Jersey
to Ohio. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high, nearly simple.
2. E. Virginia YlU ill, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate
uith hooked or somewhat spiny teeth ; leaflets of the involucre cleft
or spiny-toothed, longer than the heads. ® — Swamps, New Jersey
and southward. — Heads cymose at the summit of the simple stem,
pale blue, or nearly white. Leaves less rigid than in the preceding,
veined.
5. DAITCUS, Toum. Carrot.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong ;
the carpels scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender
bristly ribs, two of which are on the inner face, and 4 equal
more ot less winged secondary ones, each bearing a single row
of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of these ribs.
_ Biennials, with finely 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft
involucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient
Greek name.)
1. D* Carota, L. (Common Carrot.) Stem bristly; invo¬
lucre pinnatifid, nearly the length of the umbel; fruit oblong-oval- —
Naturalized in fields. July - Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color,
the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark purple. Umbel
in fruit resembling a bird’s nest.
6. POEYTJENIA, DC. Polytasnia.
Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad
and thickened corky margin, very obscurely ribbed on the im¬
pressed back : oil-tubes 2 in each interstice, and many also in
the corky margin. — A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip, with
2-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no invo¬
lucres, bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name
from iro\vs, many, and raiv'ia, a fillet, alluding to the numerous
vittae or oil-tubes.)
14
158 TJMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
1. P. Nilttallii. DC. — Prairies, Michigan, and southward and
westward. May. — Stem 2P-3P high.
7. llERACLEl'M, L. Cow-Parsnip.
Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes
shorter than the carpels and club-shaped. Petals (white) inverse¬
ly heart-shaped, the outer commonly larger and radiant, appearing
2 -cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and
large flat umbels. Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved.
(Dedicated to Hercules.)
1. H. laii.itiuii, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves
1 - 2-ternateIy compound; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped; fruit
nearly orbicular. — Moist ground. June. — A very large strong-
scented plant, 4° -8° high, in some places wrongly called Mastencort.
8. pastinAca, Tourn. Parsnip.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin entire
winged margin ; the carpels minutely 5-ribbed, three of the
ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral ones distant from them
and contiguous to the margin : an oil-tube in each interstice
running the whole length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish,
entire, none radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped
roots, and pinnately compound leaves. Involucre and involucels
small or none. (The Latin name, from pastus, food.)
1. P. saliva, L. (Common Parsnip.) Stem grooved, smooth ;
leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above.
— Fields, &c., escaped from cultivation, naturalized. July.
9. ARCHEMORA, DC. COWBANE.
Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a broad winged margin, oval ,
the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on
the back : oil-tubes one in each interstice, and 4 — 6 on the inner
— Smooth perennials, with rather rigid leaves of 3 — 9 lan¬
ceolate or linear leaflets. Involucre nearly none : involucels of
numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied to this
poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to Archemorus ,
who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.)
1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9,
varying from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed,
or, in \ ar. ambigua, linear, long and narrow. — Swamps, N. Jersey
TJMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 159
and W. N. York to Michigan. Aug. — Plant 2? -5° high, the foli¬
age variable.
10. ABCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Archangelica.
Calyx-teeth short. Fruit flattened ; the carpels each 3-ribbed
on the back and winged at the margins, forming a double winged
border to the fruit : the seed separating, and coated all over with
the numerous oil-tubes. — Stout and often very large perennials,
with 1 - 2-pinnately compound leaves, and usually ample inflated
petioles : leaflets ovate or oblong, toothed. Involucre scarcely
any : involucels many-leaved. Flowers greenish or white. (So
named from its highly esteemed qualities.)
1. A. atropurpiirea, Hoffm. (Great Angelica.) Smooth;
stem dark purple ; leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound ; the leaflets pin¬
nate, 5-7, sharply cut-serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much
inflated; involucels very short; fruit smooth. (Angelica triquinkta,
Michx.) — Low river-banks. June. — Stem very stout, 30-6° high,
hollow. Flowers greenish- white. Plant strong-scented; a popular
aromatic.
2. A. peregrrlna, Nutt. Stem downy at the summit ; leaves
ternately divided, the leaflets 5, ovate, acute, cut-serrate ; involucels
about as long as the umbellets ; fruit with thickened but scarcely
winged lateral ribs. — Coast of Massachusetts, Dr. Pickering. Little
known.
3. A. llirsuta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top,
rather slender ; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided ; leaflets
thickish, ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate ; involucels nearly as long
as the umbellets ; peduncles and fruit downy. (Angelica triquinkta,
Nutt.) — Dry open woods, New York to Ohio, July. — Stem 2P — 5°
high : flowers white.
Angelica Curtisii, Buckley, which has been detected as far north
as Cheat Mountain, Virginia, is to be sought in the high mountains
of Pennsylvania.
11. CONIOSELINIJM, Fischer. Hemlock Parsley.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval ; the carpels convex-flattish
and narrowly 3-winged on the back, and more broadly winged
at the margins : oil-tubes in the substance of the pericarp 1-3
in each of the interstices and several on the inner face. — Smooth
herbs, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin leaves, inflated
petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of
the involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Cbnium, the
160 UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
Hemlock, and Seftnum , Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to
these two genera.)
1. C. Cauadcnse, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid, the lobes
linear-oblong, acute ; fruit longer than the pedicels, lj. — Swamps,
Vermont to Wisconsin northward. Aug. — Plant 2° -4° high, in
foliage somewhat resembling the Poison Hemlock.
12. JETHirSA, L. Fool’s Parsley.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each
with 5 thick sharply-keeled ridges : interstices with single oil-tubes.
— Annual poisonous herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound and
many-cleft leaves, the divisions pinnate, and white flowers. (Name
from atOa>, to bum , from the acrid taste.)
1. AE. Cynapium, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lance¬
olate, rather obtuse ; involucre none ; involucels 3-leaved, long and
narrow, hanging. — About cultivated grounds, naturalized. July. —
A fetid poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison Hemlock,
but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted
stem.
13. iLIGtSTICUM, L. Lovage.
Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the
cross section, or slightly compressed : the carpels each with 5
sharp and projecting or narrowly winged ridges : interstices and
inner face with many oil-tubes. — Perennials, with aromatic roots
and fruit, 2 - 3-temately compound leaves, and wThite flowers.
(Named from the country Liguria , where the officinal Lovage of
the gardens, L. Levtsticum , abounds.)
1. L. Sctiticiim, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Stem nearly sim¬
ple ; leaves 2-ternate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or
cut ; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear ; calyx-teeth dis¬
tinct. — Edge of salt marshes, from Rhode Island to Maine. Aug.—
Plant smooth, 2° high : root acrid but aromatic.
2. L. actteifollum, Michx. (Nondo. Angelico.) Stem
tall, branched above ; the numerous umbels forming a loose and
naked somewhat whorled panicle, all the lateral ones mostly barren ,
leaves 3-ternate ; leaflets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end
ones often 3-parted ; calyx-teeth minute ; ribs of the fruit wing-like.
Topsfield and Scituate, Massachusetts, Oakes and Russell. I have
not seen it from N. England : it doubtless grows in S. W. Pennsyl¬
vania, as it abounds in the mountains southward. July. — Plant 3P-
tP high, with a long, very aromatic root.
161
TTMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
14. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow Parsnip.
Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit elliptical, or ovoid, the cross
section roundish, not contracted at the sides : the carpels with 5
equidistant winged ribs : interstices with single oil-tubes. In¬
volucre none : involucels few-leaved. — Perennials with 1-3-
ternately compound leaves, and yellow or dark-purple flowers.
(Name a play upon that of the allied genus Thapsia , which was
so called because it was found on the island Thapsus.)
* Dorsal icings of the fruit often alternately shorter.
x. X. l>arl>indde, Nutt. Stem tall and branching, downy on
the joints; leaves 2-3-ternately compound; leaflets wedge-ovate,
acute, unequally cut-serrate, entire towards the base; flowers yel¬
low ; fruit elliptical. — River-banks, \V. New Aork and N. Penns)
vania, to Wisconsin. June.
* * Wings of the fruit equal.
2. T. atireum, Nutt. Stem smooth; leaves ternately, or the
middle ones 2-ternately divided, with oblong-lanceolate leaflets,
finely serrate with cartilaginous teeth ; the root-leaves often simp e
and rounded heart-shaped ; flowers yellow ; fruit oval. (Also n|yr
nium cord&tum, Walt., c .) — Banks and moist meadows, W. New
York to Wisconsin. June. — Leaflets very smooth, thickish; the
larger often heart-shaped, and the upper wedge-shaped at the base.
3. T. atropurpiireum, Nutt. Smooth or slightly pubes¬
cent ; root-leaves simple and heart-shaped, or often like the others
ternately divided, with the leaflets heart-ovate and oblong-ovate
crenate-serrate; flowers dark purple ; fruit strongly winged, as broad
as long. — Rocky hills and woods, S. New York to Penn. June.
Plant l°-2° high.
15. ZIZIA, Koch. Golden Alexanders.
Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit ovate or oval, flattened later¬
ally or contracted at the junction of the carpels, so as to appear
somewhat twin ; each carpel with 5 equal narrow ribs, which are
not at all winged: oil-tubes 1-3 in each interstice. — Smooth
yellow-flowered perennials, with the aspect and characters of
Thaspium, except the fruit. (Named in honor of Zizn , a Ger¬
man botanist.)
* Interstices of the fruit with single oil-tubes.
1. Z. cordata, Koch. Root-leaves simple, heart-shaped, rarely
lobed, crenate-serrate ; those of the stem scarcely petioled, 3-divi e ,
the leaflets ovate or oblong, serrate ; fruit short oval. Copses, com
14*
162
UMBELLIFERJE. ( PARSLEY FAMILY.)
mon, especially southeastward. May, June. — Plant with much the
appearance of Thaspium aureum.
2. Z. aiirca, Koch. Lower and root-leaves once , the upper
twice , ternately divided ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply ser¬
rate and often cut, the end ones tapering into a wedge-form base or
winged stalk ; fruit oval. — Woods and river-banks, Massachusetts to
Michigan. June. — Plant 2° high : umbel rather dense.
* * Oil-tubes 3 in each interstice of the scarcely ribbed fruit.
3. Z. fntcg£rrillia, DC. Leaves all 2- 3-ternately divided;
leaflets ovate or oblongs entire , obtuse, pale beneath ; rays of the umbel
long and slender ; fruit rather narrow-oval. — Rocky copses, W. Ver¬
mont to Michigan. June.
16. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Thorough-wax.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or
somewhat twin, the carpels 5-Tibbed, with or without oil-tubes.
Plants with simple entire leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from
3our, cm os ?, and n-Xfopov, a rib ; it is uncertain why so called.)
1 • B. l'Otiimlifoliuiu, L. Leaves broadly ovate, perfoliate ;
involucre none ; involucels of 5 ovate leaflets, longer than the urn-
bellets. Escaped from gardens, and sparingly naturalized in New
York and Pennsylvania.
H18COPEE1JRA, DC. Mock Bishop-weed.
Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovate ; the carpels each with 3
slender sharp ribs on the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united
" ^ a '^tokened corky margin : interstices with single oil-tubes.
Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the leaves finely
dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. (Name
from $tW>r, a disk , and irXfvpoV, a rib.)
1 B. capill&cea, DC. Umbel few-rayed ; leaflets of the
involucre 3 -5-cleft ; involucels longer than the umbellets. — Brack-
~ swa™P9» Massachusetts to New Jersey and southward. July-
Qct - Plant (P -20' high : flowers and fruit small.
18. CICi TA, L. Water Hemlock.
^alyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit subglobose, a little contracted
. 8ides, the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs : interstices
Sln°^e tu^es* Marsh smooth perennials, very poisonous,
, 1 i T Pinnately 0T ternately compound leaves, the veins of
the lanceolate leaves terminating in the notches. Involucre few-
163
TJMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
leaved : involucels many-leaved. Flowers white. (The ancient
Latin of the Hemlock.)
1. ۥ maculata, L. (Spotted Cowbane. Musquash-root,
&c.) Stem streaked with purple, stout; leaflets oblong -lanceolate,
coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps, common. Aug.
— Plant 3° -6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison.
2. C. Imlbifera, L. (Bulb-bearing Water Hemlock.)
Leaflets linear , remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper axils bearing
clusters of bulblets. — Swamps, rather common : but seldom ripening
fruit.
19. Stinffi, L. Water Parsnip.
Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish
or contracted at the sides ; the carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs :
interstices usually with several oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic per¬
ennials, poisonous, with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate
leaves, and lanceolate serrate leaflets, or the immersed ones cut
into capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white.
(Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water, from their hab-
itation.)
1 S. latifolium, L. Leaflets broadly lanceolate, pointed,
serrate; involucre many-leaved; calyx-teeth conspicuous. — Wet
swamps. July - Sept. — Plant 2° - 5° high. Leaflets 7- 11.
2 S lincare, Michx. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or linear,
finely and sharply serrate; calyx-teeth minute; fruit very strong,
ribbed. — Wet swamps. July - Sept. — Probably the plants of the
United States principally belong to this species, rather than to the
preceding.
20. CRTPTOTiMIA, DC. Honewort.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides ;
the carpels equally 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each
interstice and one under each rib. -A perennial smooth herb,
with thin 3-foliolate leaves, umbels and umbellets with very une¬
qual rays, no involucre and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white.
(Name composed of Kpvirros, hidden, and raivia, a fillet, from the
concealed oil-tubes.)
1. C. Canadcnse, DC. (Sison Canadense, L.) Rich woods,
common. June — Sept. — Plant 2? high. Leaflets large, ov ate, pom
ed, doubly serrate, the lower lobed.
164 UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
91. CH^BOPHYLLtM, L. Chervil.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed but not
beaked, contracted at the sides ; the carpels 5-ribbed : inner face
deeply furrowed lengthwise : interstices with single oil-tubes. —
Leaves decompound ; the leaflets lobed or toothed : involucre
scarcely any : involucels many-leaved. Flowers chiefly white.
(Name from xatp<o, to gladden , and <pv\\ov, a leaf , alluding to the
agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage.)
L C. pro€tifliiil)cil$, Lam. Stems slender (6^ - 18^), spread¬
ing, a little hairy; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong;
umbels few-rayed (sessile or peduncled) ; fruit narrowly oblong,
with narrow ribs. — Moist copses, New Jersey to Ohio; not com¬
mon. May.
22. OSUIORRHiZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering
downwards into a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned
with the styles ; the carpels with sharp upwardly bristly ribs, in¬
ner face with a deep bristly channel : oil-tubes none. — Perenni¬
als, with thick very aromatic roots, and large 2 — 3-ternately com¬
pound leaves ; the leaflets ovate, pinnatifid-toothed or cut. Invo¬
lucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name from
00707, a scent , and p/fa, a root , in allusion to the sweet anise-like
flavor of the latter.)
^ a istylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Styles
sen er, nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or
smoot 1 vUien old, short-pointed , cut-toothed, sometimes lobed.—
Rich moist woods, commonest northward. May, June. — Plant 3P
high, branching.
frrevlstylis, DC. (Hairy Sweet Cicely.) Styles
conical, not longer than the breadth of the ovary; fruit somewhat ta¬
pering at the summit; leaflets downy-hairy, taper-pointed, pinnatifid-
cut. Moist rocky woods, commoner than the last, which it much
resembles.
23. CONUIJI, L. Poison Hemlock.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the
carpels with 5 prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face
w ith a deep narrow groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large
decompound leaves. Involucre and involucels 3 - 5-leaved, the
165
UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
latter 1-sided. Flowers white. (Kuvciov, the Greek name of the
Hemlock by which criminals and philosophers were put to death
at Athens.)
1. C. macillatUHl, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lan¬
ceolate, pinnatifid ; involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste
places, naturalized. July. — A large branching herb ; the pale green
leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised. A virulent narco-
tico-acrid poison, used in medicine.
24. EtlOPHUS, Nutt. Eulophus.
Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and some¬
what twin ; the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a
close row of oil-tubes : inner face channelled : the cross section of
the seed semilunar. — A slender and smooth perennial, with the
leaves 2-ternately divided into narrow linear leaflets or lobes. In¬
volucre scarcely any : involucels short and bristle-form. Flowers
white. (Name from ev, well , and \6(fios, a crest , not well applied
to a plant which has no crest at all.)
1. E. A meric aims, Nutt. — Darby plains, near Columbus,
Ohio, Sullivant. July. — Root a cluster of small tubers. Stem 2P-
4° high.
25. ERIOiJNIA, Nutt. Erigenia.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire.
Fruit twin ; the carpels nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender
ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face hol¬
lowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal
plant, producing a simple stem from a deep round tuber bearing
one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imper¬
fect and leafy bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white.
(Name from rjpiyevrjs, bom in the spring , vernal.)
1. E. Imlbosa, Nutt. —Alluvial soil, Wisconsin to W. Penn,
and Buffalo, New York. March, April.
The cultivated representatives of th.s family, not enumerated
above, are chiefly the Parsley ( Apium Pelrosdmum), Celery (^S.
graviolens), Dill ( Jtn&thum gravlolcns). Fennel (A. Fvmculum),
Caraway ( C&rum Cdrui), and Coriander ( Coridndrum sativum
166
ABA LI ACE JE. (SPIKENARD FAMILY.)
Order 50. ARALIACEiE. (Spikenard Family.)
Herbs or shrubs , with the same characters as Umbelli-
ferae, but with usually more than 2 styles , and the fruit a
3 - sever al-celled drupe. Albumen nearly fleshy. Petals flat
1* ARALIA, L. Spikenard. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx-teeth 5, short. Petals, sta¬
mens, and styles 5. Fruit a berry-like 5-lobed, 5-celled, and 5-
seeded (blackish) drupe. — Shrubs, low trees, or perennial herbs,
with large 2 - 3-temately or pinnately compound leaves, and pani-
cled umbels. Flowers greenish white. (Derivation unknown.)
1. A. racemdsa, L. (Spikenard.) Herbaceous ; stem wide¬
ly branched, leafy; leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slight¬
ly downy ; umbels small and very numerous , clustered in large doubly
compound racemed panicles. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well
known for its spicy aromatic large roots.
2. A, nudicanlis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Herbaceous ,
smooth ; stem very short , the single long-stalked leaf next the ground ;
eaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each division;
scape naked , bearing 3 umbels. - Moist woodlands. May, June. -
, e somatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are em-
high ^ 8 8Ub8titUte for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leaf-stalk 1°
3. A. hispida, Michx. (Bristly Sarsaparilla.) Bristly
Shrubby 01 the hasei 8tem low; leaves twice pinnate;
eaHets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate ; umbels several in a stalked
corymb. Rocky places. June.-Stem high.
. A. spinosa, L. (Angelica-tree.) Shrub, or a low tree ;
stem and stalks of the very large 2 - 3-pi nn ate leaves prickly; leaflets
ovate pomted, serrate, pale beneath; umbels in a branched panicle.
». Pennsylvania and southward: common in cultivation. July,
2. pAutaX, L. Ginseng.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals and sta¬
mens 5. Styles 2-3. Fruit a 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled, and 2 -
3-seeded drupe, often fleshy. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with
greenish-white flowers ; our species with single simple umbels on
a long peduncle, and only 3 stem-leaves in a whorl. (Name from
Trap, all , and <W, a medicine , i. e. a panacea.)
167
C0RNACE2E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)
1. P. quinquefoliilili, L. (Ginseng.) Root spindle-shaped ,
often forked ; leaflets 5, or 7, long-stalked , obovate-oblong, pointed,
the lateral ones smaller ; peduncle as long as the leaf-stalks ; styles
2 ; fruit flattened, crimson. — Rich woods, and mountain-sides, not
common. July.
2. P. trifolilim, L. (Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.) Root
globular ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate-oblong, not stalked ; peduncle as
long as the leaves ; styles 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Moist woods, com¬
mon northward. — Stem 4' -8' high: the tuber deep in the ground,
pungent to the taste, but not aromatic like the Ginseng.
Order 51. CORNACEiE. (Dogwood Family.)
Shrubs , low trees , or rarely herbaceous , with simple most¬
ly opposite and entire leaves : the calyx coherent with the
ovary , which bears upon the margin of the disk which
crowns its summit the 4 petals ( valvate in the bud) and 4
stamens . — Style single, slender : stigma capitate : ovary
2-celled with a single anatropous ovule suspended from
the apex of each cell. Fruit a globose 2-celled and
2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy
albumen.
1. CORNPS, Tourn. Dogwood. Cornel.
Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals oblong, spreading. Fila¬
ments slender. Drupes berry-like, separate. — Flowers white or
whitish. Bark bitter and tonic. (Name from cornu , a horn, on
account of the hardness of the wood, or, perhaps, of the stone of
the fruit.)
* Flowers in open cymes : involucre none : fruit globose : shrubs .
1. C. alternifolia, L. (Alternate-leaved Cornel.)
Branches greenish streaked with white , alternate ; leaves crowded and
somewhat alternate , oval, long-pointed, acute at the base, whitish
and minutely pubescent underneath ; fruit deep blue. — Hill-sides in
copses. May, June. — Shrub 8P-200 high, tree-like, generally throw¬
ing its branches to one side in a flattish top, and with broad, very
open cymes. Differs from all the rest in the somewhat alternate
leaves.
2. C. circinata, L’Her. (Round-leaved Cornel.) Branch¬
es greenish , warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval , abruptly pointed , woolly
underneath; cymes flat; fruit light blue. — Copses. June. Shrub
168 CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)
63-10phigh. Leaves larger than in the other species, 4' - 5' in di¬
ameter.
3. C* sericea, L. (Silky Cornel.) Branches purplish ; the
brancklets , stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical
pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty) cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth
lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places along streams, common.
June. Shrub 4° -10° high. Leaves pale and dull. Flowers yellow¬
ish-white.
4. C. stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Cornel.) Branch-
eS) especially the osier-like annual shoots bright red-purple , smooth;
leaves ovate , rounded at the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish
with a minute close pubescence on both sides, whitish underneath;
cymes small and flat , nearly smooth ; fruit white or lead-color. —
Bogs, and wet banks of streams, common, especially northward ;
the “ Osier rouge ” of the Canadians. It multiplies by prostrate or
subterranean suckers, and forms large dense clumps, 3? — 6° high.
June.
5. C, panic u lata, LTIer. (Panicled Cornel.) Branches
gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate , taper-pointed, acute at the base,
whitish but not downy beneath ; cymes convex , loose , often panicled )
fruit white , depressed-globose. — Thickets and hill-sides. June. — •
Shrub 4° -8° high, very much branched, bearing a profusion of pure
white blossoms.
* Flowers in heads , or close clusters , which are surrounded by a petal¬
like 4-leaved involucre ; fruit bright red.
6. C. florid a, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) Leaves ovate,
pointed, acutish at the base, when young downy beneath ; leaves of
the involucre inversely heart-shaped , white, sometimes tinged with
rose-color ; flowers and fruit in a close head. — Rocky woods. May,
June. Tree 12P-300 high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so
in fruit.
7. C. Canadensis, L. (Dwarf Cornel. Bunchberry.)
Stems tow and simple (o' -7' high) from a slender creeping and sub¬
terranean rather woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower
scale-like ; the upper apparently whorled in sixes or fours, ovate or
oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre ovate , surrounding the incon¬
spicuous capitate cluster of flowers } fruit globular. — Damp cold
woods. May — July. — Involucre greenish- white 1' broad: flowers
greenish. Fruit berry-like, nearly tasteless.
CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 169
Division II. MONOP^TALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the
latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, mono-
petalous. (The calyx in Composite, &c., is mostly reduced
to a pappus, or to teeth, scales, or a mere border, or even
to a mere covering of the surface of the ovary. In some
plants of the Heath and Holly Families, and in the Thrift,
&c., the petals are nearly or quite separate.)
Order 52. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. (Honeysuckle Fam.)
Shrubs , or rarely herbs , with opposite leaves , no stipules ,
the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 - 5 -celled ovary ; the sta¬
mens as many as (or one fewer than) the lobes of the tubu¬
lar or wheel-shaped corolla , and inserted on its tube. —
Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod. Seeds anatropous, with a
small embryo in fleshy albumen.
Synopsis.
Tribe 1. LONICEREiE. — Corolla tubular, often irregularly cleft.
Style slender : stigma capitate.
1. Linnjea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla.
Fruit dry, 3-celled, 1-seeded.
2. Symphoricarpus. Stamens 4-5, as many as the lobes of the
bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded.
3. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular or
irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded.
4. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular.
Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.
5. Trjosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a
3 - 5-celled bony drupe.
Tribe 2. SAMBUCEA1. — Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped,
regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers
in cymes.
6. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing 3 seed-like nutlets.
Leaves pinnate.
7. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded flattish drupe, with a thin
pulp. Leaves simple.
15
170 CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
Tribe I. LONICfeREJS. The Honeysuckle Tribe.
1. IjINNJEA, Gronov. Linna:a. Twin-flower.
Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell¬
shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter,
inserted towards the base of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, only
one of the cells with a fertile ovule ; so that the small dry pod
is 3-celled but only 1-seeded, two of the cells being empty. —
A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy,
with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base
into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into
2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding
flower. Corolla purple rose-color and whitish, reddish and hairy
inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnaeus, who first pointed
out its characters, and with whom this humble but charming plant
was an especial favorite.)
1 l,, borealis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods; common north¬
ward, but towards the south only found along mountains or in cold
bogs. June.
2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. (Symphoria, Pers.)
Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped,
nearly regularly 4 - 5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted
into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile
ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled and 2-seeded. Seeds bony. —
Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled
leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed
on the young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in
close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of c rvfu£opea>> to
bear together , and Kapros, fruit; from the clustered berries.)
1< S. occidentalis, R. Brown. (Wolf-berry.) Flowers
in dense terminal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ;
the stamens and style protruded; berries white. — Fort Gratiot, Mich¬
igan, and northwestward. — Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and
stamens longer, than in the next.
2. S. racemosus, Michx. (Snow-berry.) Flowers collected
in a loose and someichat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the
branches; corolla bearded inside; berries large , bright white.-Kockj
banks, from the Vermont shore of L. Champlain to Wisconsin : com¬
mon in cultivation. June -Sept. Berries remaining till winter.
CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 171
3. S. VlllgariS, Michx. (Indian Currant. Coral-berry.)
Flowers in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves j
corolla sparingly bearded ; berries small , dark red . — Rocky banks,
W. New York and Penn, to Wisconsin : also cultivated. July.
3. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine.
Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often
gibbous at the base, irregularly or nearly Tegularly 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Berry several-seeded. Leaves
entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor
of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.)
§ 1. Caprifolium, Juss. — Climbing or twining shrubs , with the flow¬
ers in sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the ( often connate )
upper leaves , and forming interrupted terminal spikes : calyx-teeth
persistent on the berry.
* Corolla trumpet-shaped , almost regularly and equally 5-lobed.
1. L. sempervirens, Ait. (Trumpet Honeysuckle.) Flow¬
ers in somewhat distant whorls ; leaves oblong, pale beneath ; the
lower petioled, the uppermost pairs united round the stem. — Copses,
New York (near the city) and southward : common also in cultiva¬
tion. May — Oct. — Leaves deciduous at the north. Corolla ino¬
dorous, nearly 2' long, scarlet outside, yellowish within : a variety
has pale yellow blossoms.
* * Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow , the upper broad and 4 -loled .
2. Tt. grata. Ait. (American Woodbine ) Leaves obovate,
smooth , glaucous beneath , the 2 or 3 upper pairs united, flowers whorl¬
ed in the axils of the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ;
corolla smooth ( whitish with a purple tube , fading yellowish), not gib¬
bous at the base. — Rocky woodlands, New York and Penn., and
south westward : also cultivated. May. — Flowers fragrant.
3. L,. Hava, Sims. (Yellow Honeysuckle.) Leaves smooth ,
pale and glaucous both sides , thickish, obovate or oval, the 2-4 upper
pairs united ; flowers in closely approximate whorls ; tube of the
smooth ( light yellow) corolla slender, not gibbous j filaments smooth.
— Rocky banks. Catskill Mountains ( Pursh ), Ohio, and Wiscon¬
sin : a variety with rather short flowers. June.
4. Iu. parviflora, Lam. (Small Honeysuckle.) Leaves
smooth , elliptical or oblong, green above , very glaucous beneath , the
upper pairs united, all closely sessile ) flowers in 2 or 3 closely ap¬
proximate whorls raised on a peduncle ; corolla short , gibbous at the
base , smooth outside ( grecnish-yelloio tinged with dull purple) ; fila¬
ments rather hairy below. — Var. Douglasii has the leaves greener
and more or less downy underneath when young, and the more purple
172 CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
corolla often sparingly pubescent. — Rocky banks, W. New England
to Wisconsin : the variety chiefly in the North and West. June. — A
low species : leaves thickish ; the margins often wavy and revolute.
5. L. liirsuta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) Leaves pale,
not glaucous , downy-hairy beneath, and slightly so above, as well as
the branches, veiny, broadly oval ; the uppermost united, the lower
short-petioled ; flowers in approximate whorls ; tube of the ( pale yel-
loro) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at the base, slender ; filaments
hairy at the base. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine and W. New
England northward to Wisconsin. July. — Climbing extensively ; a
coarse large-leaved species.
§ 2. Xyl6steon, Juss. — Upright bushy shrubs: leaves distinct: pe¬
duncles axillary , single , 2-bracted and 2-flowered at the summit ; the
tico berries sometimes united into one : calyx-teeth not persistent.
6. jL • ciliata, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches strag¬
gling ; leaves oblong-ovate , often heart-shaped , distinctly petioled, thin,
downy beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts minute ;
corolla funnel-form, gibbous at the base (greenish-yellow) the lobes
almost equal; berries separate (red). — Rocky woods, common north¬
ward. May.
'• li. cseriilea, L. (Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle.) Low;
branches upright ; leaves oval , downy when young ; peduncles very
short ; bracts awl-shaped , longer than the ovaries of the two flowers
which are united into one (blue) berry. (Xylosteum villosum, Michx.)
Mountain woods and bogs, W. Massachusetts, N. Hampshire, North¬
ern New York, northward: also Wisconsin. May. — Shrub 2° — 2°
high. Flowers yellowish, smaller than in No. 8.
8. oblongifolia, Muhl. (Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.)
Branches upright ; leaves oblong , downy when young, smooth when
old ; peduncles long and slender ; bracts almost none ; corolla deeply 2-
lipped ; berries ( purple ) formed by the union of the two ovaries. — Bogs,
N. and W. New York to Wisconsin. May, June. — Shrub 3° -4
high. Leaves 2' -3* long. Corolla ^ long, yellowish-white.
L. Tatarica, the Tartarian Honeysuckle; L. Caprifolium*
the Common Honeysuckle; and L. Periclymenum, the true Wood¬
bine, are the commonly cultivated species.
4. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Bush Honeysuckle.
Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-
shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular*
Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septi-
cidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong
and pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-flowered pe-
CAPRIFOLIACE-E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 173
duncles from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment
to M. Dierville , who sent this species from Canada to Tournefort.)
1. I>. trifida, Mcench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed,
petioled ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Cana¬
densis, Muhl.) — Rocks, common, especially northward. June - Aug.
— Flowers honey-color, not showy. Style exserted.
5. TRIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian.
Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubu¬
lar, gibbous at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely long¬
er than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit
forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many angled and ribbed
1 -seeded bony nuts. — Coarse hairy perennial herbs, leafy to the
top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but
connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or
clustered in the axils. (Name from rpeis, three , and ocrreov , a
bone , alluding to the three bony seeds, or rather nuts.)
1. T. pcrf'olintuni, L. Softly hairy; leaves oval, abrvptly
narrowed below , downy beneath ; flowers dull brownish-purple, most¬
ly clustered in the axils. — Rich woodlands, not rare. June. — Stem
2? -4° high. Fruit orange-color, long.
2. X. ailgUStitolilim, L. Bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate ,
tapering to the base ; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in
the axils. — S. Pennsylvania and westward. Smaller than the last.
Tribe n. SAMBUCEiE. The Elder Tribe.
6. SAUIBIJCUS, Tourn. Elder.
Calyx-lobes minute, or obsolete. Corolla urn-shaped, with a
broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a
berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 little nutlets like seeds. —
Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves,
serrate pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in
compound cymes. (Name from crap^vKrj, an ancient musical in¬
strument, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood.)
1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Elder.) Stems scarcely
woody (5° - 10° high) ; leaflets 7-11, oblong , smooth , the lower often
3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit black-purple. — Fence-rows and
borders of thickets. June.
2. S. piibens, Michx. (Red-berried Elder.) Stems woody,
the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate , downy underneath;
15*
174 CAPRI FOLIACEiE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
cymes panicled , convex or pyramidal ; fruit bright red. — Rocky woods,
chiefly northward. May : the fruit ripening in June. A white-ber¬
ried variety is said to occur. — Stem generally lower than the last,
but more woody, often round-topped and tree-like.
7. VIBURNUM, L.
Arrow-wood. Laurestinus.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens
5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with thin pulp
and a crustaceous flattened stone. — Shrubs, with simple petioled
leaves, and white (sessile) flowers in flat compound cymes. (The
classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)
§ 1. LentXgo, DC. — Flowers all alike and perfect. (Fruit blue or
black when ripe , glaucous.)
* Leaves entire , or merely toothed , not lobed.
MWdum, L. (Withe-rod.) Leaves thickish, oval, ob¬
long or lanceolate, dotted beneath , like the short petioles and cymes ,
with small brownish scales , smooth above, not shining , the margins en¬
tire or wavy-crcnate ; cyme short peduncled ; fruit round-ovoid. — Var.
. Clayt6ni, has the leaves nearly entire, and the veins somewhat
prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massachusetts near
the coast to New Jersey and southward. Var. 2. cassinoides (V. pyri-
iolium, Pursh , $-c.), has more opaque and often toothed leaves; and
C°Jd swamPs everywhere northward. May, June. — Shrub
hr - 11)° high.
V. prunifoliuin, L. (Black Haw. Sloe-leaved Vi¬
burnum.) Leaves broadly oval , obtuse at both ends , finely and sharply
• in*nS above, smooth; petioles naked; cymes sessile; fruit
liko "> I°ng‘ ~ Pry COpS,'s’ s- Ncw York to Ohio. May. — A tree-
3 vrUb’ vcry hands°™e in flower and foliage.
In L‘ (Sweet Viburnum.) Leaves ovate, strong'
petioles with**!/ a VKry sharPfy serrate , smooth , the long margined
with rus v ffla * ^ ” 8nd branches the sessile cyme sprinkled
Jut.-^rt yrui* °val. — Copses, common. May,
from scarlet ,o bLdTc’k^d V l0ng’ ^
4 v ,acK’ and edible m autumn.
IV ovate' L‘ (Arrow-wood.) Smooth ; leaves broad-
der petiole* ^ an s^arpLy toothed , strongly straight-veined , on slen-
ground ",’"^"*8 P«dUncled ; fruit (Bmall) ovoid-globose. - Low
«VnTr' ^ ~.8h™b high, with ash-colored
veins underneath*'^ WUh hair? tufts in the axiIs of llie str°nS
ovate or Mon 'J**'S*®ns* Pursh. (Downy Arrow-wood.) Leaves
, -ovate, acute or pointed, coarsely toothed, rather strong-
CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
175
ly straight-veined, the lower surface and the very short petioles velvety -
downy; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid. — Rocks, W. \ ermont to
Wisconsin, chiefly northward. — Shrub straggling, 2° -4° high.
* * Leaves 3-lobed, roundish ; the lobes pointed.
6. V. aceiifolium, L. (Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.)
Leaves Z-ribbed and roundish or heart-shaped at the base , downy under¬
neath , coarsely and unequally toothed, the veins and stalks hairy ;
cymes long-peduncled, many-flowered ; fruit oval \ filaments long.
Rocky woods, common. June. — Shrub 3? —5° high.
7. V* pauciflorum, Pylaie. Smooth , or nearly so ; leaves
mostly truncate and 5-ribbed at the base , with 3 short lobes at the sum¬
mit, unequally serrate throughout; cymes small and simple , peduncled;
filaments shorter than the corolla. — Cold woods, mountains of N.
Hampshire to N. New York; also in Wisconsin and northward.
(V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oakes.) — A low straggling shrub,
with larger leaves than in No. 6, serrate all round and less deeply
lobed than in No. 7 ; of which it surely is not a variety, although it
has the short stamens of the next section.
§ 2. 6pulus, Tourn. — Marginal fioicers of the cyme destitute of sta¬
mens and pistils , and with corollas many times larger than the others ,
forming a ray , as in Hydrangea.
8. V, OpulllS, L- (Cranberry-tree.) Nearly smooth , up¬
right ; haves strongly Z-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at
the base, the spreading lobes pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in
the sinuses ; petioles bearing stalked glands at the base ; cymes pe¬
duncled; fruit ovoid, red. (V. Oxycoccus and V. 6dule, Pursh.) —
Shrub 5° - 1(P high, very showy in flower. The acid fruit is used
as a (poor) substitute for cranberries, whence the name High Cran¬
berry-bush, &c. — The well-known Snow-ball Tree, or Guelder-
Rose, is a cultivated European variety, with the whole cyme turned
into large sterile flowers.
9. V. lantanoldes, Michx. (Hobble-bosh, American
Wayfaring-tree.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-
shapetl at the base, closely serrate, many-veined ; the veins and vein-
lets underneath, along with the stalks and branchlets, very scurfy
with rusty-colored tufts of minute down ; cymes sessile, very broad and
fiat ; fruit ovoid, crimson turning blackish.— Cold moist woods, com-
mon northward.’ May. — A straggling shrub; the decumbent branch¬
es often taking root. Flowers handsome. Leaves 3 - 6 across.
Order 53. RLBIACEiE. (Madder Family.)
Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by
interposed stipules, or rarely whorled without apparent slip
ules; the calyx coherent with the 2- (rarely 3 - 4-) celled
176
RUB1ACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.)
ovary, or in one group free ; the stamens as many as the
lobes of the regular corolla (3-5), and inserted on its
tube. — Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous,
with copious hard albumen.
Synopsis.
Suborder I. STELLAT.E. The True Madder Family.
Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely cohe¬
rent with the calyx-tube. Calyx valvate in the bud. — Herbs or
scarcely woody plants.
1. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit
twin, 2-seeded.
Suborder II. CINCHONE.E. The Cinchona Family.
Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary coherent
with the calyx-tube, or the apex rarely free.
2. Diodia. Corolla funnel-form. Fruit dry, twin, 2-seeded.
3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular. Fruit dry. Flowers capitate.
4. Mitchella. Flowers twin. Fruit a double berry.
5. Hedyotis. Corolla various. Fruit a 2-celled many-seeded pod,
the upper part often free from the calyx.
Suborder III. LOGANIEiE.
Lea\es opposite, with stipules between them, united with the peti-
o es. Ovary free from the calyx. Corolla not convolute in the bud.
6. Spigelia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Pod twin, few-seeded.
Suborder I. STELLATjE. The True Madder Family.
!• L. Bedstraw. Cleavers.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-
shaped. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry, or a
ittle fleshy, globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-
cvm lnd*:hlSCent’ ^^ded carpels. — Slender herbs, with small
oftpr^6 °Uers’ S(lllare steins, and whorled leaves: the roots
which lnui£ a red coloring matter. (Name from yaXa, milk,
which some species are used to curdle.)
1 a t j ** ® In a *>horl: pcdunr.lfs feir-fiorrrrcd.
and recW L-, (Cl“’»s. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak
*’ lstle-pnckly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves
177
RUBIACE.E. (MADDER FAMILY.)
lanceolate, tapering to the base, short-pointed ; peduncles axillary,
1 - 2-flowered ; flowers white ; fruit (large) bristly with hooked pric¬
kles. — Moist thickets. June. — Stems 2° -6° long: leaves T-2'
long, rough on the margins and midrib.
* * Perennial : leaves 4—6 (in the last species 8) in a whorl.
Peduncles axillary and terminal , few-flowered : flowers white or
sometimes greenish.
2. G. asprellum, Michx. (Rough Bedstraw.) Stem weak,
much branched, rough backwards, with hooked prickles, leaning on
bushes; leaves in whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets , oval-lanceolate ,
pointed, with almost prickly margins and midrib ; peduncles many,
short, 2-3 times forked ; fruit usually smooth. — - Low thickets. July.
— Stems reaching the height of 4° - 5° ; the branchlets covered with
numerous but very small white flowers.
3. G. conclnnum, Torr. & Gr. (Comely Bedstraw.)
Stems low, diffuse, with minutely roughened angles; leaves all m
whorls of 6, linear , slightly pointed , veinless, the margins upwardly
roughened ; peduncles slender , 2 — 3 times forked , somewhat panicle
at the summit ; pedicels short ; fruit smooth. — Dry soil, Ann Arbor,
Michigan. June. — Plant 6' - 12' high, slender, but rather rigid, not
turning blackish in drying, like the rest of these species.
4. G* trifidum9 L. (Small Bedstraw.) Stems weak, as¬
cending, branching, roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves in
whorls of A to 6, linear or oblanceolate , obtuse, the margins and midrib
rough; peduncles 1 - 3-flower ed ; pedicels slender; corolla-lobes and
stamens often 3; fruit smooth. — Var. 1. tinct6rium : stem stouter
with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of the flower usually in
fours. Var. 2. latif6lium (G. obtusum, Bigel.) : stem smooth, wide¬
ly branched ; leaves elliptical or oblong, quite rough on the midrib
and margins. — Swamps and low grounds; common, and very varia¬
ble, 5' -20' high. June- Aug.
5. G. trifldnim, Michx. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw.) Stem
weak, reclining or prostrate, bristly-roughened backwards on the an¬
gles, shining ; leaves 6 in a whorl , elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed ,
with slightly roughened margins ; peduncles 3 -flowered, the flowers all
pedicelled ; fruit bristly with hooked hairs. — Rich woodlands, com-
mon. July. - Stem l°- 4° long; leaves 1'- 2' long. Lobes of the
greenish corolla pointed.
-- Peduncles several-flowered : flowers dull purple or brownish (rare¬
ly cream-color) : petals pointed : fruit densely hooked-bristly.
6. G. pildsum, Ait. (Hairy Bedstraw.) Stem ascending,
somewhat simple, hairy ; leaves in fours , oval, dotted, hairy, scarcely
3- nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice 2 - 3-forked , the flotcers a pe
icelled. — Dry copses, Vermont and Rhode Island to Pennsy vania.
June - August.
178
RUBIACEiE. (madder family.)
'• O. circa'zans, Michx. (Wild Liquorice.) Smooth or
downy, erect or ascending; leaves in fours , oval , mostly obtuse , 3-
nerved, ciliate ; peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated
and widely diverging in fruit, and bearing several remote flowers on
very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit. — Rich woods. June -
Aug. About 1° high. The var. montAnum is a dwarf, broad-leaved
form, from mountain woods.
8- O, laiicoolatum, Torr. (Lance-leaved Wild Liquor¬
ice.) Leaves in fours , lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate , tapering to the
apex, slightly ciliate. (G. Torreyi, Bigeloic.) — Woodlands: like the
last, which it nearly approaches ; but the leaves are generally twice
the length and narrower.
Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicles.
^><>reale, L. (Northern Bedstraw.) Stem upright,
smooth ; leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate , 3-nerved ; panicle elongat¬
ed , flowers white; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky
banks of streams. June - Aug. — Plant 1° - 2° high.
10. G. venim, L. (Yellow Bedstraw.) Stem upright,
sender, leaves in eights , linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed;
flowers yellow , crowded ; fruit smooth. — Dry fields, introduced. Rox-
bury, &c., Massachusetts. July.
1 tric6rne, which has the aspect of G. Aparine, but with granu-
atc , not bristly, fruit, on recurved peduncles, is sometimes found in
30 arIey * introduced with the grain from Europe.
Rl bi a tinctoria, L., the Madder, has a berry-like fruit ; the parts
ot the flower generally 5.
uborder II. CINCHONE/E. The Cinchona Family.
2, BIOOIA, L. Button-weed.
lohed ' X<5*K)rt’ ^“4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 4-
o ^ens 4. Fruit dry, 2-celled, splitting at maturity into
li _ <Je0US and c*osed 1-seeded carpels. — Low herbs, with
whori I T01316 °PPOSite leaV6S’ 0ften ^tered 50 as t0 aPpeaf
from diod 1 ^ stipules fringed with bristles. (Name
sidp a Wa^: t^le sPec*es being weeds growing by the way-
side, and m waste places.) 8 *
spreading • ll^,’ ?VaIt' AnnuaI. branched from the base, diffusely
together hi rig,d 1 flowers sessile and solitary or 2-3
lobes • fruit j*’ 'T"* (whitish) much longer than the 4 calyx-
’ ftU,t ovo,t*'top-3haped, much shorter than the bristles of the
179
RUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.)
stipules. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and southward. Aug. — An
inconspicuous plant, 4r-12' high.
3. CEPHALANXHUS, L. Button-bush.
Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla
tubular, 4-toothed. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma
capitate. Fruit dry and hard, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled,
separating from the base upward into 2-4 closed I -seeded por¬
tions. — Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical
peduncled heads. Flowers white. (Name composed of
a head , and avdos , a flower.)
1. C. occidentalism L. Mostly smooth; leaves petioled,
ovate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short inter¬
vening stipules. — Wet places, forming thickets along streams and
ponds, 4° - 10° high. July - Aug.
4. MITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berry.
Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed.
Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely beard¬
ed inside. Stamens 4. Style slender : stigmas 4. Fruit a dry
berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx- teeth of the two
flowers, each containing 4 small and seed-like bony nutlets.
Smooth and trailing evergreen herbs, with round-ovate petioled
leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with
rose-color, and bright scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry ber¬
ries, which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally
in threes, fives, or sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates
Dr. John Mitchell , an early correspondent of Linnaeus, and an ex¬
cellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)
1. M. repeilS, L. Leaves often slightly heart-shaped, dark
green and shining, usually variegated with whitish lines ; peduncles
2-flowered. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees. June,
July. — Some plants bear flowers with exserted stamens and included
styles ; others, conversely, those with included stamens and exserted
style. Torrey.
5. IIED YOTIS, L. Dwarf Pink. Bujets.
Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or
wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted, Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Pod
often free at the top and rising above the calyx, 2-celled, many
180
RUBIACEA2. (MADDER FAMILY.)
seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. — Mostly small
herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. (Name from
rjbvs, sweet , and ovs , wroy, an ear , of no obvious application. —
Ifoustonia, now included in this genus, was dedicated to Dr. Hous¬
ton, an early English botanist.)
§ 1. Elatinella, Torr. &. Gr. — Corolla wheel-shaped , much shorter
than the leaf -like calyx-lobes : style scarcely any : pod wholly invest¬
ed by the adherent calyx , many-seeded : stipules 2- pointed .
H. glomeraXa, Ell. Stems branched and spreading, hairy ;
eaves oblong, narrowed at the base, smoothish ; flowers (inconspicu¬
ous) clustered in the axils ; corolla white. (J) — Mostly in brackish
swamps, New York near the city, and New Jersey southward. A
homely plant, 2f - 12' high.
§ 2. Amphiotis, DC. — Corolla funnel-form , longer than the calyx-
teeth: pod globular or ovoid , the upper half free from the calyx , with
- o seeds in each cell: perennial , upright: stem-leaves sessile:
Jloicers in terminal 2—3-forked or panicled few-flowered cymes , some
p ants icah exserted stamens and short included style , others with
deeply included stamens and exserted style !
j . Torr. & Gr. Pubescent ; leaves ovate or
ate, c o&ely sessile, 3-5 -nerved; calyx-lobes longer than the pod.
ft/ i-Tr- udS’ JV* Penn* and °hio southward. May - July.— Stems
: ' S .F1rrS 3-7 “ a cluster. Pink-purple
tkirLh C*^*°*‘1*a* Torr. Low , nearly smooth ; stems tufted, the
. w sPatulate and ciliate root-leaves in close rosettes ; stern¬
er Z:b rg-U7ar' °kUSe’ obscurely 1 -nerved ; calyx-lobes not long-
Ja to M *I PO ~;R0Cky banks> N' York (Oswego), and Niag-
pod nred; calyx-,obe9 ™iy as iong °s,h!
slender branches with H ^ jlarrower leaves, many spreading and
to Michigan • the vf Peduncles.- Shaded banks, Maine
kigh, bluish-white or paleYur^ Sta‘eS' June’ “ S,e“S 5' "
§ 3. Houst6nia I .. .
Pod somewhat' Uobed Ta ^ ^
calyx : the cells 8-2fL * summit> whic^ is free from the
terminal and axillan T* * de^cate perennials or biennials , with
style conversely of 2r T 1'^<nccrcd peduncles : the stamens and
5. If. UnZth* ** different individuals, as in § 2.
OUS, slender*^*^ S|^°°k' (®LCETS ) Smooth ; stems nuroer-
& > p ng y branched %} leaves oblong-spatulate,
181
RUBIACEjE. (madder family.)
tapering to a slender base ; peduncles long and slender. — Grassy
moist banks, common. May -Sept. — A very delicate little herb,
3' -5' high, producing in spring a profusion of handsome bright blue
blossoms fading to white, with a yellow eye.
Suborder III. LOGANIE^E.
6. SPIGELIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla lubular-
funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens
5 : anthers linear. Style slender, hairy above, jointed near the
middle. Pod short, twin, flattened, separating at maturity from
the base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded.—
Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of the
stipules, and the flowers in spikes or 1-sided cymes. (Named in
honor of Prof. Spigelius , who wrote on botany at the beginning
of the 17th century.)
1. S. UlariUilidica, L. Stems upright, simple ; leaves ses¬
sile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or pointed, roughish-liairy on the mar¬
gin and ribs; spike 3-8-flowered; tube of the corolla 4 times the
length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted.
)J. — Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June,
July. — Stems 6'- 15' high : corolla 1^' long, red or scarlet outside,
yellowish within. — A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a
showy plant.
Order 54. VAEERIANACEJE. (Valerian Family.)
Herbs , with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube
coherent with the ovary , which has one fertile 1 -ovuled cell
and 2 abortive or empty ones ,* the stamens distinct , 2 — 3,
fewer than the lobes of the corolla , and inserted on its tube.
— Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly
5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender:
stigmas 1-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty
cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them
empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous,
with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled
or clustered cymes.
16
182
VALERI AN ACE^:. ( VALERIAN FAMILY.)
1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Valerian.
Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus)
which are rolled up inwards in flower, and unrolling and spreading
on the seed-like 1-celled fruit. Corolla gibbous at the base, the
5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with
deep and thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate
leaves. (]\ame from valere , to have efficacy, alluding to the me¬
dicinal qualities.)
* Root fibrous: leaves thin.
^ pauciflora, Michx. Smooth, slender ; root-leaves ovatc^
heart-shaped , toothed , pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divis¬
ions, stem-leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate mostly toothed leaflets;
panicled cymes few-flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long
and slender , fruit ribbed with 3 close lines on one side, and 3 distant
ones on the other. — Woodlands, Ohio and southward. June.
®y^vatica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent ;
root-leaves ovate or oblong , entire , rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-
eaves pinnate, with 5-11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire
ea ets , cyme at first close, many-flowered ; corolla inversely conical
rose co or) , fruit 3-nerved on one side, 1-nerved on the other. —
edar swamps, W. Vermont and New York to Michigan, northward.
June. — Plant 2° - 3° high.
r » v spin(tte~shaped, large and deep : leaves thickish.
, * Torr. &. Gr. Stem very smooth, wand-like ;
eaves rather fleshy, densely woolly-ciliate (when young sometimes
i t e ^ °wny all over); those from the root lanceolate or spatu-
of the 8^eat ^nS base, entire, sometimes pinnatifid ; those
linear- 2 pairs) sessile, pinnately 3- 9-parted ; the divisions
short firreeri'0^ ^ ^ e*on8ated compound panicle; corolla very
other. -sr"'Wb,teJ) ; ftUit ono s.de, libbed on tb.
June — Root fi?8 Z m°^St prairies» Ohio to Wisconsin, northward.
fcpWlSr*'""’- "W- Flower. polygflioou*>
^ A (Valeri an i£lla.) Cork-Salad.
reeuW °* th<3 CalyX t00thed or obsolete. CoroUa somewhat
funnel-fonQ11 T SpeCles re®ular or nearly so, and equally 5-lobed,
and sometimes ctT* 3' FrUit 3‘Celled> tW° °f th® CeUS
and biennials, with fork* “““ 0"e’ th® °ther 1-seeded' _ Aw,Uab
aile leaves, entire or tootheT^’ ^ “d ~
clustered-cymose'smalTir ^ baS®’ and whit® “
flowers, somewhat involucrate with bracts
VALERIANACEJE. ( VALERIAN FAMILY.)
183
(Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all have the limb
of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers,
&c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit.
1. F. olitoria, Vahl. Fruit compressed , oblique, at length
broader than long, the cross section elliptical, with a corky or spongy
mass at the back of the fertile cell nearly as large as the (often conflu¬
ent) empty cells; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penn.? and southward;
introduced from Europe. — Plant 4' — 10f high. Also called, like the
other species, Lamb-Lettuce.
2. F. Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular ,
smooth , not grooved between the (at length confluent) empty cells , which
form the anterior angle^ and are much smaller than the broad and flat
fertile one; flowers white.— Low grounds, W. New York to Ohio
and Michigan. May, June. — Plant 1° - 2P high.
3. F. radiata, Michx. Fruit ovoid , downy (rarely smooth),
obtusely Sind unequally somewhat 4-angled; the empty cells parallel
and contiguous but with a deep groove between them, rather narrower
than the flattish fertile cell. — Low grounds, Ohio and Michigan, and
southward.
4. F. umbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular -ovate, smooth ; the
much inflated sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flattish
fertile one , contiguous, and when young with a common partition,
when grown , indented with a deep circular depressions the middle
opening Into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not ciliate. Moist
grounds around Columbus, Ohio, SuUivant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.)
5. F. patellaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shap¬
ed or disk-like, slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave
sterile cells widely divergent, much broader than the fertile one and
forming a kind of wing around it when ripe. — Low grounds, Colum¬
bus, Ohio, SuUivant : now first described. — Plant 1°— 2P high, resem¬
bling the last, but with a very different fruit.
Order 55. DIPSACE^E. (Teasel Family.)
Herbs , with opposite or whorled leaves , no stipules , and
the flowers in dense heads , surrounded by an involucre , as
in the Composite Family ; but the stamens are distinct , and
the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented by the Sca¬
bious (cultivated) and the following genus.
I. D1PSACIJS, Tourn. Teasel.
Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy, leafy-tipped, and
pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers : each flower
184 DIPSACEJE. (TEASEL FAMILY.)
with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit
(achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup¬
shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Sta¬
mens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and
coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads.
(Name from Si^da, to thirsty probably because the united cup¬
shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.)
1* sylvcstris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) Prickly ; leaves
lance-oblong, toothed, or the uppermost entire ; leaves of the involu¬
cre slender, longer than the head ; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long
flexible awn with a straight point. — Naturalized by road-sides. Aug.
D. Full6num, the Fuller’s Teasel, which has a shorter involu¬
cre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising
a nap upon woollen cloth, is occasionally cultivated.
Order 56. COMPOSITE. (Composite Family.)
Flowers in close heads (the compound flower of the older
botanists), upon a common receptacle , surrounded by an in •
volucre , with 5 ( rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla ,
their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious) . — Calyx-tube
united with the 1 -celled ovary, the limb {pappus ) crowning
its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or
cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap¬
shaped or tubular ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in
the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style
2-clefr at the apex. Fruit seed-like {achenium), dry, con¬
taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. —
An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions,
without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or
dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped {HgU’
ate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers : the head which
presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is
7 adiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a
head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid . The
leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are
termed scales. The bracts or scales which often grow on
185
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
the receptacle among the flowers are called the chaff : when
these are wanting the receptacle is naked .
*** The technical characters of the tribes, derived from the style and stigmas, be¬
ing of difficult application, an artificial analysis, founded on more obvious distinc¬
tions, is here introduced for the assistance of the learner, in place of the ordinary
synopsis. The proper natural arrangement is followed in the text, and is indicated
by the numbers affixed to the genera.
Suborder I. TUBULIFLORjE.
Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3-4-)
lobed ; the ligulate or ray-flowers, wThen present, either pistillate only,
or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil), and occupying the border.
* Rays none; the flowers all tubular. (Coreopsis, Bidens, and Sene -
do have some species which are destitute of rays.)
Flowers all perfect and alike.
•*+ Pappus of naked capillary bristles.
1. Vernonia. Heads many-flowered. Pappus double; the outer a
row of stout bristles much shorter than the achenium.
57. Lappa. Heads many-flowered. Pappus simple, of separate bris¬
tles. Involucre burr-like, armed with hooked prickles.
56. Onopordon. Heads many-flowered. Pappus simple, the bristles
united at the base into a horny ring. Involucre armed with
straight prickles.
50. Cacalia. Heads 5 - 30-flowered. Pappus of very fine and co¬
pious soft bristles. Scales of the involucre in a single row.
Leaves alternate.
6. Eupatorium. Heads 3 -many-flowered. Pappus of scanty and
roughish slender bristles. Scales of the involucre 8 - many .
Receptacle flat. Leaves chiefly opposite. Not climbers.
7. Mixania. Heads 4-flowered. Pappus, &c., as in the last. Scales
of the involucre 4. Receptacle small, flat. Climbers.
8. Conoclinium. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle conical, oth-
wise as in Eupatorium.
19. Bigelovia. Heads 3 - 4-flowered. Pappus of capillary roughish
bristles. Scales of the club-shaped involucre 10-14, ap-
pressed, rigid. Receptacle pointed. Leaves alternate.
Pappus of plumose or bearded bristles.
55. CiRsruM. Heads many-flowered. Pappus plumose below. In¬
volucre greatly imbricated. Achenia oblong. Corolla o-
cleft. Plant prickly.
5. Kuhnia. Heads 10-25-flowered. Pappus strongly plumose.
Involucre slightly imbricated. Achenia cylindrical, many-
striate. Corolla 5-toothed.
4. Liatris. Heads few - many-flowered. Pappus plumose or bar-
bellate. Achenia tapering to the base. Corolla 5-cleft.
16 *
186
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Pappus of hard scales or chaffy bristles.
3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered, solitary. Pappus of 5
short and obtuse scales. Leaves whorled.
2. Elephantopus. Heads 3- 5-flowered, aggregated in dense clus¬
ters. Pappus of few rigid bristles which are dilated at the
base. Leaves alternate.
Flowers of two sorts in the same head.
Pappus of rigid bristles. Receptacle clothed with bristles. Corolla
in all the flowers 5-cleft.
54. Cnicus. Involucre imbricated, prickly. Marginal flowers slen¬
der, sterile. Pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter bristles, and
10 very short teeth.
53. Centaorea. Involucre imbricated, the scales fringed or appen-
daged. Marginal flowers much larger, sterile. Pappus of
stiff, often short bristles.
♦+++ Pappus of five capillary bristles. Corolla of the outer (pistillate)
flowers filiform, 2—3-toothed or truncate; of the central 4 — 5-lobed.
= Involucre not dry and scarious : receptacle naked.
40. Erkchthites. Scales of the involucre in a single row, greenish.
Pappus bright white, very soft.
22. Plichea. Scales of the involucre imbricated, purplish.
= = Involucre of scarious, dry, and thin scales. Woolly herbs.
46. Gnaphalium. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus scanty in all the
flowers.
48. Filago. Receptacle columnar, with a chaffy scale like those of
the involucre subtending each fertile flower: the central
flowers only with pappus.
. . Pappus none, or minute : exterior flowers pistillate.
44. Ianacetum. Pappus a minute crown or cup. Achenia angled.
Exterior flowers 3-toothed. Involucre imbricated.
4o. Artemisia. Pappus none. Achenia obovoid. Exterior flowers
3-toothed. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked.
> A. appus none, bcales of the involucre in one row, often
united. Receptacle with slender chaff. Corolla of the fer¬
tile flowers very small.
11. Ade.nocaulon. Pappus none. Scales of the involucre in one
row. Receptacle naked. Corolla of the pistillate and stam-
rnate flowers (each 4-5) both alike, 4 - 5-lobed.
Fl°wers of two kinds, occupying different heads : corolla of the
fertile flowers yery slender or none.
n\o ucres, &c., of the fertile and sterile heads nearly alike, and
47 . both many-flowered.
TE" NARIA* Pappus of slender bristles, club-shaped in the ster¬
ile flowers. Involucre dry and scarious.
187
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
21. Baccharis. Pappus soft and capillary, much elongated in the
fertile flowers.
•*♦++ Involucres of the fertile and sterile flowers very dissimilar; the
former closed, 1 -2-flowered ; the latter racemed, flat.
28. Ambrosia. Fertile involucre seed-like, pointed, 1-seeded.
29. Xanthium. Fertile involucre burr-like, clothed with hooked
prickles, 2-celled, 2-seeded.
* * Heads radiate : the disk-flowers tubular and perfect, rarely ster¬
ile : those of the border ligulate, pistillate, or neutral,
pappus of capillary bristles. Receptacle naked.
•w-Rays small and inconspicuous so that the head appears discoid, or
very slender, in several -many rows. (One section of Erigeron
might be referred here.)
9. Nardosmia. Heads somewhat dioecious. Flowers purplish or
whitish. Heads corymbed.
10. Tussilago. Head (single) with many rows of narrow rays, and
few disk-flowers, yellow.
n-*--M-Rays in one marginal row, or nearly so, not yellow (as are mostly
the disk-flowers).
= Rays fertile.
15. Erigeron. Scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one row,
narrow. Rays very many. Pappus simple or double, not
copious.
16. Diplop appus. Scales of the involucre unequal, imbricated. Rays
8-12. Pappus double, the outer very short.
13. Sericocarpus. Scales of the top-shaped or club-shaped invo¬
lucre closely imbricated, 12 - 15-flowered. Rays about 5.
Pappus simple. Achenia inversely pyramidal, very silky.
14. Aster. Scales of the (many-flowered) involucre imbricated.
Pappus simple. Achenia flattened.
===== Rays sterile.
12. Galatella. Involucre imbricated. Rays 3-12. Disk-corollas
deeply cleft. Achenia silky.
++++++ Rays in one marginal row, yellow, as well as the disk-flowers.
= Involucre imbricated.
18. Solidago. Rays few and short. Pappus simple.
23. Inula. Rays very numerous and narrow. Pappus simple.
20. Chrysopsis. Pappus double ; the exterior short, chaffy-bristly.
= = Involucre of nearly equal scales in 1-2 rows.
51. Senecio. Pappus of very soft and slender bristles. Leaves al¬
ternate.
52. Arnica. Pappus of rather rigid almost barbellate bristles. Lea\ es
opposite.
188
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
«•- Pappus of short stout bristles, awns, or scales, or none. Recep¬
tacle naked.
17. Boltonia. Achenia flat, margined, tipped with a tuft of small
bristles and 2-3 stouter awl-shaped ones. Rays white or
purplish.
43. Leucanthemum. Achenia terete, ribbed. Pappus mostly none.
Rays white. Receptacle flat.
39. Helenium. Achenia inversely pyramidal. Pappus of 5 -8 thin
scales. Rays yellow. Receptacle globular.
Pappus of few scales, teeth, or awns, or cup-shaped, or none.
Receptacle chaffy.
++ Ray-flowers fertile ; those of the disk all sterile.
25. Polymnia. Achenia obovoid, turgid, wingless : pappus none.
26. Silphium. Achenia flat, wing-margined, notched or 2-toothed at
the summit.
Ray-flowers sterile (neutral), those of the disk fertile.
= Receptacle conical or columnar.
40. Maruta. Achenia obovoid, ribbed. Pappus none. Receptacle
chaffy only at the top. Rays white.
31. Echinacea. Achenia 4-angled. Pappus a cup-like border. Chaff
with a projecting cartilaginous apex. Rays purple.
32. Rudbeckia. Achenia 4-angled. Pappus a minute border.
Chaff concave. Rays yellow.
33. Lepachys. Achenia flattened laterally, margined, obscurely
1 - 2-toothed at the apex. Pappus none. Chaff truncate.
= = Receptacle flat or convex.
34. Helianthus. Achenia lenticular, flattened laterally, wingless.
Pappus °f* 2 deciduous awl-shaped chaffy scales.
3o. Actinomeris. Achenia much flattened laterally, winged. Pap¬
pus of 2 persistent awns.
36. Coreopsis. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the
(double) involucre. Pappus of 2 teeth, scales, or awns which
are not barbed backward.
37. Bidens. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the (dou¬
ble) involucre, or beaked, tipped with 2 — 6 persistent back-
wardly barbed awns.
♦***■«■ Ray and disk-flowers both fertile.
38. Verbesina. Achenia much flattened laterally, tipped with a pap¬
pus of 2 awns.
30. Heliopsis. Achenia 4-angular. Pappus none. Receptacle con¬
ical. Leaves opposite.
*.4. Eclipta. Achenia 2 -4-sided. Pappus an obscure crown. Re*
ceptacle flat. Leaves opposite.
41. Anthemis. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus almost none. Re¬
ceptacle conical. Rays many.
189
COMPOSITJE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
42. Achillea. Ackenia flattened parallel with the scales of the in¬
volucre. Pappus none. Receptacle flat or small. Rays few.
Suborder II. LIGULIFLORiE.
Flowers all perfect, with ligulate corollas throughout.
* Pappus none.
58. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales, 8-12-flowered.
* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.
59. Cichorium. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales.
60. Krigia. Pappus of 5 broad chafly scales, and 5 bristles.
61. Cynthia. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chafly
scales, the inner of numerous long capillary bristles.
* * * Pappus plumose.
62. Leontodon. Bristles of the pappus several, enlarged at the base.
* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.
^ Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked.
63. Hieracium. Achenia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers
yellow. Scales of the involucre unequal.
64. Nabalus. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whit¬
ish or purplish. Scales of the involucre equal.
— Pappus bright white (except one Mulgedium).
65. Troximon. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of co¬
pious and unequal bristles, some of them rigid.
66. Taraxacum. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft.
67. Lactuca. Achenia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft.
68. Mulgedium. Achenia flattish, with a short and thick beak.
Pappus soft, in one species tawny. Flowers blue.
69. Sonchus. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine.
Flowers yellow.
Suborder I. TUBULIFLOR^E.
Tribe I. VERNONlX.CEiE. The Iron-weed Tribe.
Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect, tubular. Branch¬
es of the style slender and thread-form or bristle-form, acute, hairy
all over, the stigmatic lines only on the lower part. (CoTolla often
slightly irregular.)
1. TERNONIA, Schreb. Iron-weed.
Heads 15 - many-flowered, in corymbose cymes. Involucre
shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated
scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus
190
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
double ; the outer of very short little scale-like bristles ; the inner
of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with alternate
leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor of Mr. Ver-
non, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)
1- ^ . N O V eboracensis, Willd. Scales of the involucre tip¬
ped with a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or
awn; in some varieties merely pointed. — Low grounds near the
coast, Maine to N. Jersey; and river-banks in the Western States.
■^u»- tall coarse weed with lanceolate various leaves.
2. ^ • fascicillata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but
the lowest) rounded and obtuse , without appendage . — Prairies and
river-banks, Ohio and westward. Aug. — Tall, with narrowly or
broadly lanceolate leaves, and mostly crowded heads ; but very vari¬
able.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. Elephant’s-foot.
Heads 3 -5-flowered, clustered into compound heads. Involu¬
cre narrow and flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-
ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. —
Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name
composed of elephant , and novs,foot.)
, ^ ^ oliniamis, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose
above, leafy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil. Pennsylvania
and southward. J
Tribe n. EUPATORlACEiE. The Eupatorium Tribe.
Branches of the style obtuse or club-shaped, usually elongated,
minutely pubescent above on the outside ; the stigmatic lines ob-
re \\ ithin below the middle. Anthers without tails at the base.
Subtribe 1. EUPATORliLE. - Heads discoid. Flowers all
alike, perfect and tubular, almost never yellow.
SCl.ERoi.EPlS, Cass. Sclerolepis.
Head single, many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear,
equal, in 1-3 aeries. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled.
PP s a single row of almost horny oval and obtuse scales. -A.
ot i aqpatic perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base,
e/*rln,^ ’near entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and terminated by
a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from <r k\VP6S, hard, and
W’ c scale> ^ng to the hard pappU8.)
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
191
1. s. verticillata, Cass. (Sparganophorus, Michx.) — Pine
barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug.
4. LIATBIS, Schreb. Button Snake-root.
Head several- many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbri¬
cated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes
slender. Achenia slender, tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed.
Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles, which are manifestly plumose,
or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, chiefly with simple wand¬
like stems rising from a round or oblong tuber, with many nar¬
row and rigid alternate entire leaves, and the heads of handsome
rose-purple flowers disposed in an elongated spike or raceme ;
often resinous -dotted. (Derivation unknown.)
* Pappus very plumose : corolla hairy within : heads many-flowered.
1. i,. squarrdsa, Willd. (Blazing Star, &c.) Often hairy;
leaves linear, elongated ; heads few; scales of the involucre numer¬
ous, with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips, or the innermost
merely pointed. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania and westward. Aug. —
Stem l°-3° high.
2. 1 cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth ; leaves lin¬
ear ; heads few (1-9), cylindrical-club-shaped ; scales of the involucre
all with short and rounded appressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara
Falls, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Aug. — Stem &- 18' high. (L.
flexuosa, Thomas.)
* * Pappus merely barbellate ( not evidently plumose to the naked eye) :
corolla smooth inside.
3. Tj. scaridsa, Willd. Stem stout, pubescent, or hoary ;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong-
lanceolate or obovate-oblong , tapering into a petiole ; heads few or
many, large, 30 - 40-flowered ; scales of the someichat spherical involu¬
cre obovate or spatulate , with dry and scarious often colored tips or mar¬
gins. — Dry sandy soil, N. England to Wisconsin. Sept. — Plant 2°
-5° high : heads V broad.
4. L. spfcata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems
wand-like, very leafy; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved; heads
densely crowded in a long spike, 8- 12-flowered ; scales of the cyhn-
drical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval , obtuse, oppressed, with slight
scarious (purplish) margins; achenia pubescent or — Mmst
grounds, S. New York to Michigan. Aug. — Stem 2° -5 high, most¬
ly stout. Involucre somewhat resinous.
5. L. graminifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish ; stem
wand-like, slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerve , -
several or numerous, in a spike or raceme ; 7 - 12-flowere , sc
192
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong , obtuse , oppressed.;
achenia hairy. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, in moist sand ; only
the var. dubia. Spike or raceme sometimes branched and panicled.
5. KVHNIA, L. Kuhnia.
Heads 10-25-flowered. Scales of the involucre few and loose¬
ly imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenia
cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose
(white) bristles. — A perennial herb, with mostly alternate lance¬
olate leaves, resinous-dotted, and paniculate-corymbose heads of
nearly white flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn , of Pennsylvania,
who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.)
1* K. <n pa to Worries, L. Leaves varying from broadly lan¬
ceolate and toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, N. Jersey, Penn¬
sylvania, and southward. Sept.
®^PATORIUJ|, Tourn. Thoroughwort.
Heads 3 -many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped.
Receptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus
a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Per¬
ennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with gen¬
erally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, ap¬
pearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mith-
ridates , who is said to have used a species of the genus in medi¬
cine.)
Heads cylindrical^ 5 - 10-floioered ; the purplish scales numerous,
closely imbricated in several rows , of unequal length , slightly stri-
JlowetT* hCrbS WUk ampU m°Slly whorled leaces’ “nd fltsh-oobrd
1. E. purpiYrenm, L. (Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed.)
Mems tall and stout, simple; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very
dense and compound. -Varies greatly in size (2°-12° high), with
spotted or unspotted, and often dotted stems, &c., and includes many
nominal species.— Low grounds, common.
* * Heads 5 -ZQ-jlouered : involucre of 8-15 more or less imbricated
and unequal scales : flowers white,
res opposite , or sometimes the uppermost alternate, sessile or near’
*y so: heads 5- (, rarely 6 - 8-) flowered.
E* hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent; leaves nar -
ow, Unear or lanceolate , elongated, obtuse, 1 -3-nerved, entire, or the
193
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
lower sparingly toothed, often crowded in the axils or whorled, acute
at the base; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Sterile soil, Massachusetts
to Penn, and southward near the coast. — Plant 1°- 2° high.
3. E. leucdlepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent ; stem
simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate , closely sessile , 1-nerved, obtuse, ser¬
rate , rough both sides ; corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with
white and scarious acute tips. — Sandy bogs, Long Island and New
Jersey. — Leaves not clustered in the axils.
4. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3° -7° high),
downy; leaves lanceolate , tapering at both ends , conspicuously 3- nerved ,
entire or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate ; corymbs
numerous, dense ; scales of the involucre obtuse , shorter than the
flowers. — Dry soil, Penn, to Wisconsin. — Leaves 3' -4' long, some¬
what like those of a Solidago.
5. E. silblim, L. Roughish-hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb; scales of the
involucre closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed , white
and scarious above , longer than the fowers. — Sandy and barren places,
New Jersey and southward. — Stem 2° high : heads very white.
6. E. teucrifblium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent ; leaves
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate , obtuse or truncate at the base, slight¬
ly triple-nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, the upper
ones alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the in¬
volucre oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, at length shorter than the flow¬
ers. (E. verbenaefolium, Michx.) —Low grounds, Massachusetts to N.
Jersey and southward near the coast. — Stem 2° — 3° high: leaves
sometimes cut into a few very deep teeth.
7. E. rotundifolium, L. Downy-pubescent ; leaves round¬
ish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply
crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish; corymb large and
dense ; scales of the (5 -flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly
pointed. — Dry soil, Rhode Island to New Jersey near the coast, and
southward. — Leaves l/-2/ long.
8. E. pubescens, Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate , mostly
acute, slightly truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-
nerved, veiny ; scales of the 7 - Q-flowered involucre lanceolate , acute.
(E. ovatum, Bigel.) — Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast.
— Like the last, but larger, &c.
9. E. sessilifolium, L. Stem tall (4° -6°) and smooth,
branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the
rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth ; coiy mb
very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5- (or 5-12-?) flowered in¬
volucre oval and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts
to Wisconsin. — Leaves 3f - 6' long.
17
194
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
•*“ Heads 10 - 15 -flowered : leaves opposite , clasping or united at the
base , divaricate : corymbs very compound and large.
10. E. resinosum, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy ; leaves linear'
lanceolate , elongated , serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to
the point, slightly veiny beneath ; scales of the involucre oval, ob¬
tuse. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey. — Stems in tufts, 2° - 3? high.
Leaves 4;-6; long, adhering to paper in drying, from the copious res¬
inous globules.
11. E* perfoliatum, L. (Thoroughwort or Boneset.)
Stem stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate , elongated , united at the base around
the stem (connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very
veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath ; scales of the involucre linear-lan¬
ceolate. — Low grounds, common, and well known. — Varies with
the heads 30 — 40- flowered.
* * * Heads 8 — ^-flowered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal
and in one row : leaves opposite , ovate , petioled, triple-nerved and
veitiy, not resinous-dotted : flowers white.
12. E. ageratoides, L. (White Snake-root.) Smooth,
branching; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed,
long-petioled , thin; corymbs compound. — Rich woods and copses, N.
England to Wisconsin, common northward. — Stem 2° -3? high:
leaves 4' - 5' long.
13. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy ; stems
nearly simple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed,
not pointed, thickish. — Copses, Massachusetts to Penn, and south¬
ward, near the coast. — Resembles the last; but is lower and more
slender, with fewer, but usually larger heads, and different leaves.
MIKANIA, Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed.
Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small.
Flowers and achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Climbing peren¬
nials, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves,
and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named in honor
of Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)
1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining ; leaves some-
w at triangnlar-heart-shaped or halbert-form, pointed, toothed at the
ase. Copses along streams, climbing over bushes. July - Sept.
8- COKOCLINIIJM, DC. Mist-flower.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal
linear-awl-shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle coni¬
cal ! Otherwise as in Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195
opposite petioled leaves, and violet-purple ot bluish flowers in
crowded terminal corymbs. (Name from kvvos, a cone , and kXiVtj,
a bed , referring to the conical receptacle.)
1. C. CCBlestinum, DC. Somewhat hairy ; leaves triangular-
ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed, tapering
to the apex. — Copses, Penn, and Ohio. Sept. — Plant l°-2° high,
in tufts, with handsome bluish-purple blossoms.
Subtribe 2. TUSSILAGfNEJE. — Flowers of the head dis¬
similar, or dioecious ; the pistillate often ligulate.
9. NARDOSUIIA, Cass. Sweet Coltsfoot.
Heads many- flowered, somewhat dioecious: in the sterile plant
with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tu¬
bular ones in the disk ; in the fertile plant with many rows of mi¬
nutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular perfect ones in the
centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat.
Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer and co¬
pious in the fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the
leaves all from the rootstock, the scape with sheathing scaly
bracts, and the heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers in a
corymb. (Name from vapbos, spikenard , and 007x77, odor,)
1. N. palinata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-
form, white-woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5-7-lobed, the
lobes toothed and cut. (Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Bigel.)
— Swamps, Maine to Michigan northward; rare. May. — Full-
grown leaves 6' - 10' broad.
IO. TUSSIL.AOO, Tourn. Coltsfoot.
Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pis¬
tillate, fertile, in many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, stam-
inate. Scales of the involucre nearly in a single row. Recepta¬
cle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong. Pappus capillary,
copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with horizontal
creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early
spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded heart-shaped
leaves later in the season. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis ,
a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)
1. T. Farfara, L. — Wet places, naturalized in cultivated
196 composite, (composite family.)
grounds. April. — Plant low, woolly: the full-grown leaves 4' -5*
broad, woolly underneath, somewhat angled or toothed.
11. ADENOCAijLON, Hook. Adenocaulon.
Heads 5 - 10-flowered ; the flowers all with tubular similar co¬
rollas ; the 5 marginal pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate.
Scales of the involucre equal, in a single row. Achenia obovoid
or club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above. Pappus none.
Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves
smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few small
(white ?) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands, whence the
name, from abfjv, a gland, and *m/Xo'r, a stem.
1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped,
with angular-toothed margins; petioles margined. — - Moist woods,
outlet ofL. Superior, Dr. Pitcher. June.
Tribe HI. ASTEROlDELE. The Aster Tribe.
Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat or flattish,
smooth up to the point where the conspicuous stigmatic lines ter¬
minate, and prolonged above this into a flattened appendage, which
is uniformly hairy or pubescent outside. Leaves almost always
alternate.
Subtribe 1. ASTERInEAS. — Heads with the flowers all
alike and perfect, or with ligulate rays. Receptacle not chaffy.
Anthers without tails at the base. Leaves alternate. (Genera
No. 12-17, with the rays never yellow : genera No. 18-20,
with the rays yellow or none.)
12. GAliATfeLl, A, Cass. Galatella.
Heads many-flowered, the rays few, sterile. Involucre shorter
than the flowers, the scales closely imbricated in 3 or 4 rows,
without herbaceous tips. Receptacle alveolate. Achenia oblong,
siBty-hairy. Pappus of copious capillary bristles. — Perennials,
with straight stems, and narrow 1 -3-nerved rather rigid entire
eaves, often dotted. Flowers with purple or pale rays and a yel¬
low disk. (Name a diminutive from that of the nymph Galatea.)
1. G. liyssopffolta, Nees. Branches corymbose, crowded;
leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, dotted, 3-nerved; rays 5-10, white
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
197
tinged with purple. — Sandy fields, New Jersey, Pursh. — Not re¬
cently found, and perhaps not really a native of this country.
13. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. White-topped Aster.
Heads 12 - 15-flowered ; the rays about 5, perfect (white). In¬
volucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped, closely imbricated in
several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, with short and abrupt
green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, in¬
versely pyramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of capillary bris¬
tles. — Perennial tufted herbs, with sessile somewhat 3-nerved
leaves, and small heads in little clusters disposed in a flat corymb.
Disk-flowers pale yellow. (Name from ar)piK6s, silky, and Kapnos,
fruit. )
1. s. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender ; leaves linear,
rigid, obtuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads
very small, in close clusters, few-flowered ; rays slender , pappus
white. (Aster solidagineus, J Vida.) — Copses, New England to Penn,
near the coast. July.
2. S. conyzotdes, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves ob-
lono-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, mostly serrate towards the apex,
ciliate, veiny; heads rather loosely corymbed ; mvolucre top-shaped;
rays short; pappus rusty-color. (Aster conyzotdes, WMd.)- Dry
copses, common. July. — Plant l°-2? high.
14. ASTER, L. Starwort. Aster.
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with her¬
baceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia
generally more or less flattened. Pappus simple, of capillary
bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in §6), with corymbed,
panicled, or racemose heads. Rays white, purple, or blue : the
disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name dtrrtjp, a star,
from the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers. )
U. Biotia, DC .- Involucre obovoid-beU-shaped; the scales regularly
imbricated in several roics, oppressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous
tips : rays 6-15 (white or nearly so) : achenia slender : lower leaves
large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate : heads in open corymbs.
1. A. CorymBoSUS, Ait. (Corymbed Aster.) Stem slender,
somewhat zigzag ; leaves thin , smoothish , coarsely and unequ y
rate with sharp spreading teeth , sharp-pointed , ovate or ov ate
late, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base an on s en
17*
198
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
naked petioles ; rays 6-9. — Copses, common. July- Aug. — Plant
l°-2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less
rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner (not rough, but sometime?
pubescent) leaves, than the next.
2. A. macrophyllas, L. (Large-leaved Aster.) Stem
stout; leaves thic/cisk, roughs closely serrate , somewhat pointed; the
lower heart-shaped (4' -10' long and 3' wide), long-petioled ; the
upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on margined petioles; heads in am¬
ple rigid corymbs; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). — Copses, com¬
mon. Aug. -Sept. — Stem 2 °-33 high, rigid ; the branches rough-
downy above. Involucre broad ; the outer scales rigid, oblong or
ovate-oblong, the innermost much larger and thinner.
§2. Calliastrum, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the involucre imbricated
in several rows , coriaceous , with herbaceous spreading tips : rays 12—
30, violet : achenia narrow ( smoothish ) : pappus of rigid bristles of
unequal thickness : stem-leaves all sessile ; lower ones not heart-shap¬
ed : heads few , large and showy. (Allied to § 1, and to Serico-
carpus.)
3. A. RsUlula, Ait. (Rough-leaved Aster.) Stem corym¬
bose at the summit, smooth ; leaves oblong-la nceolatc, pointed , sharply
serrate in the middle , very rough both sides and rugose-veined , closely
sessile, scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong , oppressed , with very
short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achenia smooth, linear-
oblong. Bogs and low grounds, Maine to Penn., rare. Aug. —
Stems l°-3° high, many-leaved : the leaves 2' - 3' long, nearly equal
throughout. Rays light violet-purple. Involucre nearly smooth, ex¬
cept the ciliate margins.
4. A. gracilis, Nutt. (Low Showy Aster.) Stems several
} creeping suckers and offsets from the same root, low, slightly pu-
escent; leaves roughish, obscurely toothed, spat ul ate or narrowly ob-
Ottif, contracted at the base, slightly clasping ; heads (small) corynib-
ct , involucre inversely conical , the whitish and coriaceous scales with
short and blunt herbaceous tips , the outer successively shorter; achenia
o ong wedge-form, minutely hairy. — Sandy pine barrens, N. Jersey.
ept. Scarcely a foot high, smaller in all its parts than the next,
with narrow involucres very like those of Sericocarpus conyzoides.
Kays about 12, bright violet.
* Ait. (Showy Aster.) Stems minutely
roug and glandular-pubescent at the summit; leaves oblong -lanceo-
atc, roughish , obscurely toothed , tapering to the base; scales of the short
an near y bell-shaped involucre almost equal , linear-oblong , with con-
" picuoru spatulate glandular -downy tips ; achenia slightly pubescent.
^anrj soi , ^ assachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast. Sept. -
V°V* , , ant ^ high, perhaps the handsomest of the genus,
hough the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceo¬
late, nearly V long, very deep violet-blue.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
199
§ 3. Aster proper. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various de¬
grees, with herbaceous or leaf-like summits , or the outer ones entirely
foliaceous: rays numerous: pappus soft and nearly uniform : achenia
fattened. (All flowering at the close of summer or in autumn.)
♦ Leaves silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate :
involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows : rays showy, purple-violet .
6. A. sericeus, Vent. (Silvery Aster.) Stems slender,
branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; heads mostly solitary termi¬
nating the short silvery branchlets; scales of the subglobose involucre
similar to the leaves , spreading, except the short coriaceous base, sil¬
very ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed.- Prairies and banks, Wisconsin
and southward. -An elegant silvery species ; the large heads with
20-30 rays £; or more in length.
7. A. concolor, L. (Silky Aster.) Stems wand-like, near-
ly simple ; leaves crowded, oblong or lanceolate, oppressed, the upper
reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple or compound wand-like ra¬
ceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several
rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenia silky. Dry
sandy soil, New Jersey and southward. — A handsome plant, 1 -d
hi*h, with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky and of
the same hue both sides. Heads middle-sized, showy, bnght violet-
1 .Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or
less clasping by a heart-shaped or aurided base: heads showy :
scales of the inversely conical or beU-shaped involucre regularly im¬
bricated in several rows, the outer successively shorter, oppressed, co¬
riaceous, with short herbaceous tips .- rays large, deep purple or blue
8 A. natens. Ait. (Spreading Aster.) Rough-pubescent;
stem loosely panicled above, the heads mostly solitary, terminating
the slender branchlets; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often
contracted below the middle, all clasping by a deep auncled-heart-
shaped base, rough, especially above and on the margins, entire;
scales of the minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed
tips ; achenia silky.— Var. piilogifolids is a form which the plant
assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated scarcely
rough thin leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed
above, mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry copses, com¬
mon.— Stem l°-3f> high, with very spreading bushy branches, and
large heads, with showy deep blue-purple rays.
0. A. life vis. L. (Smooth Sky-blue Aster.) Very smooth
throughout, glaucous; heads in a close panicle; leaves thickish, lan¬
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scale.-, of t e into ucre
with abrupt appressed green points; achenia svwut^‘'~~ j®.
lands and banks, common. — A handsome species,.- - *© *
200 COMPOSITE. (composite family.)
marked by its great smoothness, pale glaucous foliage, its copious
rather large heads with triangular green tips to the otherwise white
involucre, and the showy bright sky-blue rays.
* * * Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioledy the upper sessile or
petioled : involucre imbricated much as in the last division , but the
heads smaller , very numerous , racemose or panicled.
Leaves entire or slightly serrate : heads middle-sized: rays bright-blue.
10. A. aziircus, Lindl. (Rough Sky-blue Aster.) Stem
rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at the summit, the branches
slender and rigid ; leaves rough ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong ,
heart-shaped , on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceolate or lin-
ear , sessile , on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical.
— Copses and prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin. — A handsome species;
the involucre much as in No. 9, but slightly pubescent; the rays
bright blue.
11. A. Slidrtii, Boott. (Short’s Aster.) Stem slender,
spreading, nearly smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose
panicles ; leaves smooth above , minutely pubescent underneath , lanceo¬
late or ovate-lanceolatey elongated , tapering gradually to a sharp point,
all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base and on naked
petioles ; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, from Ohio south¬
ward and westward. — A beautiful species, 2° -4° high; the leaves
& -57 long.
13. A. undulatus, L. (Variable Aster.) Pale or some¬
what hoary with close pubescence ; stem spreading, bearing numer¬
ous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate , with
wavy or slightly toothed margins , roughish above , downy underneath ,
the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly con¬
tracted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping
at the base, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obo-
void. (A. diversifblius, Michx .) — Dry copses, common.
^ Leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small : rays pale.
13. A. cordifolius, L. (Heart-leaved Aster.) Stem much
branched above, the spreading or diverging branches bearing very nu¬
merous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender and
mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely conical involucre
all oppressed and lipped with short green points , obtuse or acutish. —
Woodlands, very common. Varies with the stem and leaves either
smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy underneath. Heads in great
prolusion, but quite small. Rays pale blue.
• ^ Willd. (Arrow-leaved Aster.) Stem
rigid, erect, with ascending branches bearing numerous racemose heads ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; the lower heart-shaped at the base,
on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both
ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear , tapering into awl-shaped
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
201
slender and loose tips. - Copses, Ac., New York and Penn, to Wis¬
consin. — Usually more or less hairy ; the heads rather larger than in
the last, almost sessile, with bluish or nearly white rays.
* * * * Leaves none of them heart-shaped; those of the stem sessile , nar¬
row, rigid , entire : involucre imbricated in several rows : the coria¬
ceous scales oppressed and whitish at the base , with abrupt and con¬
spicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads small and very numerous ,
paniculate-racemose : rays white.
15. A. ericoides, L. (Heath-like Aster.) Smooth or spar¬
ingly hairy , low; the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along
the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches; loicest leaves ob-
lonv-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-
awl-shaped , acute at both ends; scales of the involucre broadest at the
base , with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. viLLdsus is a hairy
form, often with broader leaves ; chiefly in the Western States. —
Dry open places, New York to Wisconsin. — Stem about 1° high.
16. A. multifloras, Ait. (Many-flowered Aster.) Pale
or hoary with minute close pubescence; the heads much crowded on the
spreading racemose branches ; leaves crowded , linear , spreading, wit
rough or ciliate margins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasp¬
ing at the base; scales of the involucre with spatulate spreading green
tips broader than the lower portion, the outer obtuse. Dry gravelly
or sandy soil, common. — Plant 1° or so high, much branched and
bushy.
***** Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem taper¬
ing at the base, sessile ; involucre imbricated ; the scales of unequal
length, with short and narrow oppressed or rather loose greenish tips:
heads small or middle-sized : rays white or pale bluish-purple.
■*- Heads small.
17. A. dlimdsilS, L. (Bushy Aster.) Smooth or nearly so,
racemosely compound, the scattered heads mostly solitary at the end of
the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded,
entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ; scales of the closely im¬
bricated involucre linear-spatulate , obtuse , in 4 - 6 rows. Thickets in
dry or moist soil, common. — A variable species, 1 -3? high, oose
branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely
conical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than [
of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in the next.
Runs into several peculiar forms.
18. A. Tradcscilnti, L. (Narrow-leaved Aster) Smooth
or smoothish ; the numerous heads closely racemed^ along the erect-
spreading or diverging branches; moBtly one-si e , eases ‘
late-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the
with fine sharp teeth ; scales of the involucre narrowly near,
acutish, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. - Var. ni«u* ; leaves entire
202
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
nearly so, except the lowest; heads more scattered. — Moist banks,
&c., very common. — Stems 2°-4° high, bushy : heads very numer¬
ous, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so.
ID. A. miser, L., Ait. (Inconspicuous Aster.) More or less
hairy , much branched ; the branches usually diverging, bearing race¬
mose often scattered heads ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ta¬
pering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; scales of
the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse , imbricated in 3 or 4 rows.
Thickets, fields, &c., very common, and extensively variable. —
Leaves larger than in either of the preceding; the involucre interme¬
diate between No. 17 and 18, as to the form of the scales. Rays
mostly short, pale bluish-purple or white.
— Heads middle-sized .
A. simplex, Wilid. (Pale Willow-leaved Aster.)
Smooth or nearly so, tall, much branched ; the branches and scattered
heads somewhat corymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped , loosely and
sparingly imbricated. — Shady moist banks, common. — Stem 2P-6P
igh. Lower leaves large. Rays pale. Approaches No. ID on one
side and the two following on the other.
*-l • A. tcnuifdliiis, L. (Taper-pointed Aster.) Nearly
smoot , stem much branched, the heads somewhat panicled or ra¬
ceme , leaves narrowly lanceolate , tapering into a long slender point ;
tae lower somewhat, serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical
ilc ncre linca r-a wl-skap ed, very slender-pointed, numerous , closely im¬
bricated. - Low grounds, New York to Ohio. — Stems 2° -5° high :
araer leaves 3' -6' long, rather firm, with rough margins. Ray3
short and narrow, pale purple or whitish.
. Cornells, Nees. (Variable Aster.) Smooth, or the
nc ts rough or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate , somewhat pointed, or
^ an<* Partly clasping ; heads racemose along the as-
cuiting e y ranches ; settles of the obovate involucre lanceolate, ab-
UP y acute closely imbricated. — Moist soil, Massachusetts to Wis-
nrrQh]"’Van!.S.eXCe€ding,y» the A* Greenei, Torr . £ Gr., being
probably one of ,ts forms. Leaves firm in texture, smooth, or rough
*i) s rather large, bluish, purplish, or almost white.
* Stem-leaves sessile , the upper more or less clasping and
en somew at auricled at the base : scales of the hemispherical into-
°°Se y 07 lightly imbricated, somewhat equal, with loose herba-
ips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous : heads middle-sized
°jMrg<: rays blue or purple.
,,'1 A* la*U®Hus, Nees. (Narrow-leaved Aster.) Stem
e/nnn-nt ky4wanched ; leaves narrowly laneeolate-lineur ,
b = In ’ per;p°,med> ****’’*> with rough margins; heads corym-
, ose , scales of the involucre linear, loose; rays large, apparently
203
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
light blue. _ Var. ljetiflorus has very slender branches and leaves,
and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. — Moist
shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. Heads about as
large as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. car-
neus. Leaves 4' — 7l long, % to ^ wide.
24. A. Novi-Kelgii, L. (Pale Willow-leaved Aster.)
Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong-lanceolate , pale, or somewhat
glaucous , serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end ; scales of
the involucre rather closely imbricated in about 3 series, with broadish
acute herbaceous tips; rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not
well known in a wild state. Heads smaller and much less showy
than in the next.
25. A. longifoliUS, Lam. (Willow-leaved Blue Aster.)
Smooth or nearly so; stem branched, corymbose-panicled at the sum¬
mit ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, entire
or sparingly serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above; scales
of the involucre imbricated in 3-5 roics, linear, with acute or awl-
shaped spreading or recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous,
bright purplish-blue. — Moist places, along streams, Maine to Penn.,
near the coast, common. — Plant 1° — 5° high, with large an s lowy
heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiform
varieties including A. laxus, mid. (a form with more leafy involu-
cres), A. prae<us, Poir and A. elodes, Torr. Gr.
26. A. puniceus, L. (Rough-stemmed Aster.) Stem tall
and stout , rough-hairy all over or in lines, panicled above ; leaves ob¬
long-lanceolate , clasping by an auricled base , sparingly serrate in the
middle with appressed teeth , rough above , nearly smooth underneath,
pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear , acute, loose , equal , in
about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).
Low thickets and swamps, common. — Stem 3? -6° high, in open
grounds usually purple, and very rough with rigid bristly hairs.
27. A. prenantlioides, Muhl. (Toothed-leaved Aster )
Stem low , corymbose-panicled, hairy above in lines; leaves roug
above , very smooth underneath , ovate-lanceolate , sharply cut-toot e in
the middle , conspicuously taper-pointed , and tapering be ow in a »
contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated rnto
heart-shaped clasping base; scales of the involucre narrowly linear,
with recurved-spreading tips; rays light blue^-Mo.st copses. W
New York and Penn, to Ohio. -Stem V>-9> high, usually much
lower than the preceding, to which it is allied, though very distinct.
28. A. ametHystinns, Nutt. (Ametiivstisx Asrea.) Gray-
ish-hoary ; stem racemose-panicled, leafy; leaves meat ’
entire, rough, acute, partly clasping by an auricle ase , sea t es ^
involucre nearly equal, linear, acute, imbricated, wit sprea n0
204
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
aceous tips ; rays violet-purple ; achenia silky. — Near Boston and
Salem, JV uttall, Mr. Little. — Scarcely known,: allied to A. oblongi-
folius, and to the next; but the heads much smaller.
A. ^ OV8B- Aliglte, L. (New England Aster.) Stem
stout, hairy , corymbed at the summit ; leaves very numerous , lanceo¬
late, entire , acute , auricvlate-clasping , clothed with minute roughish pu¬
bescence ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped , loose , equal , nearly
in a single row , glandular -viscid, as well as the branchlels; rays
violet-purple, sometimes rose-purple, very numerous ; achenia hairy.
— Moist grounds, common. — Stem 3° -8° high; the showy heads
crowded in close corymbs.
§ 4. Oritrophium, Kunth. -Scales of the involucre narrow , nearly
equal and almost in a single row , more or less herbaceous : pappus of
soft and uniform capillary bristles : mostly low perennials , bearing
solitary or few heads. (Chiefly arctic or alpine.)
bO. A. graininifolius, Pursh. (Grassy-leaved Aster.)
Slightly pubescent, slender (6' -12' high); leaves very numerous,
narrow ly linear ; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles,
bearing solitary small heads; rays rose-purple or whitish. -New
Hampshire, about the White Mountains, Mr. Eddy. (Herb. Tucker-
man.) A northern plant.
s, . rth meris, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the involucre regularly im-
nctf/e , unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins , en-
lary^bristles^ °^ier^aceous **PS: pappus of soft and unequal capil-
31. A. a«u mill situs, Michx. (Pointed-leaved Aster.)
omtw lat lairy ; stem low, simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at
ic summit , peduncles slender ; leaves oblong -lanceolate , conspicu-
U P01 > coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the
; sea ts of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lan-
ccolate, pointed, thin ; rays 12-18, white, often tinged with purple.
o nc wo s, N. England to Wisconsin, principally northward
and on mountains.— About 1° high, with thin leaves 3' -5' long, and
few or several heads.
J. , MCllioriklls, Ait. (Galatella-Aster.) Minutel]
0 ns i pu icscent ; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the sum
it, very tafy , leaves small (1' -1£' long), rather rigid , lanceolate
ar y entire, with revolute margins; scales of the inversely conica
* narrowlJ linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl
J vJ*0*8 1 ra^ 8 ^iac‘Purple, elongated. — Bogs, E. Massacbu
uj l • eTsey near the coast. — A handsome species, l°-2
* 1 SIna . Pa^e ieaves resinous-dotted beneath. Heads 1 a
several, terminating peduncle-like simple branches.
33. 4 -
A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. (Sneezewort-Asteb
205
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Low, smooth or roughish ; stems many from the same firm rootstock,
simple \ leaves linear -lanceolate , acutey rigid , entire , with rough mar¬
gins, tapering to the base, somewhat 3-nerved j heads small, in a flat
crowded corymb j scales of the involucre closely imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, oblong, obtuse, the inner broadly margined; rays 12 — 18,
white, short. — Dry rocky banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin north¬
ward. — A well-marked and handsome plant, 6^— 12* high, tufled.
§ 6. Oxytripolium, DC. — Scales of the involucre imbricated , without
herbaceous tips , usually very acute , the outer passing into scale-like
bracts: pappus soft and capillary: achenia striate. (Natives of salt
marshes, smooth, with narrow and mostly fleshy leaves.)
34. A. flexuosus, Nutt. (Perennial Salt-marsh Aster.)
Stem zigzag, rigid, forked ; the branches bearing large solitary heads ;
leaves linear , thick and fleshy , pointed, entire ; scales of the bell¬
shaped involucre imbricated in many roics, ovate-lanceolate with awl-
shaped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes,
Maine to Penn.
35. A. linifoliUS, L. (Annual Salt-marsh Aster.) Stem
much branched, the branches rather erect , bearing numerous racemose
orpanicled small heads; leaves linear-lanceolate , pointed, entire, flat,
on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-
awl-shaped , in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows , short , not pro¬
jecting beyond the disk , more numerous than the disk-flowers, pur¬
plish. (A. subulatus, Michx.) — Salt marshes, Maine to Penn, and
southward. — Plant 1° - 2° high.
15. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane.
Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly
equal and almost in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache¬
nia flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single
row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a
distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales.
Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and
solitary or corymbed flowers. Ray white or purple. (Name,
from rjp , spring , and yepcov , an old man , suggested by the hoary
appearance of some of the vernal species.)
§ 1. Cjen6tus, Nutt . — Rays inconspicuous , in several rows , scarcely
longer than the pappus : disk-corollas 4 -toothed: pappus simple: an¬
nuals and biennials : heads very small , cylindrical.
1. E. Canada use, L. (Horse-weed. Butter-weed.)
Bristly-hairy ; stem erect, wand-like j leaves linear, mostly entire ;
18
206
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
those from the root cut-lobed; heads very numerous, panicled. —
Waste places, a common weed everywhere. July -Oct. — Plant
5r-3° high. Ligules much shorter than their tube.
§ 2. Euerigeron, Torr. & Gr. — Rays crowded and conspicuous , in
one, two , or more rows : pappus simple. ( Erect perennials : heads
somewhat conjmbed.)
2. E# bellidifoliuni, Muhl. (Robin’s Plantain.) Hairy,
producing offsets from the base ; stem simple , rather naked above , bear¬
ing few (1 - 9) large heads, on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate
and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceo¬
late-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays {about 50) rather broadly lin¬
ear , light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks, common. May.
3. E. Pliiladelpliicum, L. (Rose-purple Fleabane.)
Hairy ; stem leafy , loosely corymbed at the summit , bearing several
small heads; leaves thin, witli a broad midrib, oblong; the upper
smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest
spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow , rose-purple or
flesh-color. (E. purpureum, Mt.) — Copses and fields, common.
June - Aug.
§ 3. Phalacrol6ma, Cass. — Rays numerous , but nearly in a single
row, conspicuous: pappus plainly double , the outer a crown of minute
chaff y-bristle-form scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which
are deciduous , or entirely wanting in the ray : annuals and biennials-
4 E. a ll n u u in, Pers. “(Daisy Fleabane.) Stem tall,
branched, beset with spreading hairs ; leaves coarsely and sharply tooth¬
ed ; the lowest ovate , tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper
o\ ate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; rays white, tinged
with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. (E-
heterophyllum, Muhl. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste
places, a very common weed. June -Aug. — Stem 3P-5° high, stout,
bearing numerous corymbed heads, not showy.
5. E. Strigosum, Muhl. (Narrow-leaved Daisy Flea-
bane.) Stem panicled-corymbose at the summit, roughish like the
leaves with minute oppressed hairs , or almost smooth ; leaves entire or
nearly so, the upper lanceolate , scattered, the lowest oblong or spatu-
ate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length o
the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifblium, Bigel) — Fields,
c‘* common. June -Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than
the last, with smaller heads but longer rays.
16.DIPLOPAPPCS, Cass. Double-bristled Aster.
Heads many-flowered, the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of
the involucre imbricated, appressed, lanceolate or awl-shaped,
207
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
1-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat,
alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer of very
short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long
as the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads.
(Name composed of bnr\6os, double , and namros, pappus , the
character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.)
§ 1. Ianthe, Torr. & Gr. — Ratjs violet , shoicy: involucre much im-
bricated : achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike.
1. I>. linariifolillS, Hook. (Violet Diplopappus.) Stems
low (8' -20' high), several from the same woody root, very leafy;
leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very
rough margins; heads terminating the simple somewhat hoary
branches. — Dry soil, common. Sept. — Heads large for the size of
the plant, with long showy rays.
§ 2. Triplopappus, Torr. & Gr. — Rays white: involucre shorter
than the disk , imbricated in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles
of the inner pappus unequal , some of them thickened at the tip:
leaves large , scattered , membranaceous , veiny, entire : heads in com¬
pound fiat corymbs.
2. I>. umbellatiis, Torr. & Gr. (Large Diplopappus.)
Smooth, leafy to the top, leaves lanceolate , elongated , taper-pointed and
tapering at the base ; heads very numerous ; scales of the involucre
rather closely imbricated, obtusish. — Moist thickets, common, espe¬
cially northward. Aug; — Stem 2°- 6° high, bushy at the top. Leaves
3'- 6' long.
3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gr. (Almond-leaved Di¬
plopappus.) Smooth or roughisli above, leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acute , abruptly narrowed at the base ; heads numerous, scales of the
involucre loosely imbricated, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey
and southward. Aug. — Near the last, usually lower, rougher, and
with broader and shorter leaves.
4. I>. cornifolius, Dari. (Cornel-leaved Diplopappus.)
Stem low, pubescent and loosely panicled at the summit, bearing few
heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, con¬
spicuously pointed at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins un er
neath.— Copses, Massachusetts to Penn, and southward. July-
Sept. — Stem 1°-2P high.
17, BOLTOKIA, L’Her. Boltonia.
Heads many-flowered, the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of
the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, ap
pressed, with narrow membranaceous margins. Receptacle con
208 ^compositje. (composite family.)
ical or hemispherical, naked. Achenia flat, obovate or inversely
heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-
winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and
frequently with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-
branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster r
the thickish leaves often turned edgewise, chiefly entire. Heads
loosely corymbose or panicled, rather small. Rays white or
purplish. (Dedicated to I. Bolton , an English botanist of the
last century.)
1. IS. asteroldes, L’Her. Leaves lanceolate; achenia broad¬
ly oval ; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places
along streams, Pennsylvania ( Bartram ) and southward. — Plant
39-6° high.
2. B. glasti folia, L’Her. Leaves lanceolate ; achenia obo-
yate, broadly winged ; pappus of several short bristles and especially
in the disk, and 2 or 3 more or less prolonged awns. — Rich moist soil,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. Sept. — Resembles the last,
except the pappus, and is much more common.
18. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod.
Heads few -many-flowered ; the rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Scales
of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips
(except No. 1). Receptacle small, alveolate. Achenia many-
ribbed, nearly terete. Pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles.
— Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly ses¬
sile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or
clustered . flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow.
(Name from solido , to join, or make whole, in allusion to its re¬
puted vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in Aug. and Sept.
§ 1. Chrysastrum, Torr. & Gr. - Scales of the much imbricated rigid
involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips: heads in clusters
or glomerate racemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and inter¬
rupted wand-like compound spike .
1- S. squaiTosa, Muhl. (Large-spiked Golden-rod ) Stem
stout (2° — 5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower
spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny ;
16“24’the raya 12- 16.- Rocky wooded hills, Maine
and W. Vermont to Penn.
§2. \iRGAtfREA, Tourn. — Scales of the involucre destitute of herba¬
ceous tips: rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more
or less pedicilled .
209
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
* Heads in close axillary clusters or short clustered racemes : leaves
feather -veined. (Rays 3-6.)
2. S. bicolor, L. (White-raved Golden-rod.) Hoary or
grayish icith soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong or ellipti¬
cal lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into
a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of
the upper leaves , forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle ;
rays smallj cream-color or nearly white. — Var. concolor has the rays
yellow. — Dry copses and banks, common, the var. in Pennsylvania
and westward.
3. S. latffdlia, L. (Broad-leaved Golden-rod.) Smooth
or nearly so, stem angled , zigzag , simple or paniculate-branclied ,
leaves broadly ovate or oval , very strongly and sharply serrate , conspic¬
uously pointed at both ends ; heads in very short axillary sessile clus¬
ters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. Moist shad¬
ed banks, in rich soil, common, especially northward. Stem 1°- 3
high, slender. Leaves thin, 3' -6/ long.
4. S. csesia, L. (Blue-stemmed Golden-rod.) Smooth; stem
terete , mostly glaucous , at length much branched and diffuse ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile; heads in very
short axillary clusters, or somewhat racemose panicled on the branch¬
es. _ Moist rich woodlands, common. Heads rather smaller than in
No. 3.
* * Racemes terminal , erect , either somewhat simple and wand-like , or
compound and panicled , not one sided : leaves feather -veined. (Aot
maritime.)
Heads small: leaves nearly entire , except the lower.
5. S. Virgata, Michx. (Wand-stemmed Golden-rod.) Very
smooth throughout; stem very strict and simple , slender, beset with
small and entire appressed lanceolate-oblong leaves, which are gradu¬
ally reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, all
thickish and smooth; heads crowded in a very narrow compound
spicate raceme; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey and
southward, 2° - 4° high.
6. S. pilberula, Nutt. (Many-flowered Golden-rod.)
Stem and panicle very minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate , acute , ta¬
pering to the base; the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed;
heads very numerous, crowded in compact erect-spreading s ort r a
cemes, forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle;
scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped , appressed ; rays about U .
Sandy soil, Maine to N. Jersey and southward near the coast. — 1 iant
l°-y high, simple or branched; the leaves 21-31 long, green and
nearly smooth.
7. S. stricta, Ait. (Willow-leaved Golden-rod.) Very
smooth throughout ; stem simple, strict ; leaves lanceolate, pointe , ie
18*
210 composite, (composite family.)
lower tapering gradually into winged petioles, partly sheathing at the
base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth; racemes much
crowded and oppressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales of the in¬
volucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5 -6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine
to W. New York and northward. — Stem 2°-3P high : the root-leaves
G'-IO7 long. It flowers earlier than its allies, beginning in July.
rather large , at least for the size of the plant.
S. speciosa, Nutt. (Showy Golden-rod.) Stem stoat
(3-o high), smooth; leaves thickish , smooth with rough margins,
oral or ovate , slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, the
ower contracted into a margined petiole; heads somewhat crowded
in numerous erect racemes , forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform
panic e, peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindri¬
cal involucre oblong, obtuse ; rays about 5, large. — Var. angustIta
is a warf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a
dense somewhat interrupted or compound spike. — Copses, Massa-
c lusetts to N. Jersey and Ohio - A very handsome species ; the
°T|eir eavC8 ^ aDt* ^ w^e *n the larger forms.
• * Pursh. (Low Golden-rod.) Smooth , some¬
times a little glutinous; stem law (6' -20' high) ; leaves thickish, ob-
”CC0^,e °r tiC radical oblong-spatulate , crenate-serrate towards the
1Z’,T Upr lance0,ate’ acute at both ends; heads clustered in a
i j°.r * lyrsitorm glomerate raceme or panicle ; scales of the in *
™”\*l0^™tly obtuse; rays 6-8, short.-Rocky or gravelly
: , • 1 « the Whlte Moumains. N. Hampshire, W. Vermont,
ous ,m"ii .!,Ur0n> and “Orthward. — Leaves rigid. Heads; numer-
’ er * lan in ne*t, which it perhaps too nearly approaches.
tain V,rsa"aftl,eai L-, var. alrina, Bigel. (Low Mou»*
5 or 8 LJ.E!,fROD' . Aeariy smootK dwarf (2'- 8' high), bearing 1 to
lv crcnate-serr ,h.lcklsh’ oblmg-spatulate or oblanceolate, sparing-
the involucre L, *’ * I*° °Wer taPering into a winged petiole ; scales of
iZSXT*'-*’ nys abon. 8, short. - Alpine summits
S 2 £ r,TnSiN- HaraPab^e, Mt Katahdin, Maine (Prof
11 « .H f and Mt Marcy. New York. L. Superior.
hod.") StPm ^ I%SO,<*ea’ Meyer. (Large Mountain Golden-
larly arid shar^r^ ’ ^ d°W.Dy above» simple; leaves ovate, irregu -
the unnermrKf **7^’ pointed , veiny, large and thin , all except
in small clustered!/ C°n‘racted int0 ,onS margined petioles; heads
oblong or wand-lik * 8X1 * °f ‘lle Upper leaves> and crowded in an
volucre memhr ^ raceme or contracted panicle ; scales of the m-
(S. Virga-aurea^P^0^5’ ceolate , taper-pointed , long ; rays 8-10*
the White Mountains' N^H S' leiocarPa> °C)— Wooded sides o
and Catskill ?vr •’ * Hampshire, Green Mountains, Vermont,
large M°Unta,n3> New York. -Stem p_y high. Heads
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
211
* * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem , showy :
leaves thickish , mostly feather-veined from a strong midrib.
12. S. rigid a, L. (Rigid Golden-rod.) Rough and some¬
what hoary with a minute pubescence; stem stout (3P-5° high), very
leafy; the short compact clusters densely corymbed at the summit;
leaves oval or oblong , or the upper ovate-oblong and closely sessile by
a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire, veiny, thick and
rigid ; heads about 34-flowered, the rays 7 - 10.-- Dry soil, Connect¬
icut to Michigan. Heads large.
13. S. Ollioensis, Riddell. (Ohio Golden-rod.) Very smooth
throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy; stem-leaves oblong-lance¬
olate , entire, flat , closely sessile, the lower and the radical elongated,
slightly serrate towards the apex, somewhat veiny, tapering into long
margined petioles ; heads numerous in a flat-topped compound cor¬
ymb, on smooth pedicels, 16 — 20-flowered, the rays 6 or 7. Moist
meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Indiana. Plant 2°
— 3^ high ; the root-leaves 1° long ; the upper reduced to 1' -2', with
rough margins, like the rest. Heads smaller than in any other of this
section, scarcely one third the size of those of No. 12.
14. S. Riddellii, Frank. (Riddell’s Golden-rod ) Smooth
and stout, very leafy ; the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels
rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate , elongated , entire, acute,
partly clasping or sheathing, conduplicate and mostly recurved , the
lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole,
obscurely 3-nerved ; heads very numerous in close clusters, aggregated
in a spreading flat-topped compound corymb, 20 - 24 -flowered, the
rays 7 -9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin. — Stem 2°- 3P
high. Heads larger than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves 4'-
& long, grass-like, upright and partly sheathing at the base, then
gradually recurved-spreading.
15. S. lion gilt onii, Torr. & Gray, ined. (Houghton’s
Golden-rod.) Smooth; stem rather low and slender ; leaves scatter¬
ed, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire, tapering into a narrowed
slightly clasping base or the lower into margined petioles; heads sev¬
eral, crowded in a small nearly simple corymb, 20 - 30-flowered ; the
rays 9 or 10. — North shore of L. Michigan; collected in the Michigan
State Survey. Aug. - Stem 1° - 1£° high. Leaves smooth, but not
shining, rough margined, 3»-5» long, 1 -nerved, or the lower very ob¬
scurely 3-nerved above. Corymb minutely pubescent. Heads large,
nearly J' long, not very numerous. Seales of the involucre obtuse,
minutely ciliate.
* * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved ra¬
cemes: leaves veiny , not Cribbed.
- Leans thickish or fleshy, very smooth and entire, elongated, obscurely
veiny : heads rather large : natives of salt marshes.
212 COMPOSITE. (composite family.)
16. S* SCmpervireilS, L. (Sea-side Golden-rod.) Smooth
and stout; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower
lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open
or contracted panicle. — Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner
and elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, with
more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or rocks
on the shore, Maine to Penn, and southward. — Stem stout, l°-tP
high. Heads showy : the golden rays 8 - 10.
Leaves usually ample , serrate , loosely feather-veined , or rarely
slightly triple-nerved : heads middle-sized.
17. S. elliptica, Ait. (Elliptic-leaved Golden-rod.) Smooth;
stem stout ; very leafy ; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate , acute,
closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both
sides , shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are
crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and achenia strigose-
pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish), New Jersey, Carey. Rhode
Island, Olney. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2P high : leaves 2 1 - 3r long.
Heads showy, 3^ long, the rays 8 - 12.
18. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. (Smooth Golden-rod.)
Smooth ; stem stout ; leaves thickish , smooth both sides , opaque ; the up¬
per oblong-lanceolate , mostly acute and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-
lanceolate or oblong , sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole ; racemes
short and dense , at length spreading , disposed in an elongated or py*
ramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achenia nearly glabrous. —
Swamps, Maine to Penn, and Wisconsin. — Stem 2° -3? high; the
lower leaves 5;- 7 1 long. Heads rather large, crowded ; the racemes
at first erect and scarcely one-sided.
19. S. pdtula, Muhl. (Shagreen-leaved Golden-rod.)
Stem strongly angled , smooth ; leaves (large) ovate , acute, serrate,
pale, very smooth and veiny underneath , but the upper surface very
rough; racemes rather short and numerous, on the spreading branch¬
es. — Swamps, common. — Stem 3P-50 high ; the lead-colored leaves
often &-Q1 long, the upper surface remarkably rough, like shagreen.
20. S. arguta, Ait. (Sharp-toothed Golden-rod.) Smooth
throughout ; radical and loicer stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval ,
sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed , tapering into winged
and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong , slightly triple-
nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense ,
naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and fl0*
corymb-like panicle ; rays 8 - 12, small. — Var. 1. jAncea has all the
leaves narrower and less serrate, or all the upper entire. — Var. *2.
scabrella is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisconsin, &e*)*
Copses and banks, common, especially the 1st variety. — Well distin¬
guished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed
rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, &c.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
213
21. S. Muhlenbergi** Torr. & Gr- (Muhlenberg’s Toothed
Golden-rod.) Smooth; stem angled ; leaves (large and thin) orate ,
and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate ,
pointed at both ends , the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pubes¬
cent, spreading , disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6- ,
larae . — Copses and moist woods, Massachusetts to Penn. - More
slender and simple than the last, with much shorter racemes, looser
and more slender thin involucral scales, <fcc.
22. S. linoacles, Solander. (Slender Golden-rod.) Smooth;
stem slender , simple ; leaves lanceolate , serrate with small appressed
teeth, narrowed at the base, the lower tapering into margined abate
petioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes short , crowded m one or A - 4
small one-sided panicles ; heads small and few-flov\ ered ;
Bogs, near Boston and Providence, to the pine barrens of N. Jersey.
— Stem 12' -20' high, with a panicle only 3' -4' long} sometimes
larger and nearly approaching No. 18.
--- Leaves small , serrate , copiously feather-veined , the veirdets con¬
spicuously reticulated : heads small.
23. S. altissima, L. (Rough-hairy Golden-rod.) Rough-
hairy, especially the stem ; leaves ovate-lanceolate , elliptical , or oblong ,
acute or pointed, coarsely serrate, often thickish and very rugose , ra¬
cemes panicled, spreading; scales of the involucre linear ; rays 6-9;
the disk-flowers 4-7.- Borders of fields and copses, very common,
presenting a great variety of forms : 2°- 7° high.
24. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. (Smooth-stalked Goldzr-rod.)
Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin, dliptical-ovateor oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, coarsely 8er™te’1^“‘7
veined, beset with soft hairs beneath ; racemes pan.eled, recurved.
spreading; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4—
Low copses, common, especially southward. - Diet.ngu.shed from
the last by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.
Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, the veins obscure.
25. S. pilosa, Walt. (Hairy-stalked Golder-rod^ Stem
stout, upright (3P-73 high), clothed with spreading hairs, often pan¬
icled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rovghish, hairy beneat ,
at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or o g
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, «™wd“ ™ 8
dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7-10, very short. -Low grounds,
pine barrens of New Jersey and southward.
26. S. Odom, Ait. (Fragrant-leaved Golden-rod.) Smooth
or nearly so throughout; stem slender (2° -3d high), often ****\
leaves linear-lanceolate , entire , shining, very smoot , Pe™cl ° ’
racemes spreading, in a small one-sided panicle, rays - * ™
large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont an
214 composite, (composite family.)
to Penn, chiefly eastward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant
anisate odor.
**”'“ ■*“■*“ *■ Leaves grayish or hoary , thickish, feather -veined and slightly
triple-nerved : heads middle-sized.
27. S. lie Ill oral is. Ait. (Gray Golden-rod.) Clothed with
a minute and close grayish-hoary pubescence ; stem simple or corymbed
at the summit ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower
somewhat crenate-toothed and tapering into a petiole ; racemes nu¬
merous, dense, at length recurved, forming a crowded compound ra¬
ceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side ; scales of the
involucre linear-oblong, appressed ; rays 6-9. — Dry sterile fields,
very common. — Plant 8; — 201 high, with the panicle usually large in
proportion.
* * * * * Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes , forming
an ample panicle : heads small : scales of the involucre thin and nar¬
row : leaves 3-ribbed.
28. S. Canadensis, L. (Common 3-ribbed Golden-rod.)
Stem tall and stout (3° — 0° high), rough-hairy ; leaves lanceolate,
pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less pubes¬
cent beneath and rough above ; heads small; rays very short. — Borders
of thickets and fields, very common. — Varies greatly in the rough¬
ness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceo¬
late or elongated linear-lanceolate ; in var. procera, whitish woolly
underneath, and in var. scabra also very rough above, often entire,
and rugose-veined.
29. S* serotina, Ait. (Late 3-ribbed Golden-rod.) Stm
very smooth , tall and stout (4° -8° high), often glaucous; leaves lanceo¬
late, pointed, serrate, roughish above , smooth except the veins under¬
neath which are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low
grounds, common. Intermediate in character, and in the size of the
heads and rays, between the last and the next.
30. S. grigiintea. Ait. (Smooth 3-ribbed Golden-rod.)
Stem stout (3^ - 7° high), smooth , often glaucous ; leaves quite smooth
both sides , lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, except the
narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle pubescent; rays rath¬
er long. — Copses and fence-rows, common; presenting many vari¬
eties, with decidedly larger heads and rays than in the two preceding.
§ 4. EuthAmia, Nutt. — Corymbosely much branched: heads small ,
sessile in little clusters which are crowded in flat-topped corymbs: the
closely appressed scales of the involucre somewhat glutinous : recep¬
tacle fimbrillate : rays 15-20, short, more numerous than the disk-
flowers : leaves narrow , entire , sessile , crowded.
31. s. lanceolata, L. (Bushy Golden-rod.) Leaves lan¬
ceolate-linear , 3-5 -nerved, the nerves, margins, and angles of the
215
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in
dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-20. — Copses and river-banks,
common. — Stem 2° - 4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long.
32. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. (Slender Bushy Golden-rod.)
Smooth; leaves very narrowly linear , mostly \-nerved , dotted ; heads
obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a
loose corymb ; rays 6 — 12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to New
Jersey and southward, near the coast. — More slender, with smaller
and less clustered heads than the last.
19. BIGELOTIA, DC. Rayless Golden-rod.
Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular : rays
none. Involucre club-shaped, yellowish, the rigid somewhat glu¬
tinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Recepta¬
cle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in the centre. Ache-
nia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of capillary
bristles. — A perennial smooth herb, simple or branched from the
base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, with small heads in
a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblan-
ceolate or linear, 1-3-nerved. (Dedicated by De Candolle to
Dr. Bigelow , author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and the Amer¬
ican Medical Botany.)
1. B. nildata, DC. — Swamps, pine barrens, New Jersey and
southward. Sept. — Stem 1° high, slender.
90. CHBY SOP SIS, Nutt. Golden Aster.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales
of the involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Re¬
ceptacle flat. Achenia obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy.
Pappus of all the flowers double, the outer a set of very short
and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of elongated capillary
bristles. — Chiefly perennial herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather
large often corymbose heads, terminating the branches. Disk
and ray-flowers yellow. (Name from xpvtros, gold , and o^ is,
aspect, in allusion to the golden blossoms.)
1. C. Mariana, Nutt. Clothed with long and weak some¬
what deciduous silky hairs ; stem rather stout, leafy ; leaves oblong or
elliptical , veiny , nearly entire, the upper closely sessile, the lower
tapering at the base into a petiole ; heads (large) corymbed ; achenia
compressed. — Dry sandy soil, Long Island to New Jersey and south¬
ward. Aug. — Plant 1° - 2P high.
216
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
2. C. falcuta, Ell. Stems low, very woolly ; leaves crowded,
linear , rigid, about ^-nerved, entire, spreading, somewhat recurved or
scythe-shaped , hairy, or smooth when old, sessile ; heads (small) cor-
ymbed ; achenia oblong-linear. — Dry sandy soil, pine barrens of New
Jersey and Long Island, to Rhode Island. Aug. — Stems stout,
5' - Iff high.
3. C. gramiiiiiblia, Nutt. Silvery-silky with long close-
pressed hairs ; stem slender, naked above, the few (showy) heads
loosely corymbed ; leaves lanceolate or linear , elongated, grass-like,
nerved , shining, entire ; achenia linear. — Dry sandy soil, Delaware
and southward, — to be sought in S. New Jersey.
Subtribe 2. BACCHARIDEiE. — Heads not radiate ; the flow¬
ers all tubular, dioecious or monoecious ; the corolla of the pistil¬
late flowers very slender and thread-like, truncate, of the stam-
inate 5- toothed. Anthers without tails at the base. Recep¬
tacle naked. Leaves alternate.
21. B AC CHARI S, L. Groundsel-Tree.
Heads many-flowered, dioecious, viz. the pistillate and stami-
nate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre
imbricated. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of slender capillary bris¬
tles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile plant
very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous
or glutinous. Flowers whitish. (Name of a shrub anciently
dedicated to Bacchus.)
1. B. Imlimifolia, L. (Sea Groundsel-Tree.) Smooth
and somewhat scurfy ; branches angled j leaves obovate and wedge-
form, coarsely toothed above, or the upper entire ; heads scattered
or in leafy panicles. — Sea-beach, Connecticut to New Jersey, a»d
southward. Sept. - Oct. — Shrub 6° - 12P high ; the fertile plant
conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.
Subtribe 3. TARCHONANTHELE. — Heads and flowers
nearly as in subtribe 2, but chiefly monoecious. Anthers produced
into tails at the base. Receptacle naked or chaffy. ^aves
alternate.
22. PltCHEA, Cass. Marsh Fleabank.
Heads many-floweTed ; the flowers all tubular; the central
perfect but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; the others with a
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217
thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre
imbricated. Achenia grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single
row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting a strong and dis¬
agreeable or camphoric odor, the heads in close compound cor¬
ymbs. Flowers purplish. (Dedicated to an obscure French
botanist, N. Pluche.)
1. P. camphorata, DC. (Salt-marsh Fleabane.) Mi¬
nutely viscid , pale ; leaves scarcely petioled , oblong-ovate or lanceolate,
thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat ; involucre viscid-
downy. (D (Conyza camphorata, Bigel. C. Marylandica, Pursh.) —
Salt marshes, Massachusetts to New Jersey and southward. Aug. —
Plant 10; - 20' h igh.
2. P. lwtitla, DC (Western Marsh Fleabane.) Almost
smooth ; leaves distinctly petioled, veiny , oval-lanceolate, pointed at
both ends, serrate ; corymbs panicled; involucre smooth. 1J. River-
banks, Ohio and southward. Aug. — Stem stout, 29-4° high.
Subtribe 4. INULELE. — Heads radiate, with the flowers as
in subtribe Asterineae : hut the anthers with tails at the base.
Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate.
23. INULA, L. Elecampane.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays in a single row, pistillate ; the
disk-flowers perfect. Involucre imbricated. Pappus of capillary
bristles. — Heads solitary or corymbose, large ; the ray and disk
yellow. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. I. Helen! um, L. (Common Elecampane.) Stout; leaves
large, woolly underneath ; those from the thick perennial root ovate,
petioled, the others partly clasping ; outer scales of the involucre
leaf-like ; rays very many, narrow ; achenia prismatic, 4-sided. —
Road-sides, introduced. Aug. — Heads very large. Root muci¬
laginous.
Subtribe 5. ECLlPTEiE. — Heads radiate, &c., as in the last ;
but the anthers without tails, and the receptacle chaffy. Pappus
not capillary. Leaves opposite.
24. ECtlPTA, L. Eclipta.
Heads many-flowered; the rays short, in a single row, the
disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10 — 12,
in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, furnished
19
218 composite, (composite family.)
with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenia short, 3 - 4-sided or in
the disk 2-sided, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit ; the
pappus none or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual or bien¬
nial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or
oblong leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers
brown. (Name from cVcXeiVo), to be deficient , alluding to the ab¬
sence of pappus.)
1. E. procumbent, Michx. Rough with close oppressed
hairs; stems procumbent, creeping, or ascending ; leaves oblong-lan¬
ceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate : peduncles axillary
or terminal, many times longer than the head. — Var. brachypoda
has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the heads. —
Wet river-banks, W. Penn, and Ohio, southward. June -Oct.
Tribe IY. SENECIONlDE^E. The Groundsel Tribe.
Branches of the style linear, hairy or pencil-tufted at the apex
where the stigmatic lines terminate abruptly, either truncate or
produced beyond into a cone or more or less elongated hairy ap¬
pendage. Leaves opposite or alternate.
Subtribe 1. MELAMPODiNE^E. — Flowers all either stam-
inate or pistillate (not perfect), the two kinds either in the same
head, when the fertile are in the border, or in separate heads.
Receptacle mostly chaffy. Anthers without tails at the base.
Pappus mostly none, never of bristles.
25. POLYNIA, L. PoLYMNIA.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays several, pistillate and fertile,
those of the disk perfect, but sterile. Scales of the involucre in 2
rows , the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading, the inner
small and membranaceous, partly embracing the thickened round-
o ovoid achenia. Receptacle flat, the chaff membranaceous. PaP"
pus none. Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling
a eavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost
rnate, large, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules
at t e base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow,
(dedicated to one of the Muses, for no imaginable reason, as the
plants are coarse and inelegant.)
«J iP*C?na<Ml,Sis’ L- (S*all-flowered Poltmnia.) Clam-
lTV * 0Wer ^aves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
219
ovate, 3 - 5-lobed or angled, petioled ; rays few, oborate or wedge-
form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow. — Moist shaded ra¬
vines, W. New York to Wisconsin. July.
2. P. Uvctliilia, L. (Large Polymnia. Leaf-cup.) RougA-
ish hairy, stout (4° -10° high); leaves broadly ovate, angled and
toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abrupt y narrow
ed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral scales very large ; rays
15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre,
yellow. - Ricli soil, W. New York and Penn., southward. Aug.
26. SILiPIIIUMr L. Rosin-plant.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile,
their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows : the disk-flowers
perfect, but sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre im¬
bricated in several rows, broad and with loose leaf-like summits,
except the innermost, which are small and resemble the ln®a^
chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenia broad and flattened (Para e
with the scales of the involucre) , surrounded by a w ing w ic
notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 2 teeth con uent
with the winged margin : achenia of the disk sterile and sta 1 e
— Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious xesino
juice, and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered hea s.
<f> tou, the ancient name of a plant which produced some gum
(assafoetida “?), was transferred by Linnaeus to this m
genus.)
* Stem terete , naked above , alternate-leaved near the a
1. S. laciniatum, L. (Ros.n-weeo.) Very
throughout / stem stout; leaves pinnately parte , pe io e acUte
and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or ;
cut-lob, J or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (large),* ;omewhat
racemed ; scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into on _
ing rigid points; achenia broadly winged an eep y _ %oot
Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin, thence soul war . leaves
very thick, s£m high ; heads 1' - 2- broad.
12' -30' long, ovate in outline, said to presen oil Comvass-
north and south (which is not the case), and hence c
plant . c
2 S. terebintlftiiiaceiiiYi, L. (Pbairi* Burdoc* )
smooth , tall, panicled at the summit and bearing man gome-
leafless except next the base; leaves orate ^.ovate-oblong,^
what heart-shaped, serrate-toothed, rough, especial , winged,
of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth ; ac enta n
220
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
slightly notched and 2-toothed. — Var. pinnatifidum has the leaves
deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies
and oak-openings, Ohio and Michigan, thence southward. July-
Sept. — Stem slender, 4° -10° high ; the thick root-leaves 1° -2° long,
and on long petioles.
« * Stem terete or slightly i-aneled, leafy : hares undivided.
"■ S* *r*foliatum, L. (Whorled Rosin-plant.) Stem tall
an rat ler slender (4° -6° high), smooth, often glaucous, branched
a >ove, stem -leaves lanceolate, pointed , entire or scarcely serrate, rough,
5 ort petio ed, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads
oose y panic led , involucre smooth ; achenia rather broadly winged
and sharply 2-toothed at the top. — Dry plains and banks, W. New
or an enn. to Wisconsin and southward. Aug.
4. S. iiltegrilolium, Michx. (Entire-leaved Rosin-plant.)
tem rat ler stout (2° -4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved, rough,
near y simp e , leaves all opposite , rigid , lanceolate-ovate , entire, taper-
nrt to a s larp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping
ase, roug -pubescent or nearly smooth; heads in a close forking cor¬
nu! ' S °r* scales of the involucre rough and rigid, the
t ^ aC en*a broadIy winged and deeply notched. — Var.
waS e.Stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michi-
ga , isconsm, and southward. Aug. — Leaves thick, V- 5' long.
* * *. $lem S(P*are : leaves opposite , connate.
per oliatum, L. (Cup-plant.) Stem stout, often
5. S,
bran h A k “ ^up-plant.) Stem stout, onen
thnirVe a °VJ ’ leaves ovate» coarsely toothed, the upper united by
,a8€S an. f°rrning a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly nar-
corv ,nt0 wmged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads
rym ose , achenia winged and variously notched. — Rich soil along
■eaveT^t’fut bug.’ a"d S°U,hWard' ^ “ St6m 4° ',J’ high 1
^ y w at a t
* Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub.
ads several-flowered, not radiate ; the fertile and sterile flovv-
in t e same heads, the former few (1 -5) and marginal, with a
tu ular corolla , the latter with a funnel-forra 5-toothed co-
. H * ^Ca^es involucre few, generally in one row, round-
eceptacle small, with narrow chaff* among the flowers,
h 0b°VOid or fonticular. Pappus none. — Herbaceous or
s ru y maritime or saline plants, with thickish leaves, the lower
pp te, and small greenish-white heads on short recurved pedun-
6 axds of the leaves or of bracts. (Derivation unknow n.)
Shrubby at the base, branching, nearly
, eaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, the
COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
221
upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are
disposed, forming leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales
of the involucre 5. — Sea-coast, Massachusetts to N. Jersey and south¬
ward. Aug. — A coarse plant, 3? - 8P high.
28. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Rag-weed.
Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same
plant ; the fertile 1 - 3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or
bracts at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Ster¬
ile involucres flattish or top-shaped, composed of 7 - 12 scales unit¬
ed into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form staminate flowers.
Fertile involucre oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usu¬
ally with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row, inclos¬
ing a single flower which is composed of a pistil only ; branches
of the style elongated. Achenia ovoid : pappus none. — Chiefly
annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected
leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers. ( Ap^po-
aia, the food of the gods , an ill-chosen name for these worthless
and coarse weeds.)
1 trifida, L. (Great Rag-weed.) Stem tail and stout,
square , rough-hairy, as well as the large opposite deeply Z-lobed leaves;
racemes panicled ; fruit (fertile involucre) 6-ribbed, the ribs terminat-
i„* i„ as many crested tubercles. - Var. ,ntegr.f6lia has all the
leaves, or the upper ones, undivided, ovate or oval, pointed. Low
moist banks of streams, common, especially westward. — A coarse
unsightly plant, 4° -12“ high. Leaves 4' -V broad, the lobes oval-
lanceolate, serrate.
2 A. artemisise folia, L. (Roman Wormwood.) Stem
slender, much branched (1° - 3= high), hairy or rough.sh-pubes-
cent; leaves opposite and the upper alternate, twice-p.nnatifid,
smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; racemes or spikes loosely
panicled ; fruit obovoid or globular, pointed, armed with about 6 short
acute teeth or spines. -Waste places everywhere. July -Sept. -
An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves, embracing sev-
eral nominal species.
20. XANTHIUM, Toum. Cockle-burr. Clot-burr.
Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same
plant ; the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or ra¬
cemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but
the scales separate. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or
19*
222 COMPOSITjE. (composite family.)
oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough burr,
2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slen¬
der thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat ; destitute of pap¬
pus. — Coarse and low annuals, with branching stout stems, and
alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves. (Name from £dv6os,
yellow, in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield.)
* Leaves heart-shaped , rounded , not spiny at their base ; fruit (involu¬
cre) terminated by 2 stout beaks.
1. X. Struma rill 111, L. (Common Cockle-burr.) Fruiting
involucre oval , rather pubescent , the beaks straight ; leaves 3-5-lobed
and c ut- toothed ; lobes acute. — Var. Canadense has mostly larger
involucres than the introduced plant, more rough and prickly ; the
stem spotted. — Waste places. July -Sept. — The var. is native in
the West. A vile weed.
2. X* ecliinatum, ^Murray. (Sea Cockle-burr.) Fruiting
involucre oval , very thickly beset with rigid slender prickles which are
strongly bristly , as well as the incurved beaks ; stem and stalks rough,
spotted ; leaves obscurely lobed or toothed. — Salt marshes, Massa¬
chusetts to N. Jersey and southward. Aug. - Oct. — Ripe involucres
H' long, thick and turgid.
* * Leaves narrowed into the petiole , furnished with 3 slender yellow
spmcjr at the base , fruit tipped with a single inconspicuous beak.
■ X* spinosum, L. (Thorny Clot-burr.) Leaves ovate-
nceolate , pointed , wedge-shaped at the base, entire, or slightly 3-lob-
ed, hoary underneath; stem much branched. — Waste places, intro-
uced and naturalized along the seaboard. Sept. — Nov.
Subtribe 2. HELIANTHEJ2. — Heads radiate, or rarely
discoid ; the disk-flowers always perfect and fertile. Receptacle
chaffy. Anthers blackish, not tailed at the base. Pappus none
or crown-like, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary or of
uniform chaffy scales. Leaves chiefly opposite. (Genera 30-35
and 38 have the achenia flattened laterally if at all : genera 36 and
37 have them flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre.)
30. HELIopsiS, Pers. Ox-eye.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of
the involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat
spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical :
chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4-angular. Pappus none, or a
mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy,
223
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite,
petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers light yellow. (Name
composed of rfhios, the sun, and fyis, appearance, from its resem¬
blance to the Sunflower.)
1. H. l&viS, Pers. Nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-ovate. — Var. sc^bra has roughish foliage and the involucre
somewhat hoary. — Banks and copses, common. Aug. Stem 1 - 4
high.
31. ECHINACEA, Mcench. Purple Cone-flower.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate
but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spread¬
ing. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a car¬
tilaginous point, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia thick and
short, 4-sided. Pappus a small crown-form toothed border.—
Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked
above and terminated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly
alternate, 3 - 5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk
purplish. (Name formed from ’Exiw)r, the Hedge-hog or Sea-ur¬
chin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the roundish disk.)
1. E. purpurea, Mcench. Leaves rough, often serrate, the
lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lance¬
olate; involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth or in one va¬
riety (E. serotina, DC.) rough bristly, as well as the le^es’7 Prai-
ries and banks, Ohio and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull pur¬
ple, P-2 ' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used
in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson.
32. R1JDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower.
Heads many-flowered, the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like in about 3 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or co¬
lumnar ; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular,
smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute
crown-like border.— Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves,
and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the rays
generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the
Professors RudbecJc, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at
Upsal.)
* Disk oblong-conical, and columnar in fruit , greenish-yelloic . leaves
all more or less divided and cut.
224 COMPOSITE. (composite family.)
1. R. laciniiita, L. (Tall Cone-flower.) Stem smooth,
branching (3? -7° high) ; leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pin¬
nate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly 3-5-
parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undi¬
vided ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ; rays linear, long and
drooping. — Low thickets, common. July - Sept.
* * Disk broadly conical , dark purple or brown.
2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched, the branches slen¬
der and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate , sparingly toothed,
the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate (those from the
root various) ; rays 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple disk
smooth, awned. (§) — Dry soil, Ohio and southward. Aug. — Plant
2P-50 high; the heads small, but numerous and showy.
3. R. speciosa, Wender. Roughish-hairy, branched ; the
branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single
large heads ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate , pointed at both ends ,
petioled , 3-5 -nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; invo¬
lucre much shorter than the numerous elongated rays ; chaff of the
dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil, W. Penn, to Ohio.
Plant l°-2P high ; the rays V- 1£' long.
4. R. fttlgida, Ait. Hairy, branching, the upright branches
naked at the summit and bearing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong
or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire , mostly
obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; chaff’ of
the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Penn, and
southward. — Variable, l0-3? high : the rays orange-yellow.
birta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout,
stems simple or branched near the base, naked above, bearing single
large heads; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, ses¬
sile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more
or less exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at
the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and south¬
ward. Aug. — Stem stout, 1° - 2P high ; the heads large, but coarser
and less showy than the preceding, variable as to the size of the rays.
33. LEPACDYS, Raf. (Obeliscaria, DC-)
Heads many-flowered ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the
involucre few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or colum¬
nar : the chaff truncate, thickened, and bearded at the tip, Parllf
embracing the flattened and margined achenia. Pappus none, or
2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves ; the
grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single
showy heads. Rays yellow or particolored, large and drooping >
225
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
the disk grayish. (Name from X«r is, a scale , and ir aXvsy thick, re¬
ferring to the thickened tips of the chaff. )
1. Jj . pinnata, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed
hairs, tall, branching; leaflets 3 - 7, lanceolate, acute at both ends,
toothed or entire; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and
drooping light-yellow rays. — Dry soil, Chatauque County, New i ork,
Dr. Sartwdl, to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Plant 4° high.
Rays 2' or more long : the disk exhaling an anisate odor when bruis¬
ed. Achenia slightly margined on the inner edge, and obscurely
2-toothed at the top.
34. HE LI AN THU S, L. Sunflower.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays several or many, neutral. In¬
volucre imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent
chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed achenia,
which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous,
of 2 thin chaffy-awned scales on the principal angles of the ache
nium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. Coarse and
stout herbs, often exuding a resin, with solitary or corymbed
heads, and yellow rays. Flowering toward autumn. (Name
from qXtof, the sun, and avOos, a flower .)
* Perennial : disk convex, dark purple : leaves opposite, or the upper
alternate.
1. H. angustifolius, L. (Narrow-leaved Sunflower)
Stem tall and slender ; leaves long and linear , sessi e, entire, W1
olute margins, 1-nerved, pale beneath ; heads (small) oose y con m
ed, long-peduncled ; scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated,
leafy-tipped, narrowly lanceolate , spreading in fruit. Low pine ar
rens, New Jersey and southward.
2. H. rigidus, Desf. (Thick-leaved Sunflower.) Stem
stout , simple or sparingly branched, rough ; leaves veryt ic an ria ,
rough both sides , oblong -lanceolate, pointed at both en s, s ig it y
rate; the lowest oval; scales of the involucre rcgu ary 1 ’
appressed , ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, destitute o ea '
pappus of 2 large and often several small scales. - Prairies, Michigan
and westward. — Stem 1° -3° high : heads large.
* * Perennial : disk convex , yellow : scales of the involucre j
imbricated and appressed, with somewhat spreading an aci e,
foliaceovs tips : leaves chiefly opposite. .
3. H. laetifldrus, Pers^ (Br.oht Sunflower.)
rough , branching above ; leaves oval-lanceolate, very roug aj*
narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper-pointed, t e upp
226
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
temate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed, on naked pe¬
duncles; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. —
Dry open places, Ohio and westsward. — -Stem 3^ — 4° high. Leaves
thick, as in No. 2. Rays showy, V -2r long.
4. II. occidentals, Riddell. (Western Low Sunflower.)
Somewhat hairy ; stem slender, simple , naked above , bearing 1 -5
small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate ,
3-nerved, obscurely serrate, roughish-pubcscent beneath , abrvptly con¬
tracted into long hairy petioles ; the upper small and remote (all oppo¬
site), entire ; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate.
Dry barrens, Ohio and Michigan westward. — Plant l°-3° high,
producing runners from the base.
5. II. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, Torr. & Gr. (Hoary Sun¬
flower.) Gray, with a close roughish pubescence; stem branching
abov/j, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong , sessile by a narrowed base, acute,
obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles slender ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary.— Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli-
vant. Stem 2° -3° high, bearing few heads as large as in the next:
intermediate between it and the last.
6‘ II# n*<*Uis, Lam. (Downy Sunflower.) Stem clothed
wit soft white hairs, simple , leafy; leaves ovate , with a somewhat
eart s aped and clasping base , pointed, nearly entire, hoary above,
very soft xchite-xooolly and reticulated underneath ; scales of the invo¬
lucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio and westward.
* * * Peren™al: heads small : scales of the involucre few, shorter than
the yellow disk, irregularly imbricated , oppressed , the outer with
spreading foliaceous pointed tips : rays 5-8.
' II. microceplialiis, Torr. & Gr. (Small-flow ebid
unflower.) Stem smooth, with numerous slender branches above;
ea\cs opposite, or the uppermost alternate, thin, ovate-lanceolate,
taper-pointed, somewhat serrate, veinv, petioled, rough above, downy
or hairy underneath ; peduncles slender, rough ; scales of the involu¬
cre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. - Thickets, W. Penn, and
westward. -Stem 3P-8P high: heads J' broad, the rays nearly l'
* * * * Perennial : heads middle-sized or large : scales of the into lu¬
cre irregularly imbricated , loose, with spreading foliaceous summits,
™ long as the yellow disk or longer.
o w Leaces chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined.
• L. (Tall Sunflower.) Stem hairy or
rovg , ranched above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very roug
above, rough-hairy Hneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base, bat
nearly sesstle ; scales of the involucre long, linear-lanceolate, pointed
ha.ry, or strongly ciliate. _ Var. a mb! gcu s has most of the leaves
opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No. W-
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
227
_ Thickets and swamps, common. — Stem 2P- KP high. Heads nu¬
merous: the pale yellow rays 15-20.
9. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. (Stalk-leaved Tall
Sunflower.) Stem smooth and glaucous , at least below; leaves elon¬
gated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, rough above,
rounded or acute at the base, petioled, rough above, hoary and downy
beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. —
Dry plains, Ohio and southwestward. — Some forms nearly approach
the last.
h- -t- Leaves chiefly opposite , 3-nerved or triple-nerved.
1 10. H. di vatic at US, L. (Cross-leaved Sunflower.) Stem
simple or forked and corymbed at the top, smooth; leaves all opposite
and divaricate , ovate-lanceolate , Z-nerved from the rounded or truncate
sessile base , tapering gradually to a sharp point, serrate, thickish ,
rough; scales of the -involucre lanceolate from a broad base, pointed,
equalling the disk; rays 8 - 12. — Thickets and barrens, common.—
Stem 1° -4° high : leaves 3'-6' long : heads small.
11. H. llirsiltus, Raf. (Rough-hairy Sunflower.) Stem
simple or forked above, bristly-hairy ; leaves more or less petioled ,
ovate-lanceolate , gradually pointed, slightly serrate , rounded or obtuse
at the base, very rough above and rough-hairy underneath ; scales of
the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about
12. _ Dry plains, &c., Ohio and westward. — Plant stout, 1° or more
high, allied to the last. *
12. II. traclieliifolius, Willd. (Throatwort Sunflow¬
er.) Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate,
or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed , sharply serrate , smoothish or rough-
ish-pubescent both sides , contracted into short petioles ; scales of the in¬
volucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, ex¬
ceeding the disk ; rays 12- 15. — Copses, Penn.? and Ohio.
13. II. decapc talus, L. (Cut-toothed Sunflower.) Stem
tall and branching, smooth below ; leaves thin and green both sides ,
smooth or roughish , ovate , coarsely serrate , pointed, abruptly contract¬
ed into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear,
elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk; rays
about 10. — Var. frond6scs has the outer involucral scales foliaceous
or changing to leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams, common.
14. H. struinosus, L. (Pale-leaved Sunflower.) Stem
rather simple and tall, smooth below ; leaves ovate-lanceolate , tapering
gradually to a point , serrate with small oppressed tee* A, abruptly con¬
tracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and na e
or minutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly ance-
olate with spreading tips, equalling the disk ; rays mostly 10. ar.
mollis has the leaves softly downy underneath. — River-banks and
low copses, common.
228
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
15. II. doronicoldes, Lam. (Large-leaved Sunflower.)
Stem tall and stout, branching, rough-hairy above ; leaves ovate or ob¬
long-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, strongly triple-nerved , rough above,
downy underneath , the lower often heart-shaped and on margined pe¬
tioles; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, scarcely ex¬
ceeding the disk; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Ohio and southwest-
ward. A coarse species, 5° -8° high, with ample thickish leaves
(the lower often 1° long), and showy heads.
leaves chiefly alternate , triple-nerved : introduced.
16. H. tuberosus, L. (Jerusalem Artichoke.) Tuber-
bearing; stem stout and tall, branched, rough ; leaves petioled, rough,
ovate, pointed, serrate, the lower heart-shaped ; scales of the involu¬
cre linear-lanceolate; rays 12 -20. — Naturalized in fence-rows and
around gardens.
H. annuus, L., the Common Sunflower, which grows spontane¬
ously around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus,
with large flat heads and a brownish disk.
as. ACTINonERis, Nutt. Actinomeris.
Heads many-flowered, the rays few or several, neutral rarely
none. Involucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Recep¬
tacle convex or conical, chaffy, the chaff embracing the outer mar¬
gin of the flat (laterally compressed) and winged achenia. Pap¬
pus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branching perennial
herbs, w ith serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and
mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly
yellow. (Name from itr.V, a ray, and psplt, a part; alluding to
the fewness or irregularity of the rays.)
1. A. Sqiiarrosa, Nutt. (Tall Actinomeris.) Stem some-
• Ulr^ an<* v’‘nged above ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite,
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends ; heads in an open
corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer linear-
spatulate, reflexed; rays 4-10 , irregular; achenia broadly winged ;
receptacle globular. — Rich soil, W. New York (Sarttcell) to Michi¬
gan and southward. Sept. - Plant 4“ - 0= high.
a. A. helianthoidcs, Nutt. (Hoart Actinomeris.) Stem
Dairy widely Kinged by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves,
whtch are rough above and whitened with close hairs beneath; heads
tew ; scales of the involucre not spreading ; rays 8- 15, regular, nar¬
row ; schema oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile bristly
awns, » otter than the chaff; receptacle conical. — Prairies an
copses, Ohio and southward. July — Stem l=>-3° high, often sim-
pie, leafy.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229
3 6. COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely want¬
ing. Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather
foliaceous and somewhat spreading ; the inner broader and ap-
pressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membrana¬
ceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flat (compressed
parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not beaked
or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at
the summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. — Herbs, gen¬
erally with opposite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely
purple, rays. (Name from Kopis, a bug , and Syfns, resemblance;
from the form of the fruit. )
§ 1. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow : branches of the style Upped
with a pointed or acute appendage .
* Achenia wingless, wedge-oblong, flat, 2-awned or 2-toothed : scales of
the outer involucre leafy, reflexed : leaves opposite, petioled, generally
pinnately or ternately compound, the leaflets serrate : biennials ?
(Plants with the aspect of Bidens, but the awns barbed upwardly.)
Rays wanting.
1. C. diSCOldea, Torr.&Gr. (Rayless Tickseed.) Smooth,
diffusely branched ; leaves ternately divided; leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, coarsely serrate ; heads paniculate-corymbed ; outer involu¬
cre of 3-5 foliaceous bracts usually much longer than the heads;
achenia hairy ; the avms or teeth as long as the corolla , barbed up¬
wardly.— Wet places, Ohio and southward. July- Sept. — Plant
1° - 2° high.
2. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Dwarf, diffusely branched, smooth-
ish; leaves lanceolate-linear, cut-toothed, tapering into a petiole ; awns
slender, upwardly barbed, much longer than the corolla or the bristly
young achenium. - Near Philadelphia, Jfutlall. — A very obscure
and doubtful plant.
' h- -s- Rays conspicuous.
3. C. tricll©sper.na, Mkhx. (Tickseed Sunflower.).
Smooth, branched ; leaves short-petioled, 5 - 7-di vided ; leaflets lan¬
ceolate or linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and
almost sessile ; heads panicled-corymbose ;. achenia narrowly wedge-
Oblono, bristly ciliate above, croumed with 2 triangular or awl-shaped
stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to N. Jersey near the coast, and
southward. Sept. — Rays large, golden-yellow, showy.
4. C. aristdsa, Michx. (Western Tickseed.) Somewhat
pubescent; leaves 1 — 2-pinnately 5— 7-divided, petioled , lea ets an
ceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads panicled-corymbose , outer
20
230
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; ackenia oblong-obovate , obscurely
wing-margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2 (or 4) long and slender diverging
awns (in one variety awnless). — Swamps, Michigan and Ohio south-
westward. Aug.
* * Achenia elliptical , narrowly winged , the narrowly notched summit
of the wing minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the Older involucre
foliaceous , much smaller than the inner ; all united at the base : rays
obtuse , entire : leaves opposite , petioled , 3 -5 -divided: perennial.
5. €)• tripteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem sim¬
ple (4°-9p high), corymbed at the top ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, en¬
tire. (Chrysostemma, L.) — Rich soil, Michigan and Ohio, southward.
Heads exhaling the odor of anise when bruised : disk-corol¬
las turning brownish.
* * * Achenia oblong , narrowly winged , minutely or obscurely 2- tooth-
ed at the summit : scales of the outer involucre narrow , about the
length of the inner , all united at the base : rays mostly entire: leaves
oposite , sessile , 3- divided : perennial.
verticillata, L. (Whorled Slender-leaved Core¬
opsis.) Smooth, low and slender ; leaves closely sessile and 3- divid¬
'd' so 03 t0 appear like whorls of six ; the divisions 1 -2 -pinnately part-
e , very narrowly linear ; achenia wedge-obovate. — Damp soil,
ic igan along the Great Lakes, and southward, rare : often culti¬
vated. August.
• • C. palmata, Nutt. (Three-cleft Coreopsis.) Nearly
smooth, simple (1° -2° high); leaves sessile, with a broadly wedge-
shaped outline deeply 3-cleft, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear , entire, or
t e middle one 3-lobed; achenia narrowly oblong. — Prairies, Michi¬
gan and Wisconsin. July.
* * * * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished
with a callous tubercle on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned
with 2 small chaff-like denticulate teeth : exterior involucre about the
length of the inner: rays coarsely 3 - ^-toothed : leaves opposite or
the uppermost alternate : heads on long naked peduncles.
* . * *anceOl&ta, L. (Lance-leaved Coreopsis.) Smooth
or hairy ; stems short, tufted or branched at the base ; leaves entire,
lanceolate, sessile ; the lower oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, taper¬
ing into hairy petioles; scales of the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate.
Lakes Huron and Superior: common in the Southern States: fre¬
quent in cultivation. June - Aug.
^ Branches of the style truncate : rays rose-color : disk yellow-
• rosea, Nutt. (Rose-flowered Coreopsis.) Stem
ranc ling, ow, leafy, smooth ; leaves opposite, linear, entire; bea s
somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles; outer involucre very short;
rays 3-toothed; achenia oblong, wingless; pappus an obscure crown-
ike border. ^ — Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massacbu-
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
231
setts, to New Jersey, rare. Aug. — Plant 8*- 18' high, with small
heads.
C. tinct6ria, Nutt., a native of the Southwestern States, with yel¬
low rays brown-purple towards the base, is everywhere common in
gardens.
C. auriculata, L., is to be sought in Western Pennsylvania.
37. BIDENS, L. Burr Marigold.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays 3 — 8, neutral, frequently incon¬
spicuous or entirely wanting. Involucre double, the outer com¬
monly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish, the chaff decid¬
uous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of
the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more
rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed. — An¬
nual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly
yellow flowers. (Name the Latin bidens, from the two teeth or
awns of the fruit.)
* Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. ( All annuals ?)
1. B. fronddsa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Smooth or
rather hairy, tall (2° -6° high) and branching; leaves 3-5 -divided;
the leaflets lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly stalked; outer
leafy involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below ; rays none ;
achenia wedge-obovate, 2-awncd, the margins ciliate with upward bris¬
tles, except near the summit. — Moist waste places, a common coarse
weed, very troublesome ; the achenia, as in the other species, adher¬
ing by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of
animals. July — Sept.
2. B. connata, Muhl. (Swamp Beggar-ticks.) Smooth
(1° -2° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply
serrate, tapering into margined petioles which are slightly united at
the base ; the lower often 3 -divided; the lateral divisions united at the
base and decurrent on the petiole; scales of the outer involucre longer
than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate ; rays none;
narrowly wedge-form , 3- (2 - 4-) awned , and with downwar y ar e
margins. (B. tripartita, Bigel.) — Wet grounds, common, especially
from New York westward.
3. B. cernua, L. (Nodding Burk-Marigold.) Nearly
smooth, low; leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarce¬
ly connate ; heads nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays , oul®
involucre longer than the head ; achenia wedge-obovate, 4-awned,
the margins downwardly barbed. — Swamps and ditches, Massachu¬
setts to Michigan northward. — Rays, when present, sm er t an 1
the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer in' o ucre
more leaf-like.
232
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
4. B. clll’ysailtlieillOldes, Michx. (Large-flowered
Burr-Marigold.) Smooth, erect or reclining at the base (6/-30/
high) ; leaves lanceolate , tapering at both ends, more or less connate,
regularly serrate; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously radiate ; outer
involucre mostly shorter than the golden-yellow rays; achenia wedge-
shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3,
or 4. Swamps, common, especially southward. — Rays showy, about
1/ long.
* * Achenia linear A -sided, slender , tapering at the summit.
°* B. Beckii, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic, smooth ;
stems long and slender, nearly simple, bearing crowded immersed
leaves many times dissected into fine capillary divisions ; the few
emerging leaves at the summit lanceolate, slightly connate, cut-tooth¬
ed , heads single, short-peduncled ; outer involucre of oval or oblong
scales shorter than the interior and several times shorter than the
showy ( golden-yellow ) rays; achenia linear, thickish, smooth; the
4-6 short awns barbed only towards the apex. R. — Ponds and slow
deep streams, W. New York to Massachusetts.
^ L. (Spanish Needles.) Smooth, branch¬
ed (1-4 high); leaves 1-3 -pinnately parted , petioled ; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate , mostly wedge-shaped at the base ; heads on slender
pe unc es ; outer involucre of linear scales as long as the inner, and
nearly as l (mg as the short pale yellow rays ; achenia long and slender,
4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3-4-awned. <j) — Dry soil,
Connecticut to Pennsylvania and westward. — Heads small.
38. VERBESINA, L. Crownbeard.
Heads several -many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few (rarely
none). Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more
rows. Receptacle rather convex, the chaff concave. Achenia
at (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned. — Per"
tnnial herbs; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent on the stem.
(“ Name altered from Verbena.”)
1. V. Siegresbcckia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged; hates
opposite, ovate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, smooth or
pu escent underneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs;
owers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate; achenia wingless. — Rich soil,
VV. Penn. and southward.
, ^ ^ L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged,
dmeny pubescent above, like the tower surface of the ovate-lanceolate
feather-veined alteTnat* <««>«; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers
p ie’ .ra-VS ' ”4»oyal; achenia narrowly winged. — Dry soil, W*
Pennsylvania ? and southward.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY. ) 233
Subtribe 3. HELENliLE. — Pappus composed of several dis-
tinct chaffy scales.
39. HELiiGNIina,. L. False Sunflower.
Heads many-flowered ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays sev¬
eral, 3 -5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed,
the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong,
naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 thin and
1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve extended into a bristle or point.
_ Erect branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the
angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or cor-
ymbed (yellow) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic
resinous globules. (Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.)
1. H. autumnale, L. (Sneeze-weed.) Nearly smooth;
leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular disk. It
Alluvial river-banks, common from New k ork westwar an s
ward. Sept.— Plant 1°-3P high, bitter: the corymbed heads showy.
Subtribe 4. ANTHEMlDE^E. — Pappus none, or a very
short crown. Heads radiate or discoid, not dioecious, the central
sometimes infertile. Anthers without tails at the base. Leaves
alternate. (Gen. 40-43 are radiate : 44 and 45, discoid.)
40. MARtTA, Cass. May-weed.
Heads many-flowered, the rays neutral. Involucre somewhat
imbricated, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, more or
less chaffy. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus none.
Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thnce-pinnately di¬
vided leaves and single heads terminating the branches. Rays
white, turned down, the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.)
1 m Cotula, DC. (Common May-weed.) Scales of the
involucre with whitish margins; receptacle chaffy only among the
upper flowers. — Road-sides, a very common naturalized wee .
41. AN THEM IS, L. Chamomile.
Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays fertile. Achenia
terete, striate or smooth. Pappus none or a minute crown.
Herbs with aromatic or strong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divi e ea e J
the branches terminated by single heads. Rays white, t e is
20*
234
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
yellow. ( A v0€/u9, the ancient name, given in allusion to the pro¬
fusion of the flowers.)
1. A. arvensis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Pubescent; leaf¬
lets or divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute ; branchlets
leafless at the summit ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; chaff lanceo¬
late, pointed, membranaceous; achenia crowned with a very short
somewhat toothed margin. @ — Fields, N. England and New York,
introduced, sparingly naturalized. — Resembles the May-weed, but
has larger heads, and is not fetid.
A. n6bilis, L., the officinal Chamomile, is said to be somewhat
naturalized in Delaware.
42. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbri¬
cated. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened,
margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small corym¬
bose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been
discovered by Achilles.)
** A# Millefolium, L. (Common Yarrow or Milfoil.)
ems most y simple; leaves twice-pinnately parted ; the divisions lin¬
ear, s - o-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre
s^orti white (or rose-color); receptacle small. —
ic t s> an n Is, common. Aug. — Smooth or often woolly.
2 A. Pturniica, L. (Sneezewort.) Leaves simple , lance-
ate r/iear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose;
l ^ , J muc^ longer than the bell-shaped involucre ; receptacle
roac , owers white. — Naturalized in some places, as in Danvers,
Massachusetts. Aug. r
43. LEUCASTIIEMrM, Tourn. Ox -eye Daisy.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of
road and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins.
Receptacle flattish. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Ache¬
nia ot the disk and ray similar, striate, destitute of pappus. — Rer”
ennial herbs, with toothed or pinnatiftd leaves, and large single
s terminating the stem or branches. Rays white ; disk yel-
_ W* (i ame composed of Xcu/cor, white , and avOeuov, a flowery
from the white rays.)
Y^1lS*«'re> Lam. (Ox-eye or White Daisy. White-
I t .• i i m. erect’ nearly simple, naked above ; root-leaves spatu-
ate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ;
235
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
scales of the involucre with rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum
Leucanthemum, L.) — Naturalized in fields and meadows too exten¬
sively. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads.
44. TANACETtM, L. Tansy.
Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal
flowers chiefly pistillate and 3 - 5-toothed, forming a kind of ray.
Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex, naked.
Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a short
crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs, with 1 -2-pinnate-
ly dissected leaves and rather large corymbed heads. Flowers
yellow. (Name said to be a corruption of atfavacri'a, undying ,
from its durable flowers.)
1 T. vulgare, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem erect, smooth ;
leaves twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined petiole
cut-toothed; corymb dense; rays terete; pappus 5-lobed. Var.
crispum has the leaves more cut and crisped. U u tivate an
naturalized. Aug.
2. T. Hnronense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young,
stout (l°-3° high); leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected, the lobes oblong;
heads large and usually few, on stout peduncles ; rays flattened, 3-5-
cleft ; pappus toothed. U - Shore of L. Huron, and northward. -
Disk very convex in fruit, the rays slightly exserted.
45. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood.
Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular,
the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect.
Scales of the involucre imbricated, with dry and scarious margins.
Receptacle small and flattish, naked. Achenia obovoid, with a
small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter
and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes.
Corolla yellow or purplish. (Dedicated to the goddess Artemis.)
SI. DRACtSNCULDS, Besser. — Receptacle smooth : marginal flowers
pistillate and fertile, those of the disk sterile.
1. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Canada Wormwood.) Smooth
or hoary with silky down ; lower leaves twice-p.nnately d>^d the
upper 3-7-divided; the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather
llrge in panicled lacemes. U - Shore of the Great Lakes from L.
Ontario to L. Superior. — Plant 1° - 29 high.
2. A. caudata, Michx. (Slender-leaved Wormwood.)
Smooth; upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 3-pinnate y tvi ’
236
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
the divisiotis thread-form, spreading ; heads small , the racemes in a
wand-like elongated panicle. — Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to
New Jersey; and again in the Western Slates. (2) — Plant 2°-2>
high.
§ 2. Abrotanum, Tourn. — Receptacle smooth : flowers all fertile , the
marginal ones pistillate.
d. A. Lilldoviciana, Nutt. (Western Mcgwort.) Whiten -
ed-woolly throughout, branched ; leaves lanceolate, the lower mostly
cut-toothed or sparingly pinnatifid, the upper entire , the upper surface
often becoming naked and smooth with age; heads ovoid, mostly
sessile, disposed in narroio leafy panicles. ]|. — Dry banks, Lakes
Huron and Michigan and westward, especially the var. gnaphalOdes,
w ic i las the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly both sides.
L A. vulgaris, L. (Common Mugwort.) Branches and
ower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly ; stem-leaves pinnatifid , with
t le o es variously cut or entire , linear-lanceolate ; heads ovoid, in open
*afy panicles, Waste places, introduced from Europe into the
Eastern States.
5. A. biennis, Willd. (Biennial Wormwood.) Smooth, sim-
p e , ower eaves 2 -pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear,
. .e£ ,n 1 e ower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes
H* IC ,are. Cr^ded *n a narrow and clustered leafy panicle. @ — *
River-banks, Ohio and westward, indigenous.
§ bsinthium, Tourn. — Receptacle hairy : flowers all fertile, the
, marginal ones pistillate.
shniKL * ii L. (Common Wormwood.) Rather
olat J|LS1 0ar^» leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted ; the lobes lance-
„:j ’ ° USe,.°^en CUt’ ^eads panicled racemes, nodding. — Road-
«>des, sparingly naturalized, escaped from gardens.
Pyr£thbTAN ^OUTHERN'wo°i>), is found in gardens.
«££ ZVZ VM’ L- (Fivek"w)> *5* *<>■»
SuMrib0 5. GNAPHALtNEiE. — Pappus of capi.lary or
,h f n8|t 6!' Anthers Wlth at the base. Heads all discoid,
the fertile flowers with thread-shaped corollas. - Floccose-woolly
herbs ; the leaves alternate.
46
Heads
^^APHALIUm, L. Cudweed.
it a many‘floW€red i the flowers all tubular ; the outer pistil-
a e an \ ery slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre
> n scanous, white or colored, imbricated in several row6.
cep ac e t at, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
237
bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves and
clustered or corymbed heads. (Name from yvdcpc&ov, a lock of
wool , in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.)
* Achenia nearly terete : pistillate flowers in several series.
1/ O. decurrens, Ives. (Wing-margined Everlasting.)
Stem stout, erect, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-
woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed
clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping , decurrent ; scales of
the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. 1J. — Ilill-sides, Maine
and Vermont to New Jersey. Aug., Sept. — Plant 2° high.
2. G. polyceplialum, Michx. (Common Everlasting.)
Stem erect, woolly; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base , with undu¬
late margins, not decurrent , smoothish above ; heads clustered at the
summit of the panicled-corymbose branches , ovate-conical before expan¬
sion, then obovate; scales of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong,
rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. ® - OId fields al,d woods’ COm'
mon southward. — Plant fragrant, l°-2° high.
3. G. uligiliosum, L. (Low Cudweed.) Loic, diffusely
branched , woolly all over ; leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent;
heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ;
scales of the involucre oblong. ©—Low grounds and ditches by the
road-side, everywhere. — Plant 3' -6' high.
4. G. purpdreum, L. (Purplish Cudweed.) Stem sim¬
ple, or branched from the base, ascending, woolly ; ieaves oblong-
spatulate, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above very white w th
close wool underneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the up¬
per leaves , and spiked at the wand-like summit of the stem , scales
the involucre lance-oblong, tawny-white, the inner often marked with
purple. - Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Pennsylvania and
southward.
, , Jlchenia flattish : pistillate flowers in a single marginal row.
5. «. sup'raum, Villars. (Mountain Dwarf Cudweed.)
Dwarf and tufled; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or eW an
spiked on the slender simple flowering stems • scales of the involucre
brown, lanceolate, acute. -Alpine rcg.on of Mt. Washington, N.
Hampshire, Nuttall , Oakes.
4:7. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. Everlasting.
Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so; the pistillate
flowers very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scanous,
white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not
chaffy. Pappus a single row of bristles, which in the fertile
ers are capillary, and in the sterile thickened and club shape
238
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with
entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yel¬
lowish. (So named from the resemblance of the sterile pappus
to the antenna of many insects.)
1* A. margaritacea, R. Brown. (Pearly Everlasting.)
Stem erect (l°-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads,
leaves linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile; fertile heads
often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of
the pearly white involucre obtuse or rounded. — Dry hills and woods,
common. Aug. (Gnaphalium, L., ^-c.)
2. A. plantagillifdlia, Hook. (Plantain-leaved Ever¬
lasting.) Low , spreading by offsets and runners; leaves silky-woolly
when young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the
simple and scape-like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the
radical obovate or oval-spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved; heads in
a small crowded corymb; scales of the (mostly white) involucre ob¬
tuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant. —
Var. monocephala has a single larger head. (Philadelphia, Mr. Lea.)
Sterile knolls and wooded banks, common. April, May.
48, FILAGO, Tourn. Cotton-Rose.
Heads many-flowered ; the central flowers perfect, but often in¬
fertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales
of the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top¬
shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward
the base , the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each
covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the central flow¬
ers capillary, of the outer ones chiefly none. — Annual and low
branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves and small heads in cap¬
itate clusters. (Name from filum, a thread, in allusion to the cot¬
tony hairs that cover these plants.)
1. (*crinaiiica, L. (Herba Impia.) Stem erect, short,
c ot led with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capi¬
tate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches,
each terminated by a similar head, and continued in the same man-
ner : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as
i e offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the pa¬
rent. Dry fields, introduced from Europe. July -Oct.
Subtribe 6. SENEClONEiE. — Pappus soft and capillary.
Anthers without tails at the base. Receptacle naked. Heads ra¬
diate or discoid. Leaves alternate (except in No. 52).
239
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
49. ERECHTHITES, Raf. Fireweed.
Heads many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and fertile ;
the marginal pistillate with a slender corolla. Scales of the cy¬
lindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small
bractlets at the base. Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pap¬
pus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs. Erect and coarse
annuals, with alternate simple leaves and paniculate-corymbed
heads. Flowers whitish. (The ancient name of some species of
Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.')
1. E. llieracifdlia, Raf. (Fireweed.) Often hairy; stem
grooved ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile , the
upper often with an auricled clasping base. (Senecio hieracifblius,
L.)— Moist woods, and especially in recent clearings, where the
ground has been burned over. July— Sept. Plant 1 -5 higi, wi
somewhat the aspect of a Sow-thistle.
50. CACALIA, L. Indian Plantain.
Heads 5 -many-flowered, discoid; the flowers all tubular and
perfect. Scales of the involucre in a single row, with a few
bractlets at the base. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong,
smooth. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. Smooth and
tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rath
er large heads in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An
ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)
* Involucre 25- 30-flowcred : receptacle flat.
1. C. suaveolcns, L. (Sweet-scented Cacalia.) Stem
grooved ; leaves triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, serrate,
those of the stem on winged petioles; bractlets of the involucre sev¬
eral, slender, spreading. — Rich woods, from W. New York and Con-
necticut southward and westward. Sept.
* * Involucre Cleaved and 5- flowered : receptacle bearing a more or
less evident scale-like pointed appendage m the centre.
2. C. reuif6rous, Mnhl. (Great India* Pla;ta‘n ) S‘*"'
(4° -9° high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, delated fan¬
shaped, or tile lowest kidney-form, repand-toothed and angled palmate-
ly veined, petioled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large —Rich damp
woods, Penn, to Indiana and southward. Aug. — Root-leaves often
2P broad.
3. C. atlipliciiolia, L. (Pale Ikd.as Plantain.) Stem
terete, and with the pal mat ely veined and angulate-lobe eaves g au
cons; lower leaves triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-s ape ,
240
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich copses, from W.
New York and New Jersey southward and westward. Aug.
4. C. tuberosa, Nutt. (Tuberous Indian Plantain.) Stem
angled and grooved, from a tuberous root; leaves green both sides ,
thickish, strongly 5-7 -nerved; the lower lanceolate-ovate or oval ,
rather blunt, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles; the upper on
short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex. — Wet prai¬
ries, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin. June.
51, SENE CIO, L. Groundsel.
Heads many-flowered, discoid, with the flowers all perfect and
tubular, or mostly radiate, the rays pistillate. Scales of the invo¬
lucre in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Recep¬
tacle flat. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary
bristles. Herbs, or in the tropics shrubs (probably the largest
phaenogamous genus in the world), with alternate leaves and soli¬
tary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from
senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many
species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)
* Rays none : annual.
1* Vulgaris, L. (Common European Groundsel.) Near¬
ly smooth, or at first woolly ; leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping,
the lowest petioled ; heads loosely corymbed, nodding. — Waste
grounds, E. New England and New York : introduced. — A homely
weed, 6' - 12' high.
^ * K(llJs present : perennial : heads corymbed.
S* .in rolls, L. (Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.) Smooth ,
or floccost-wooUy when young ; root-leaves simple and rounded , the
larger mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the facer
stem-leaves lyre-shaped , upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile
or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8 - 12. — Varies greatly,
the leading forms being, — Var. 1. obovAtus, with the root-leaves
round-obovate (growing in drier places). — Var. 2. Balsamitje, with
the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes cut-toothed,
tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. lanceolAtus,
Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and une-
qua y toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base, the upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar
swamps, Vermont, Robbijis.) — Common everywhere; the primary
form in swamps. May, June. — Plant 10' -30' high.
3 »• tomentosus, Michx. (Woolly Ragwort.) Clothed
WUh scarcely deciduous hoary wool ; root-leaves oblong , obtuse, crenate-
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
241
toothed, on slender petioles ; the upper sessile ; corymb flat-topped ;
rays 12 - 15. — Mountains of Pennsylvania (Pursh), anil southward.
May. — Plant X°-SP high, nearly leafless above.
52- ARNICA, L. Arnica.
Heads many-flowered, radiate, the rays pistillate. Seales of the
bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Re¬
ceptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus a
single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate
bristles.— Perennial herbs, chiefly of the mountains and cold
northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed
large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought
to be a corruption of P tar mica.)
1. A. mollis Hook. Soft-hairy ; stem leafy, bearing 1 to 5
heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper
ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a
margined petiole; scales of the involucre pointed ; pappus almost
plumose. - Alpine rivulets, &c„ White Mountains of N. Hampshire
and mountains of N. New York. July.
Tribe V. CYNAREiE. The Artichoke or Thistle Tribe.
Style in the perfect flowers often thickened near the summit ;
the branches distinct or concreted, minutely pubescent externally ;
the stigmatic lines reaching their apex and there confluent.
(Heads discoid, mostly large.)
53. CENTAUREA, L. Star-Thistle.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal
mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile. Receptacle bristly. In¬
volucre imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged Achenia
compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few bristles. — Her wit
alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur,
Chiron.) , _ . .
1 C cianus, L. (Blue-Bottle.) Scales of the globular
involucre fringe-margined; rays longer than the disk; pappus i veyy
short; stem erect, branching ; leaves ^near enure, or toothed at the
base. ® -Road-sides, escaped from gardens. July. - Flowers
blue, varying to purplish or white. t
2. C. nigra, L. (Knapweed.) Scales of the globular mvo-
lucre appendaged, and with a stiff black fringe j rays wantin3 ; p
21
242 composite, (composite family.)
pus very short ; stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, or the lower ly-
rate-angled, rough. 1|. — Naturalized in E. New England. Aug. —
Flowers purple.
C. Americana, Nutt., a very showy species of the Southwestern
States, is commonly cultivated in gardens.
54* CNICUS, Vaill. Blessed Thistle.
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, short¬
er than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the
ovoid involucre coriaceous, appressed, produced into a long and
rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Receptacle clothed with capil¬
lary bristles. Achenia short, strongly striate, crowned with 10
short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated rigid
bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner
ro\i . An annual somewhat woolly herb, with clasping scarcely
pinnatifid-cut leaves and large bracted heads. Flowers yellow.
(Name from #evt£a>, to prick .)
1 C. benedictus, L. — Road-sides, scarcely naturalized.
55. CIRSIFM, Tourn. Plumed Thistle.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and sim¬
ilar, or rarely imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spher¬
ical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or
prickle. Receptacle clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenia
oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous bristles united
into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle. — Herbs, with ses¬
sile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and the margins and teeth
prickly. Heads large terminating the stem or branches. Flow¬
ers purple or cream-color. (Name from KipaoS, a swelled vein , for
which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.)
* Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.
C. lanceolatum, Scop. (Common Thistle.) Leaves
ecurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough
and bristly above, woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prick-
y , owers purple. — Pastures and road-sides, everywhere, in*
troduced. July-Sept.
Inner, or nearly all the scales of the involucre unarmed , appressed :
filaments hairy.
- Leaves white-woolly beneath and sometimes also above : outer scales
of the involucre successively shorter , tipped with short prickles.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243
2. C. Pitclieri, Torr. & Gr. (Pitcher’s Thistle.) White-
woolly throughout , low ; stem stout, very leafy ; leaves all pinnaiely
parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divisions , with revolute
margins ; flowers cream-color. 1J. — Sandy shores of L. Huron and
Michigan.
3. C. undulatum, Spreng. (Woolly Thistle ) mite-
woolly throughout , low and stout, leafy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong , part¬
ly clasping, undulate-pinnatifid , with prickly lobes ; flowers reddish-
purple. Islands of L. Huron and Michigan, thence westward.
July.
4. C. discolor, Spreng. (Two-colored Thistle.) Stem
grooved, hairy, branched, leafy ; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly
hairy and green above, whitened with close wool beneath , the diverging
lobes 2 -deleft, linear -lanceolate, prickly-pointed; flowers pale purple.
(D — Meadows and copses, not uncommon. Aug. — Plant 3° -6°
high : heads V or more in width. /
5. €. siltissimiim, Spreng. (Tall Thistle.) Stem downy,
branching, leafy to the heads; leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened
with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate , sinuate-toothed , undulate-
pinnatifid , or undivided , the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base
pinnatifid; lobes short , oblong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purple.
^ ? — Fields and copses, Penn, to Ohio, &c. Aug. — Plant 3° - 10°
high : leaves variable : the heads much as in the last.
6. C. Virginianum, Michx. (Small Thistle.) Stem
woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched, the branches or long
peduncles naked; leaves lanceolate , green above, whitened with close
wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-
lobed , sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer scales of
the involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains,
Ohio and southward. July.- Plant 1°-3P high ; the heads seldom
more than half as large as in the last.
~~ Leaves green both sides, or with loose webby hairs underneath:
scales of the involucre scarcely prickly-pointed.
7. C. rn.lticu.il, Michx. (Swamp Th.stle.) Stem tall, an¬
gled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sp>m«^y km*
and bearing single or few naked heads; leaves somewhat ha ry above,
whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply P •"»■*£
the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, pr.ckly-po.nted;
webby and glutinous involucre closely oppressed potntless or barely
mucronate ; flowers purple. U - Swamps and low copses, common.
Aug. — Plant 3P-8P high : heads rather large.
8. C. pumilnm, Spreng. (Pasture Thistle.)
stout, hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads whic are some
bracted at the base ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly claspi g, g 7
244 COMPOSITE. (composite family.)
somewhat hairy , pinnatifid, icith short and cut very prickly-margined
lobes ; outer scales of the involucre prickly-pointed , the inner very
slender; flowers purple or rarely white. © — Low or dry fields,
Maine to Penn., near the coast. July. — Stem l°-3?high: heads
14' broad ; the fragrant flowers 2' long.
9. C. horrid ilium, Michx. (Great Yellow Thistle.)
Stem stout , webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green,
soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatifid , the short toothed and cut lobes very
spiny with yellowish prickles ; heads large, surrounded at the base by
an involucrate whorl of leaf-like and very prickly bracts , which equal
or exceed the narrow and unarmed scales of the involucre ; flowers
pale yellow, often turning purple in fading. — Sandy fields, &c., Mas¬
sachusetts to Penn, and southward, near the coast. June -Aug. —
Plant 1° -4° high : the heads nearly as large as in the last.
* * * Outer scales of the oppressed involucre barely prickly-pointed :
filaments nearly smooth : heads imperfectly dioecious.
10. C. arvense, Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Low, branched ;
roots extensively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or
slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; heads
small and numerous ; flowers rose-purple 1|. — Cultivated fields and
pastures, naturalized : a most troublesome weed, which it is extreme¬
ly difficult to eradicate. July, Aug.
56. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle.
Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involu¬
cre coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Re¬
ceptacle deeply alveolate. Achenia 4-angled, wrinkled trans¬
versely. Bristles of the pappus numerous, slender, not plumose,
united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse branching herbs,
with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and
toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large : flowers purple.
1. O. ac&nthium, L. Stem and leaves woolly; scales of
the involucre linear-awl -shaped. ©-Road-sides, naturalized m
New England. July. - A tall cottony plant.
5 7. LAPPA, Toum. Burdock.
Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. I°"
volucre globose ; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at
the base, produced into an abrupt and spreading awl-shaped ap¬
pendage, with a rigid hooked point. Receptacle bristly. Achema
oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numer¬
ous rough bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse bi-
245
COMPOSIT-E. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
ennial weeds, with large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves,
with undulate margins, and the lower surface somewhat woolly.
Heads small, solitary or clustered : flowers purple, rarely white.
(Name from XajSeu/, to lay hold , the involucre forming a hooked
burr which holds tenaciously to the dress or fleece of animals.)
1. L. major, Giertn. (Common Burdock.) Upper leaves
ovate, the lower very large, heart-shaped; involucre smoothish.
(Arctium Lappa, L.) — Waste places and around dwellings, introduc¬
ed. July.
L. Bardana, a species or variety with pinnatifid leaves, has been
observed near Boston by Mr. Tuckerman, and in Pennsylvania by
Dr. Darlington.
Suborder II. LIGULIFLOR.AE.
Tribe VI. CICHORACEiE. The Succory Tribe.
Flowers all perfect and ligulate. Branches of the style slender,
obtuse, uniformly hairy, the stigmatic lines terminating near the
middle. — Plants with a milky juice ! Leaves alternate. (See
Synopsis , p. 189.)
58. LAMPSANA, Tourn. Nipple-wort.
Heads 8 - 12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8,
erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus
none. — Slender branching herbs, with angled or toothed leaves,
and loosely panicled small heads : flowers yellow. (Name from
\airafr, to purge.)
I. I,. communis, L. Annual, nearly smooth ; lower leaves
ovate, sometimes lyre-shaped. -Road-sides, sparingly introduced near
Boston, scarcely naturalized.
59. CICHORITTM, Tourn. Succory.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of 5 short
spreading scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achema stnate.
Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales, forming a s i
crown. -Branching perennials, with the root-leaves toothed or
pinnatifid; the sessile heads axillary and terminal. Flowers
bright blue, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the
plant.)
1. C. Intybus, L. (Common Succory or Cichort.) &tem
21*
246
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
leaves small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, toothed or entire,
those of the branches inconspicuous ; heads 2 or 3 together. — Road¬
sides and fields, naturalized in the Atlantic States. Aug. -Oct.
60. KRIGIA, Schreber. Dwarf Dandelion.
Heads 15- 20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in
about 2 rows. Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pap¬
pus double ; the outer of 5 broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the
inner of as many alternate slender bristles. — Small annuals or
biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly radical,
lyrate, or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes
or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg , an early
German botanical collector in this country.)
Yirginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several, and fork¬
ing during the season ; earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others nar¬
rower and often pinnatifid. — Var. dich6toma is a more branching
and leafy form. — Dry sandy soil, N. England to Penn, and south-
W ar ’ near coast* — Plant V - 1CK high, the heads minute.
CYNTHIA, Don. Cynthia.
Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, some¬
what m 2 rows. Achenia short, striate. Pappus double ; the
outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles ; the inner of numer¬
ous capillary elongated bristles. — Low perennial herbs, nearly
smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical undivided or pinna-
ifid leaves , the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the
apex) bearing rather showy single heads. Flowers yellow.
(Probably named after Mount Cynthus.)
y,rB‘ni«a. D°n. Stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lanceo-
nptinl^a U a** ° aS^>*n^* most,y entire; the radicle on short winged
peboles often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2 -5.- Moist
ormorend Ct>PSeS’ New York t0 Michigan. June. — Stem 1° bigb,
«2. I.EO ATODOIV, L., Juss. Hawkbit.
eads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with
^ *acl*ets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all
appus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which
are enlarged and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless
perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes bear-
247
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
ing one or more yellow heads. (Name from \ecov, a lion , and obovs,
a tooth , in allusion to the toothed margins of the leaves.) — The
following belongs to the subgenus Oporinia, which has a tawny
white pappus of a single row of equal bristles.
1. L.. autumnale, L. (Autumnal False Dandelion.)
Leaves more or less pinnatifid; scape branched; peduncles several,
thickened at the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts ; invo¬
lucre obovoid-oblong. (Apargia, Willd.) — Meadows and road-sides,
thoroughly naturalized in E. New England. Aug. -Oct.
63. HIERXCIUUI, Tourn. Hawkweed.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated.
Achenia oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a sin¬
gle row of tawny fragile capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs,
with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of yel¬
low flowers. (Name from iepa£, a hawk.)
* Heads large and broad : achenia tapering towards the base.
1. H. Canadense, Michx. (Canada Hawkweed.) Stems
simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or
ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat
hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping ; scales of the imbricated invo¬
lucre awl-shaped. (H. Kdlmii, Spreng ., &c., not of Linn.) — Dry
woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, chiefly northward. Aug. — Plant
1°-2P high, stout; the leaves variable in breadth.
* * Heads small: involucre cylindrical , scarcely imbricated: achenia
columnar or spindle-shaped.
2. H. scabnim, Michx. (Rough Hawkweed.) Stem rath¬
er stout (1° - 3° high) leafy, rough-hairy; the stiff flexuous panicle at
first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish peduncles and
the hoary 40 - 50-flowered involucre densely clothed with glandular
bristles ; achenia columnar , not tapering at the summit; leaves obovate
or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods, common, especially
northward. Aug.
3. II. longipilum, Torr. (Long-bearded Hawkweed.)
Stem wand-like, simple, stout (2P-3° high), very leafy towards the
base , naked above , and bearing a small racemed panicle; the lower
portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire
leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles ; peduncles
with the 20 - 30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle-
shaped , narrowed at the apex. — Prairies and copses, Michigan and
westward. Aug. — Heads intermediate between the last and tne
next. Bristles straight and even, as if combed, often F long .
4. H. Qronovii, L. (Hairy Hawkweed.) Stem wand-like,
248 composite, (composite family.)
mostly simple, leafy and very hairy below , naked above and forming a
long and narrow panicle ; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire,
hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20 - 30-flowered involucre spar-
ingiy glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle-shaped , with a very taper sum¬
mit. — Dry sterile soil, common, especially southward. Aug. — Va¬
ries from l°-4° high; with small heads and almost beaked fruit,
which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the small¬
est naked-stemmed states from the next.
5. II. venosilYll, L. (Rattlesnake-weed.) Stem or scape
naked or with a single leaf smooth and slender, forking above into a
spreading loose corymb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire,
scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath
(often hairy along the midrib) marked with purple veins ; peduncles
very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear , not tapering
above. — Var. subcaulescens has the stem more or less leafy next
the base. — Dry soil, and pine woods, common. — Plant 1°-2P high;
the rays large for the size of the head.
6. II. paniculatum, L. (Panicked Hawkweed.) Stem
slender , leafy , diffusely branched , hairy below ; leaves lanceolate, acute
at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose
panicle on slender diverging peduncles, 12 - 2ft-jloicered ; achenia
short, not tapering at the summit. — Copses, common. Aug.
nAbALUS, Cass. Rattlesnake-root.
Heads few — many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14
linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base.
Achenia linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the
apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish roughish capil¬
lary bristles. Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising
from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves,
and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-
white or cream-color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably
from vafiha, a harp , in allusion to the lyrate leaves which these
plants sometimes present.) Species of Prenanthes, L.
* Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - 12 -flowered.
1- N. dibits, Hook. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root*)
Smooth and glaucous, tall ; stem corymbose-panicled at the sumnutj
eaves angulate or triangular-halbert-form, sinuate-toothed, or
cleft ; the uppermost oblong and undivided ; involucre (purplish) oj
aout o scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus deep cinnamon-color. \ar
fcERPENTlRiA is a form with deeply divided leaves, their margins
often rough-ciliate.- Copses in rich soil, common, especially north-
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
249
ward. Aug. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next, with thick-
ish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads long.
2. N. altissimus. Hook. (Tall White Lettuce.) Smooth ;
stem tall and slender (3° - 6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and
terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle,
leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular,
and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or fre¬
quently 3-5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft*, involucre
slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5 -6-floioered ; pappus dirty white , or
pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods, common, especially north¬
ward. Aug. — Leaves excessively variable.
3. N. Fraseri, DC. (Lion’s-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.)
Nearly smooth ; stem corymhose-panicled at the summit (1 — 4 high) ;
leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; the lower variously 3-7-lobed, on
margined petioles; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivi e ,
nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or purplish, sometimes s ig t y
bristly) of about 8 scales , 8 -12 flowered ; pappus dull straw-color.- -
Varies greatly in foliage: the var. integrifolius has t e t ic is
leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sten e soi ,
S. NeW England to Penn, and southward. Sept.
4. N. nanus, DC. (Dwarf Mountain Nabalus.) Smooth ;
stem low and simple ; the heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow
racemed panicle ; leaves triangular-halbert-shaped and various y o e
or cleft, on slender petioles; involucre (livid) 10- flowere ,
about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones , w uc ar
triangular-ovate and oppressed; pappus dark straw-color. - Alpine
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, an oun
cy, New York. Aug. - Plant 5' - 10' high ; the leaves with all the
variations of the foregoing species.
5. W. DC. (Boott’s Alpine Nabalus.) «e» «"*
pie, dwarf, pubescent at the summit; the heads in an a in -
raceme; lowest leaves halbert-shaped or heart-shaped, the
oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a n ^
petiole; involucre (livid) 10-18 -flowered*, of 10- o very o ^ lengt^
scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly W 1 S
of the former; pappus straw-color. - Higher ^'-"^New
White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Whiteface ,
' XiTBhtOS, DC. (Slender Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth,
slightly* glaucous ; stem very simple, produced akove ^
and sllL spiked raceme, the heads clustered and “Ostlj umlamra^,
leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the uppe r reduced l o@ bracts
the lower toothed or pinnatifid ; involucre (purp is ) of New
8-12 -floicered; pappus straw-color. Sandy pine warrens
Jersey Sept. -Stem 2>-4= high, the wand-like raceme often t
long.
250 composite, (composite family.)
* * Involucre 12 - 40 -flowered, hairy , as well as the peduncles.
r*iceni6sns* Hook. (Racemed Nabalus.) Stem
wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), smooth , as well as the oval or ob¬
long-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering into winged
petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in
short clusters or racemes crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly
spiked panicle ; involucre about 12-flower ed ; pappus straw-color. —
Plains, Ohio to Wisconsin. Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey.
Sept. — Flowers flesh-color.
N. «isper, Torr. & Gr. (Rough Nabalus.) Stem wand-
i e, simple (2° -4° high), rough-pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong
or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads in small clusters (mostly
erect) disposed in a long and narrow compound raceme ; involucre 12-
\-flowered; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio
and westward. Sept. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color.
9’ ^ crepidlneus, DC. (Large Nabalus.) Somewhat
smooth , stem tall and stout (5° -8° high), bearing numerous nodding
eads in loose clusters on the corymbose-panicled branches; leaves
arge, broadly triangular -ovate or halbert-form , strongly toothed, con¬
tracted into winged petioles; involucre 20- AO-flowered; pappus brown.
order of copses in rich soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward,
oept. Lower leaves often 1° long. Involucre blackish; flowers
cream-color.
TROXIMON, Nutt. Troximon.
Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre
ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows.
Achenia smooth, 10-ribbed, not beaked. Pappus longer than the
achenium, white, of copious and unequal rather rigid capillary
ristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards the base.
— Perennial herbs, with linear elongated tufted leaves and a sim¬
ple naked scape from a thick rootstock. Head solitary, large :
flowers yellow. (Name from rpw^opLai, to eat , first applied to a
plant with an edible root.)
Clispidatinn, Pursh. Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
eongatc , tapering to a sharp point, woolly on the margins; scales
e lnvo ucre scarious, lanceolate, sharp-pointed : larger bristles o
e pappus flattened towards the base and almost scale-like.- Pru¬
nes, Wisconsin, Lapham. April, May.
66, TtBAXACr!W, Haller. Dandelion.
Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short
scales; the upper of long linear scales, erect in a single row.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
251
Achenia oblong, ribbed, and roughened on the ribs, the apex pro¬
longed into a very slender thread-like beak, bearing the pappus of
copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, pro¬
ducing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves and slender
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flow¬
ers. (Name from Tapacrcrco, to disquiet or disorder , probably in
allusion to its medicinal properties.)
1. T. DeilS-leoniS, Desf. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth,
or at first pubescent ; leaves unequally and deeply runcinate ; outer
involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere: probably in
digenous in the North. April -Sept. — After blossoming the inner in¬
volucre closes for a time, the slender beak elongates and raises up the
pappus while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflex¬
ed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits with the pappus displayed
in an open globular head.
67. I.ACXirCA, Toum. Lettuce.
Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in
2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed par¬
allel to the scales of the involucre) , abruptly contracted into a long
thread-form beak, bearing a copious and fugacious pappus of very
soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with
panicled heads ; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name
of the Lettuce, from lac , milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)
1. Li. elongata, Muhl. (Wild Lettuce.) Stem tall and
stout ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate and
entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow
naked panicle ; achenia oval ; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple.
— Varies greatly; the leading form being smooth or nearly so, with
long leaves : the var. integrifolia is mostly smooth with the leaves
nearly all entire, and the flowers yellow or bluish (L. integrifolia.
Bigel.) : the var. sanguinea is smaller, mostly hairy, with the leaves
chiefly runcinate, and the flowers very variously colored (L. sangui¬
nea, Bigel.). — Rich damp soil, borders of copses, &c. July - Sept.
Stem 29-9° high, hollow.
68. MUEGEDItnH, Cass. False or Blue Lettuce.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c., as in Lactuca. Ache¬
nia laterally compressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted
into a short and thick beak or neck of the same texture as the
achenium, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which bears a
252
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy-
stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca.
Heads racemed or panicled ; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name
from mulgeo , to milk.)
* Pappus bright white : flowers blue.
1. m. acuminatum, DC. Smooth, panicled above (3P-G3
high) ; stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, , merely toothed ,
sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a
winged petiole; the lowest often sinuate ; heads loosely panicled. @
— Borders of thickets, New York to Ohio southward.
2. m. Florida mi in, DC. Nearly smooth, panicled above
(3^-6° high); leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the divisions sharply
toothed ; heads in a loose compound panicle. ^ — Varies with the
upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &c. — Rich soil, from
Ohio westward and southward. Aug.
* * Pappus tawny : corolla pale blue , or cream-color turning bluish.
3. M. leucoplucum, DC. Nearly smooth; stem tall (3°-
12P high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runci-
nate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large
and dense compound panicle. (?) — Low grounds, common. Aug.
— Lower leaves often 1° long.
69. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle.
Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre
more or less imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or
striate, not beaked. Pappus copious, of very white exceedingl)
soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed weeds, chiefly
smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow
flowers. (The ancient Greek name.)
* Annual : flowers pale yellow.
1. S. Oleraceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leave*
runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with so
spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ;
lucre downy when young; achenia striate , wrinkled transversely- -
Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings, introduced^
2. S. ftsper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle.) ,^tC
leaves mostly undivided, undulate or slightly runcinate, consp»c^° .
ly spiny -toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded ; uc
margined , 3 -nerved on each side , smooth. — Waste places like the i
usually a smaller and more rigid plant.
* * Perennial: flowers bright yellow. •
3. S. arveasis, L. (Cork Sow-Thistle.) Leaves r“
253
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
nate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the au¬
ricles obtuse ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia transversely
wrinkled on the ribs. — Introduced and sparingly naturalized in Essex
county, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey. Sept. —
Heads large.
Order 57. EOBELIACEiE. (Lobelia Family.)
Herbs , often with milky juice , with alternate leaves and
scattered flowers , an irregular inonopetalous 5-lobed corob
la split down to the base on one side ; the 5 stamens free
from the corolla , and united into a tube both by their fila¬
ments and their anthers . — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-
seeded pod. Style 1 : stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous,
with albumen.
1. LOBELIA, L. Lobelia.
Calyx 5-cleft, with a short ovoid or hemispherical tube. Co¬
rolla with a straight tube, split down on the upper side ; the limb
somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower
spreading and 3-cleft. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the
top. — Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes. Plants
acrid and poisonous. (Dedicated to Lobel , a Flemish botanist of
the close of the 16th century.)
* Flowers deep red.
X. E. cardinalis, L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall, smooth-
ish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed ;
raceme elongated, rather 1-sided ; the pedicels much shorter than the
leaf-like bracts ; calyx-lobes shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds,
common. July - Oct. — Perennial by offsets, 2° -3° high, with large
and very showy intensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color !
(Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert ), and sometimes pure white !
* * Floicers light blue , or variegated with white.
Stem leafy.
2. E. syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Tall, somewhat
hairy and simple; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute , slightly
toothed ; raceme or spike leafy, the pedicels not half the length of
the floral leaves; lobes of the hairy calyx half the length of the corolla ,
the obtuse reflexed auricles shorter than the tube. 1J. Low grounds.
Aug. — Flowers bright blue, nearly V long.
3. E. puherula, Michx. (Pale-leaved Lobelia.) Rather
tall, simple, minutely downy-pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong , obtuse ,
22
254
LOBELIACEJE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)
denticulate with glandular teeth ; flowers in a 1-sided spike ; the
leafy bracts ovate, acute, serrate, as long as the flower, lobes of the
calyx scarcely shorter than the corolla , the auricles as long as the hairy
tube. 1J. — Moist grounds, New Jersey to Ohio and southward. Aug.
— Corolla bright blue, rather large.
4. I*, inflata, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Hairy , low, panicled,
branched above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate , unequally toothed, the lower
obtuse ; racemes leafy ; pedicels much shorter than the pointed
bracts ; lobes of the smooth calyx as long as the (small pale blue) corol¬
la; auricles none ; pod inflated. @ — Fields, &c., common. July-
Sept. A virulent poison.
5. L,. spicata, Lam. (Pale Spiked Lobelia.) Somewhat
pubescent ; stem slender and very simple ; leaves obtuse, slightly
toothed, those from the root oblong, of the stem oblong -lanceolate ; ra¬
ceme spiked and wand-like, elongated; the narrow linear bracts equal
to the pedicels ; lobes of the smooth calyx awl-th read-form, nearly as
long as the tube of the corolla ; appendages none. lj. (L. Claytoni-
ana, Michx . L. pallida, Muhh ) — Open woods or fields, Massachu¬
setts to Penn, and Ohio. Aug. — Stem 1° -3 P high, the spike some¬
times 1° long. Flowers pale blue, long.
6. l<. Nuttallii, Rcem. & Sch. (Slender Lobelia.) Stem
very slender, minutely roughened, mostly simple; root-leaves obovate;
those of the stem oblong-linear, somewhat denticulate, scattered,
erect; flowers loosely scattered in a small wand-like raceme; the
thread-form pedicels longer than the minute bract , shorter than the flow¬
er, with minute bractlets near the base; lobes of the calyx short, awl-
shaped ; appendages none. (2) — Sandy swamps, Long Island and
New Jersey, and southward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° -2P high, more
slender and simple than the next: the flowers similar.
' • l*. Kalutii, L. (Small Lobelia.) Stem slender , branch¬
ing, low , smooth; root-leaves oblong- spatulate ; those of the stem linear,
rather obtuse, spreading; raceme loose, few-flowered; pedicels shorter
than the linear leaf -like bracts , longer than the flower, with 2 minute
bractlets above the middle. <$ or 1J. - Damp limestone rocks and banks,
W. NewLngknd to Michigan along the Great Lakes. - Stem 4' -
10 high. Corolla long, bright light blue. Pod acute at the base.
-Stem nearly leafless and scape-like : root-leaves fleshy : lower lip of
the corolla somewhat hairy.
»• Li. Dortmanna, L. (Water Lobelia.) Smooth; stem
simple, naked ; leaves in a tuft at the root, linear, terete and fleshy ,
hollow; flowers few, scattered; pedicels thrice the length of the orate
bracts. U — In clear water, New England and New York. July —
Leaves growing under water, appearing like 2 tubes joined : the
scape 6'- 10' long, bearing 3 or 4 small pale blue drooping blossoms.
Apex of the pod free from the calyx.
255
lobeliace^, (lobelia family.)
9. Ii. palllddsa, Nutt. (Swamp Lobelia.) Smooth; stem
angled, nearly naked ; root -leaves crowded, fiat, rather fleshy , slightly
crenate , linear -oblong, obtuse, the few on the stem linear ; flowers in
an elongated spiked raceme ; bracts linear , half the length of the pedi¬
cels, and with the calyx-lobes toothed. U — Peat-bogs, Delaware
0 Nuttall ), and southward. — Scapes 29 long ; flowers pale blue, small.
Order 58. € AMPANUL AC EiE . (Campanula Fam.)
Herbs , with a milky juice, alternate leaves , and scattered
flowers ; the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the regular Glob¬
ed corolla bell-shaped , valvate in the bud ; the 5 stamens
free from the corolla and usually distinct . Style 1, beset
with collecting hairs above: stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2-
several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with
fleshy albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy.
1. CAMPANULA, Toum. Bell-flower.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta¬
mens 5, separate, the filaments broad and membranaceous at the
base. Stigmas and cells of the pod mostly 3, the short pod open¬
ing laterally by as many valves. — Perennial herbs, with terminal
or axillary flowers. (Name a diminutive of campana, a bell ; from
the shape of the corolla.)
* Flowers few and panicled, or solitary , long-peduncled.
1. C. rotundifdlia, L. (Harebell.) Slender, branching;
root-leaves round-heart- shaped , crenate, long-petioled ; stem-leaves nu¬
merous, linear, narrow, entire, smooth; flowers nodding; calyx-lobes
awl-shaped, not half the length of the broadly bell-shaped (bright
blue) corolla. — Rocky banks, common northward. July - Oct.
The root-leaves of this delicate plant wither early, when the specific
name appears wholly inappropriate. — There is a dwarf alpine variety
on the White Mountains.
2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (Slender Bell-flower.) Stem
Simple an d slender, weak (8' -20' high), somewhat S-angled ro^
backwards on the angles, as are the slight y toothed edges of
lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging, slender, Mow™*. °f
the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped (nearly whde)
corolla (C. erinoides, Muhl.) - Bogs and wet meadows, among J5
grass, principally northward. July—Plant w.th somewhat the
of a Galium ; the corolla barely F long.
256 CAMPANULACE2E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)
* * Flowers in a prolonged leafy spike.
3. C. Americana, L. (Tall Bell-flower.) Stem tall
and wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed
at both ends, serrate, sparingly hairy, thin; the lowest somewhat
heart-shaped ; flowers solitary or several in the axils of the upper
leaves or bracts, forming a wand-like spike (often 2° long) ; lobes of
the calyx awl-shaped, shorter than the almost wheel-shaped deeply
5-cleft (blue) corolla. — Moist alluvial soil, New York and Penn, to
Wisconsin, common westward. July. — Stem 3? -6° high, sometimes
dwarf in dry soil. Flowers rather large.
2* SPECULABIA, Heist. Venus’s Looking-glass.
Calyx 5- (rarely 3-4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, separate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter
than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Pod prismatic or inversely coni¬
cal, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. — Low annuals,
with sessile axillary flowers ; the lower ones (in § Triodallus,
Raf.) fruiting early in the bud, without expanding their imperfect
corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris , the early name of the
common European species.)
1- S. perfoliata, A. DC. (Clasping Specularia.) Some¬
what hairy ; leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped
base, toothed ; flowers solitary or three together in the axils ; the up¬
per and later ones only with a conspicuous expanding (purple-blue)
corolla ; pod oblong-top-shaped, opening rather below the middle. —
Dry hills or open fields, common. May - Aug.
Order 59. ERICACEAE. (Heath Family.)
Shrubs , sometimes herbs , with the Jlowers regular or near -
ly so . the stamens as many or tioice as many as the 4 — 5-
lobed or 4-5-petalled corolla and inserted with it : anthers
2- celled, mostly appendaged or opening by terminal chinks
or pores: style 1; and the ovary 4-10-celled. (Seeds
anatropous, albuminous.) — Consists of four well-marked
suborders, as follows.
Synopsis.
Suborder I. VACCINlEiE. The Whortleberry Fam.
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or
berry-like fruit, crowned with the calyx-teeth. — Shrubs or somewhat
woody plants.
257
ERICACEJE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
x. Gaylussacia. Ovary 8-10 celled with a single ovule in each
cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 8-10 small nutlets.
2. Vaccinium. Berry 4-5-celled (or imperfectly 8-10-celled by
false partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering up¬
ward into tubes.
3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many seeded. Anther-cells not
prolonged into tubes, but 2-pointed.
Suborder II. ERICINEjE. The proper Heath Family.
Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous or rarely nearly
or quite polypetalous. Seed-coat close and thin, rarely loose and cel¬
lular. — Shrubs or small trees.
Tribe 1. ARBUTEA5. — Fruit a berry or drupe.
4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, with
5 seed-like nutlets.
Tribe 2. ANDROMEDEiE. — Fruit a pod opening loculicidally.
* Calyx becoming berry-like in fruit, and inclosing the pod.
5. Gaultheria. Corolla cylindrical-urn-shaped, 5-toothed. An¬
thers 4-awned.
* * Calyx dry and unchanged in fruit.
6. Epigjea. Corolla salver-form; the border 5-parted. Anthers
opening lengthwise, awnless.
7. Andromeda. Corolla bell-shaped, ovoid, or somewhat urn-shap¬
ed, 4- 5-toothed. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the
summit. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved.
8. Clethra. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved.
Tribe 3. RHODOREiE. — Fruit a pod opening septicidally.
* Corolla ovoid or urn-shaped, barely 5-toothed.
9. Phyllodoce. Stamens 10. Pod 5-celled. Leaves Heath-like.
* * Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, 5-lobed or ringent.
10. Rhodora. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-lobed, the
lower 2-parted or of 2 petals. Stamens 10, unequal.
11. Azalea. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, and with
the style declined. Leaves deciduous.
12. Rhododendron. Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens 10, an
with the style commonly declined. Leaves evergreen.
13 Kalmia Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-Iob-
ed, with 5 hollows which hold the anthers. Style straight.
Leaves evergreen.
* * * Corolla 5-parted or of 5 separate petals, regular.
14. Loiseleuria. Stamens 5, shorter than the deeply 5-cleft cor
la: anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-ce e
22*
258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
15. Leiophyllum. Stamens 10, exserted : anthers opening length¬
wise. Petals 5. Pod 2-3-celled.
16. Ledum. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by pores. Petals 5.
Pod 5-celled.
Suborder III. PYROLENE. The Pyrola Family.
Calyx free from the ovary. Petals distinct, or very nearly so.
Seeds with a very loose and translucent cellular covering much larger
than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous ; with evergreen foliage.
17. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme. Petals converging or hardly
spreading. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers scarcely 2-horn¬
ed. Style long, mostly declined. Valves of the pod woolly
on the edges.
18. Moneses. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments
not dilated in the middle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned.
Style straight, exserted : stigmas 5, radiate. Valves of the
pod smooth on the edges.
19. Chimaphila. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely
spreading. Filaments dilated and hairy in the middle. Style
very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and orbicular
5-crenate stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges.
Suborder IV. MONOTROPEiE. The Indian Pipe Fam.
Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. or III., but entirely destitute of
green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Sub¬
order III.
20. Pterospora. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Sta¬
mens 10 : anthers 2-awned on the back, 2-celled. See s
with a stalked wing at the apex. Flowers racemed.
21* Hypopitys. Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct petals. Stamens 8 or 1 •
anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled. Flowers racemed.
22. Monotropa. Corolla of 5 petals. Stamens 10: anthers 2-cel e ,
awnless. Flower single.
Suborder I. VACCINIEjE. The Whortleberry Family.
1. OAYI^USSlciA, H. B. K. Huckleberry.
Corolla tubular, ovoid or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Sta¬
mens 10 : anthers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more
or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry
like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Branching shrubs,
with much the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with
resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red)
259
EBICACEJE. (heath FAMILY.)
lateral bracted racemes. (Named in honor of the distinguished
chemist, Gay-Lussac.) For a critical notice of the N. Amer.
species, see Gray , Chloris Bor. -Am., t. 10, p. 49.
* Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-dotted.
1. O. l»racliycera, Gray. (Box-leaved Huckleberry.)
Low, very smooth ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes
short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindncal-
bell-shaped. (Vacclnium brachfcerum, Michx. V. buxifblium,
Salisb.) — Perry county, Penn., near Bloomfield, Prof. Baird. May.
— Shrub 1° high : leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box.
* . Leaves deciduous, entire: whole plant more or less resinous-dotted.
2 G. dumosa, Torr. & Gr. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Some-
what hairy and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base) bushy ;
leaves obovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and
shining when old; racemes elongated; bracts le of -like, oval, persist¬
ent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or glandular ; corolla bell¬
shaped ; fruit black.- Var. hirt£lla has the young branchlets ra¬
cemes, and often the leaves hairy. -Sandy low soil, Maine to New
Jersey, near the coast, and southward. June. — Fruit insipid.
3 G. frondosa, Torr. & Gr. (Blue Tangle. Dangle-
berry.) Smooth; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-
oblong, obtuse, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts
oblong or linear, rather deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping
pedicels; corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark blue with a white
bloom. - Low copses, Maine to Penn, near the coast, and southward.
May, June.— Shrub 39-6° high, with grayish bark. Fruit sweet,
much prized in New Jersey, &c.
4. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gr. (Black Huckleberry.) Much
branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young; leaves oval, oblong-
ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, os well as the
flowers, with shining resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one¬
sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers; bracts and bracelets
(i reddish ) small and deciduous; corolla ovoid-conical or at leng£cy-
lindrical with an open mouth; fruit black w'th°u‘ b'°°“v “ ]^ere
lands and swamps May, June.-Shrub 1°-SP
reddish, tinged with green. Fruit pleasant;
of the North. It is said sometimes to occur with
a. VACCINItMi L- Blueberry. Bilberry.
Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical ; the limb 4-5-
cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10 : anthers sometimes 2-awned
the hack ; the cells separate and prolonged into a tube a ,
opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, many-seeded,
260
ERICACEJE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
or sometimes 8-10 celled by a false partition stretching from the
back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, cluster¬
ed, or racemed flowers : the corolla white or reddish. (An an¬
cient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)
§ 1. Oxycoccus, Tourn. — Ovary 4-celled : corolla 4-paried , the don -
gated divisions renolute : anthers 8, aicnless : filaments smooth : pe¬
duncles slender. ( Berries red and acid ; stems trailing , and the
small leaves evergreen with revolute margins in the true Cranberries.)
1. V. Oxycoccus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very
slender, creeping ; leaves ovate , acute , glaucous underneath ; pedun¬
cles (2-4 together) terminal; filaments more than half the length of
the anthers. (Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, N. England
to Wisconsin northward. June. — Much rarer than the next, and
smaller in all its parts. Berry globular, purple-scarlet, hardly broad,
seldom sufficiently abundant to be collected for the market.
2. V. macroc&rpon, Ait. (Common American Cranber¬
ry.) Stems elongated, creeping, the flowering branches ascending ;
leaves oblong , obtuse , glaucous underneath ; peduncles lateral , from the
base of the young shoots ; filaments scarcely one third the length of
the anthers. (O. macrocarpus, Pers .) — Peat-bogs, common, espe¬
cially northward. June. — Stems 2° -39 long; the leaves about £'
long. Corolla rose-color. Berry fully broad, often oblong, light
scarlet.
§2. Vitis-Id&a, Tourn. — Ovary 4-5 -celled: corolla bdl-shaped
or globular , 4-5 -lobed: anthers 8 — 10, awnless: filaments hairy:
flowers in short bracted racemes : leaves evergreen ; berries red or
purple.
3. V. Yitis-Id^a, L. (Cowberry.) Low ; branches erect
from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins,
smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under¬
neath; flowers crowded in terminal and one-sided nodding racemes;
corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England,
also on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts, Oakes .
June. — Plant 6'- 10' high, dark green; the berries dark red, acid
and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible.
§ 3. Batod£ndron. — Ovary more or less completely 10 -celled by f*lse
partitions : corolla spreading-campanulate , 5 -lobed : anthers 2-awn-
ed on the back : filaments hairy : berries mawkish and scarcely edible',
ripening few seeds: flowers solitary on slender bractlets in the axils
of the upper leaves, forming a sort of leafy racemes.
4. V. stamineuin, (Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry )
Diffusely branched (29 - 39 high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate
or oval, pale, whitish underneath, deciduous ; tubes of the anthers
much longer than the corolla, short-awned ; berries globular or pear
261
ERICACEJE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
shaped, greenish. — Dry woods, Maine to Penn, and southward,
chiefly eastward. May, June.
§ 4. Euvaccinium. — Ovary 4-5-celled , with no trace of false parti¬
tions : corolla urn-shaped or globular , 4 - 5-toothed : anthers 2-awned
on the back : filaments smooth : flowers axillary , solitary , or 2-3 to¬
gether : berries blue or black : northern-alpine plants , with deciduous
leaves. (Bilberry.)
5. V* CSBSpitosilHl* Michx. (Dwarf Bilberry.) Dwarf,
tufted ; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth,
somewhat shining, serrate; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corol¬
la oblong, slightly urn-shaped : stamens 10. — Alpine region of the
White Mountains, N. Hampshire, Robbins, Oakes. July. — Stems 3'
-5' high.
6. V. Uligindsnm, L. (Low Bog Bilberry.) Low and
spreading, tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong , obtuse, pale
and slightly pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2 -d together
from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; stains
chiefly 8. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, New Hampshire,
Green Mountains, Vermont, and Essex Mountains, New York. June.
— Stems 4' - 8' high : leaves scarcely long.
8 5. Cyaiioc6ccus. — Ovary more or less completely 10 -celled by false
partitions : corolla oblong -cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped , 5-toothed :
anthers 10, awnless: filaments hairy : berries blue or black with a
bloom ( sweet ) : flowers in clusters or very short racemes from scaly
buds separate from and somewhat preceding the leaves, aVPearin8™
Jtpril and May. ( Leaves deciduous in the northern species or p p
7!" nnsylvAnicum, Lam. (Low Shrikc-leaveo
Blueberry.) Dwarf (6» - 15' high), smooth; leaves ova te- anceoto e
or oblong-lanceolate, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pomted teeth, smooth
and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib under-
neath) ; corolla short, cylindncal-bell-shaped. (V. tenfell , >
not of Ait. V. virghtum, A U.) - Var. angust,f6lium is a ngh moun-
tain or boreal form, 4' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate *•«“•<•
angustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods. -Branches green, angled,
warted. Berries abundant, large and sweet, ripening e y i
the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market.
8. T. Canada, Kalm. (Dowry-lexveo
Low ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, downy both ttd, is,
crowded branchlets ; corolla very short, nearly bell-shaped.- Swamps
and moist mountain woods, Maine to Michigan, nort \\ar .
8' -20' high, with green twigs, and berries like the last but p g
later. *
9. V. vacillans, Solander. (Small Glaucous ’
Low (1° - 2P high) ; branches angular ; leaves oval or o ov ,
262
ERICACEjE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
slightly pointed, pale and dully smooth both sides , glaucous beneathy
serrulate-ciliate ; corolla broadly cylindrical-bell-shaped. (V. virga-
tum, Bigel. y not of Ait. V. Pennsylvanicum, Torr. FI.) — Dry hills
and open woods, common. — Branches yellowish-green. Leaves
fringed with bristly or glandular hairs, which tip the more or less
obvious serratures. Berries ripening a little later than those of No. 7,
fully as large and sweet.
10. V. pallidum, Ait. (Pale Swamp Blueberry.) Bath¬
er tall ; leaves ovate or lanceolate-oval , acute or pointed , smooth both
sides (sometimes downy on the midrib), pale or glaucous undcrneathy
serrulate-ciliate ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Margin of swamps
and ponds (or on mountains), Vermont and Ohio and southward. —
Plant 3°-8° high; the twigs with yellowish-green bark as in the last;
the leaves even more strongly ciliate with bristly teeth, by which
principally it is to be distinguished from the next.
11. V. corymbosum, L. (Common Swamp Blueberry.)
Tall ; leaves smooth both sides (when young somewhat dowmy on the
veins) pale beneathy oval-obovate or oblongy mostly acute or acutish at
both ends, the margins quite smooth and entire ; corolla cylindraceous.
Swamps and wet copses, common. — Plant 50-l(P high;